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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
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REVIEW OF THE
RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE
U.S. DRIVE PARTNERSHIP

Fourth Report

Committee on Review of the U.S. DRIVE Research Program, Phase 4

Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS     500 Fifth Street, NW     Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. DE-AC26-08NT06206 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-0-26831-8

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW OF THE U.S. DRIVE
RESEARCH PROGRAM, PHASE 4

VERNON P. ROAN, University of Florida (professor emeritus), Gainesville, Chair

R. STEPHEN BERRY, NAS,1 University of Chicago (professor emeritus)

DAVID L. BODDE, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina

KATHRYN BULLOCK, Coolohm, Inc., Blue Bell, Pennsylvania

DENNIS A. CORRIGAN, DC Energy Consulting, LLC, Troy, Michigan

GLENN A. EISMAN, H2Pump, LLC, Latham, New York, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York

W. ROBERT EPPERLY, Consultant, Mountain View, California

DAVID E. FOSTER, University of Wisconsin-Madison

GERALD GABRIELSE, NAS, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

LINOS JACOVIDES, NAE,2 Delphi Research Labs (retired), Grosse Pointe, Michigan

HAROLD H. KUNG, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois

GENE NEMANICH, Chevron Hydrogen Systems (retired), Scottsdale, Arizona

ROBERT J. NOWAK, Consultant, Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

BERNARD ROBERTSON, NAE, DaimlerChrysler Corporation (retired), Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

CONSTANTINE SAMARAS, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON, National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired), La Cañada, California

KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR, NAE, General Motors Corporation (retired), Falmouth, Massachusetts

BRIJESH VYAS, Bell Labs, LGS Innovations, Florham Park, New Jersey

Project Staff

JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Senior Board/Program Director, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

LaNITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator

JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Project Assistant

DANA CAINES, Financial Associate

__________________

1 NAS = member of National Academy of Sciences.

2 NAE = member of National Academy of Engineering.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

ANDREW BROWN, JR., NAE,1 Delphi Corporation, Troy, Michigan, Chair

WILLIAM F. BANHOLZER, NAE, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan

MARILYN BROWN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

WILLIAM CAVANAUGH III, Progress Energy (retired), Raleigh, North Carolina

PAUL A. DeCOTIS, Long Island Power Authority, Albany, New York

CHRISTINE EHLIG-ECONOMIDES, NAE, Texas A&M University, College Station

SHERRI GOODMAN, CNA, Alexandria, Virginia

NARAIN HINGORANI, NAE, Consultant, Los Altos Hills, California

ROBERT J. HUGGETT, Consultant, Seaford, Virginia

DEBBIE NIEMEIER, University of California, Davis

DANIEL NOCERA, NAS,2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

DAN REICHER, Stanford University, Stanford, California

BERNARD ROBERTSON, NAE, DaimlerChrysler Corporation (retired), Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

GARY ROGERS, FEV, Inc., Auburn Hills, Michigan

ALISON SILVERSTEIN, Consultant, Pflugerville, Texas

MARK H. THIEMENS, NAS, University of California, San Diego

RICHARD WHITE, Oppenheimer & Company, New York City

Staff

JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Senior Board/Program Director

DANA CAINES, Financial Associate

DAVID COOKE, Research Associate

ALAN CRANE, Senior Scientist

JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Officer/Associate Director

LaNITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator

ALICE WILLIAMS, Senior Project Assistant

JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Project Assistant

__________________

1 NAE = member of National Academy of Engineering.

2 NAS = member of National Academy of Sciences.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
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Preface

The current U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) Partnership was formed in 2011 and, although it has a different emphasis, it is similar in concept to its predecessors—the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership and the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). Thus, even though the present review is referred to as Phase 4—the fourth review of the old FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership—it is the first review since the new U.S. DRIVE Partnership was formed. However, the charter for the new Partnership was released only in late February 2012, and neither the revised technical and cost targets nor the roadmap had been updated as of early March 2012.

From a practical standpoint, even though the change in emphasis toward nearer-term technologies (especially more electrification and a greater use of biofuels) was well known during the writing of the Phase 3 review,1 the National Research Council’s Committee on Review of the U.S. DRIVE Research Program, Phase 4, measured progress relative to the existing roadmap and targets. Even though individual targets will undoubtedly be updated by the new Partnership, changes for many technologies are likely to be small, and some probably will not be changed at all. Regardless of the target updates or lack thereof, a charge to the committee is to report on progress, especially between Phases 3 and 4. (The statement of task for the committee is presented in Chapter 1, in the section entitled “Committee Approach and Organization of This Report.”) Moreover, since the charter for the newly formed U.S. DRIVE Partnership was only recently released,

__________________

1National Research Council. 2010. Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership: Third Report. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
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observations on progress toward technical targets and target dates for almost all of the efforts between Phases 3 and 4 are based on existing FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership targets.

The present review will be the only report for Phase 4 on the now U.S. DRIVE Partnership. The report provides an overview of the structure and management of the Partnership. Also discussed are adequacy and progress as well as major achievements and technical problem areas associated with the Partnership goals. The committee makes recommendations in those areas in which it sees the possibility of improvement.

Vernon P. Roan, Chair

Committee on Review of the U.S. DRIVE

Research Program, Phase 4

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

Acknowledgments

The Committee on Review of the U.S. DRIVE Research Program, Phase 4, wishes to thank the members of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, all of whom contributed a significant amount of time and effort to this National Research Council (NRC) study by giving presentations at meetings, responding to requests for information, or providing valuable information. The committee especially thanks Christy Cooper, Director, U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Office of Vehicle Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, for being so responsive to the committee’s many requests for information. The chair also recognizes the committee members and the staff of the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES) for their hard work in organizing and planning committee meetings and their individual efforts in gathering information and writing sections of the report.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Jay Baron, Center for Automotive Research,

Paul Blumberg, NAE, Ford Motor Company (retired),

Andrew Brown, Jr., NAE, Delphi Corporation, and Chair, BEES,

Harry Cook, NAE, Ford Motor Company (retired),

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

Matthew Fronk, Matt Fronk and Associates,

Trevor Jones, NAE, Electrosonics Medical, Inc.,

Fritz Kalhammer, Consultant, and Electric Power Research Institute (retired),

John Kassakian, NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

James F. Mathis, NAE, Exxon Corporation (retired),

Gary Rogers, FEV, Inc., and member, BEES,

Robert W. Shaw, Jr., Aretê Corporation, and

Richard Teets, Delphi Corporation (retired).

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Lawrence T. Papay, NAE, PQR, LLC. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
×

5-1   Fuel Cell Technologies Program Funding Distribution, FY 2009 Through FY 2012

5-2   FY 2009 Through FY 2012 DOE VTP Budget Distribution and Estimated Funding for Projects Related to U.S. DRIVE (or FreedomCAR) and 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP) Goals

5-3   Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Budget Summary, FY 2011 Through FY 2013 (Request)

FIGURES

1-1   A technology vision of how vehicles and fuels may evolve over time, leading to reduced petroleum consumption and emissions

1-2   Organizational structure of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership

2-1   Department of Energy estimation of well-to-wheels greenhouse gas emissions for a projected state of technologies in 2035-2045 for a future midsize car

3-1   Predicted comparative total greenhouse gas emissions for current spark ignition engines (SIEs) and potential 2035 propulsion systems

3-2   Department of Energy advanced combustion engine research and development (R&D) funding—FY 2010 to FY 2012

3-3   Spider chart of fuel cell performance results versus targets for various years

3-4   Cost estimate on a dollars per kilowatt ($/kW) basis for the fuel cell system, not including onboard hydrogen storage

3-5   Historical and current Department of Energy budgets for hydrogen and fuel cell research and development (R&D), FY 2003 through FY 2012

4-1   Cost-reduction progress between 2007 and 2011 in membrane electrolysis stacks

5-1   Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy planned program funding, by organization, FY 2012 (estimated)

C-1   Organizational chart for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

BOX

4-1   The Plug-in Vehicle and the U.S. Electric Supply System

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18262.
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Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report follows on three previous NRC reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership (NRC, 2005, 2008a, 2010). The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible.

The guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.

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