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Suggested Citation:"Appendix F.2: Russian Research Personnel and Funding." National Research Council. 2013. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18277.
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Appendix F.2

Russian Research Personnel and Funding

A: TRENDS IN RESEARCH PERSONNEL

Doctorate Degrees Awarded in Selected Fields

  2000 2005 2011
Chemistry 127   94   79
Biology 278 269 207
Agriculture 131 119   79
Medicine 855 793 580
Veterinary   26   43   33

Kandidat Degrees Awarded in Selected Fields

  2000 2005 2011
Chemistry 664 678 767
Biology 1,333 1,462 1,242
Agriculture 354 781 529
Medicine 3,429 4,794 2,854
Pharmacy   86 105   89
Veterinary 199 222 183
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F.2: Russian Research Personnel and Funding." National Research Council. 2013. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18277.
×

Researchers with Advanced Degrees (all fields)

  2000 2005 2010
Doctorate 21,949 23,420 26,789
Kandidat 73,962 76,018 70,325

Personnel Involved in Research and Development


Total: 839,992 Researchers: 442,071
 
State Sector: 33% Industrial Sector: 48% Higher Ed. Sector: 19%

B: RUSSIA’S R&D EXPENDITURES


2000 2005 2010

$10.8 billion $18.1 billion $32.8 billion

Source of Funds (2010): (For comparison)

  Government Industry Other Internal International
Russia 70% 25% 0.5% 3.5%
U.S. 27% 67% 6%  

Expenditure of Funds (2010): (For comparison)

  Government Industry Higher Education Nonprofit
Russia 31% 61% 8%  
U.S. 10% 73% 13% 4%

SOURCE: Indicators of Science: 2012, Statistical Index, Higher School of Economics, Moscow.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix F.2: Russian Research Personnel and Funding." National Research Council. 2013. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18277.
×
Page 227
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F.2: Russian Research Personnel and Funding." National Research Council. 2013. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18277.
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Page 228
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In the fall of 2010, the U.S. National Academies (consisting of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences) initiated a joint study of U.S.-Russian bilateral engagement in the biological sciences and biotechnology (hereinafter collectively referred to as bioengagement). The U.S. Department of State and the Russian Academy of Sciences provided support for the study. The academies established a joint committee of 12 leading scientists from the two countries to assess bioengagement activities since 1996 and to provide recommendations as to collaborative efforts in the near future. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions summarizes the principal conclusions and recommendations of the study.

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