Researchers with Advanced Degrees (all fields)
|
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
Doctorate |
21,949 |
23,420 |
26,789 |
Kandidat |
73,962 |
76,018 |
70,325 |
Personnel Involved in Research and Development
|
Total: 839,992 |
Researchers: 442,071 |
|
|
State Sector: 33% |
Industrial Sector: 48% |
Higher Ed. Sector: 19% |
B: RUSSIA’S R&D EXPENDITURES
|
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
$10.8 billion |
$18.1 billion |
$32.8 billion |
Source of Funds (2010): (For comparison)
|
Government |
Industry |
Other Internal |
International |
Russia |
70% |
25% |
0.5% |
3.5% |
U.S. |
27% |
67% |
6% |
|
Expenditure of Funds (2010): (For comparison)
|
Government |
Industry |
Higher Education |
Nonprofit |
Russia |
31% |
61% |
8% |
|
U.S. |
10% |
73% |
13% |
4% |
SOURCE: Indicators of Science: 2012, Statistical Index, Higher School of Economics, Moscow.