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Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting (2013)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
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ASSESSMENT OF

ADVANCED SOLID-STATE LIGHTING

Committee on Assessment of Solid-State Lighting

Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, NW • Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by contract number DE-EE0001405 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

Cover: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial following a lighting system redesign in 2001 to include installation of metal halide lamps, induction lamps, and light-emitting diodes. The cove lighting application for the memorial utilizes io Lighting LLC’s Line .75 fixture, 3KHO, 45 degree beam spread in 18-inch daisy chained segments. Photograph copyright Peter Aaron/Esto. Reprinted with permission.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

image

Members and staff at the February 2012 meeting of the Committee on Assessment of Solid-State Lighting. From left to right, back row: David Cooke, Steven P. DenBaars, Michael G. Spencer, Stephen Forrest, Michael Ettenberg, Nadarajah Narendran, and Maxine Savitz; front row: Inês Azevedo, James Zucchetto, Evelyn L. Hu, Nancy E. Clanton, Gary Marchant, John G. Kassakian, Pekka Hakkarainen, Paul A. DeCotis, Wendy Davis, and Martin Offutt. Photo courtesy of LaNita Jones.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

COMMITTEE ON ASSESSMENT OF SOLID-STATE LIGHTING

JOHN G. KASSAKIAN, NAE,1Chair, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

INÊS AZEVEDO, Carnegie Mellon University

NANCY E. CLANTON, Clanton & Associates

WENDY DAVIS, University of Sydney

PAUL A. DeCOTIS, Long Island Power Authority

STEVEN P. DenBAARS, NAE, University of California, Santa Barbara

MICHAEL ETTENBERG, NAE, Dolce Technologies

STEPHEN FORREST, NAE, University of Michigan

PEKKA HAKKARAINEN, Lutron Electronics

EVELYN L. HU, NAS2/NAE, Harvard University

GARY MARCHANT, Arizona State University

NADARAJAH NARENDRAN, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

MAXINE SAVITZ, NAE, Honeywell, Inc. (retired)

MICHAEL G. SPENCER, Cornell University

Staff

JONNA HAMILTON, Study Director (through December 2011)

MARTIN OFFUTT, Study Director (from December 2011)

JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Director, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

DAVID COOKE, Research Associate, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

LaNITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

ALICE WILLIAMS, Senior Project Assistant, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

E. JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

________________

1 NAE, National Academy of Engineering.

2 NAS, National Academy of Sciences.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

BORD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

ANDREW BROWN, JR., NAE,1Chair, Delphi Corporation, Troy, Michigan

WILLIAM F. BANHOLZER, NAE, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan

MARILYN BROWN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

WILLIAM CAVANAUGH III, Progress Energy, Raleigh, North Carolina

PAUL A. DeCOTIS, Long Island Power Authority, Albany, New York

CHRISTINE EHLIG-ECONOMIDES, NAE, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

SHERRI GOODMAN, CNA, Alexandria, Virginia

NARAIN HINGORANI, NAE, Consultant, Los Altos Hills, California

ROBERT J. HUGGETT, Consultant, Seaford, Virginia

DEBBIE NIEMEIER, University of California, Davis

DANIEL NOCERA, NAS,2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

DAN REICHER, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California

BERNARD ROBERTSON, NAE, Daimler-Chrysler Corporation (retired), Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

GARY ROGERS, FEV, Inc., Auburn Hills, Michigan

ALISON SILVERSTEIN, Consultant, Pflugerville, Texas

MARK H. THIEMENS, NAS, University of California, San Diego

RICHARD WHITE, Oppenheimer & Company, New York, New York

Staff

JAMES J. ZUCCHETTO, Director

DANA CAINES, Financial Associate

DAVID COOKE, Research Associate

ALAN CRANE, Senior Program Officer

JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Officer

LaNITA JONES, Program Associate

ALICE WILLIAMS, Senior Project Assistant

E. JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Project Assistant

________________

1 NAE, National Academy of Engineering.

2 NAS, National Academy of Sciences.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

 

Preface

Solid-state lighting (SSL) is a new technology that has evolved from a few key inventions involving light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the 1960s and spurred more recently by fundamental breakthroughs in LEDs made in the 1990s. As such, SSL lighting is not a refinement of an incumbent lighting technology but has evolved in parallel with, if more rapidly than, the incandescent and fluorescent lamps familiar to consumers. As discussed in this report, SSL lighting not only can offer improvements in efficacy (i.e., the ability to deliver the same amount of light using less electricity) and improved durability and the convenience of less frequent maintenance (e.g., in roadway lighting or in aviation), but also opens up the possibility of new applications owing to the technology’s high performance in cold environments, long life, and new form factors.

Whether SSL products are to achieve widespread deployment will depend on factors such as cost and consumer acceptance. Cost will depend on the needs of the basic SSL technology, including the material set of the LED device and the raw materials this implies, and the ease of manufacturing, including the effect of scale economies and learning that can be achieved during ramp-up of production—to name only a few such considerations. Technological breakthroughs—such as innovations in the design of the LED emitter devices or improved materials or manufacturing techniques—will also have a bearing on cost. The report summarizes the current state of technological readiness of the candidate technologies, including organic LEDs (OLEDs), for use in SSL products and evaluates the barriers to their improved cost and performance.

Acceptance by the consumer is more difficult to quantify. As discussed in the report, this will depend on factors related to the technology and also the workings of the marketplace. The former include the quality of light emitted by these devices and the subjective attributes of how this is perceived by the human eye. Also of importance will be the ease of use and the useful lifetime of these devices. The latter set of factors includes the problem of high initial cost, which can be mitigated by economic incentives such as tax credits, utility-sponsored rebates, or breakthroughs in manufacturing technology.

Were widespread deployment of SSL products to be achieved, one benefit would be reduced energy consumption. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) mandates higher efficacy in general lighting according to a set of targets and timetables, of which the first has already begun. This report evaluates the likely impacts on energy use of this phase-out and, in addition, considers the benefits that might accrue in scenarios considering market penetration of the SSL products greater than the targets.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

This report on advanced solid-state lighting was undertaken at the request of Congress in the EISA 2007. Funding has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy via the lighting program directed by James Brodrick, PhD.

John G. Kassakian, Chair

Committee on Assessment of Solid-State Lighting

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
×

 

Acknowledgments

This report was made possible through the hard work and dedication of the 13 individuals who served on the Committee on Assessment of Solid-State Lighting, whose biographies are presented in Appendix A.

The data and conclusions presented in the report have benefited from a substantial amount of information provided by federal officials, academic researchers, and industry analysts and technologists who met with the committee during the open sessions of the meetings in Washington, D.C., and Woods Hole, Massachusetts. These individuals are listed in Appendix B.

Special recognition is due the sponsor point-of-contact, James Brodrick, lighting program manager with the U.S. Department of Energy, who on two occasions gave substantive and informative presentations to the committee and made himself available for follow-up discussions—all of which proved invaluable to the committee’s understanding of the nature of the problem and the questions being asked.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

William F. Banholzer, NAE,1 Dow Chemical,

Randy Burkett, Randy Burkett Lighting Design, Inc.,

Makarand Chipalkatti, Osram Sylvania,

Linda Cohen, University of California, Irvine,

P. Daniel Dapkus, NAE, University of Southern California,

Curtis Fincher, DuPont Displays,

Noah Horowitz, Natural Resources Defense Council,

Julia Phillips, NAE, Sandia National Laboratories, and

Sue Tierney, Analysis Group.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen

________________

1 National Academy of Engineering.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
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by Elsa M. Garmire, Dartmouth College. Appointed by the NRC, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Assessment of Advanced Solid-State Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18279.
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The standard incandescent light bulb, which still works mainly as Thomas Edison invented it, converts more than 90% of the consumed electricity into heat. Given the availability of newer lighting technologies that convert a greater percentage of electricity into useful light, there is potential to decrease the amount of energy used for lighting in both commercial and residential applications. Although technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) have emerged in the past few decades and will help achieve the goal of increased energy efficiency, solid-state lighting (SSL) stands to play a large role in dramatically decreasing U.S. energy consumption for lighting. This report summarizes the current status of SSL technologies and products—light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic LEDs (OLEDs)—and evaluates barriers to their improved cost and performance.

Assessment of Advanced Solid State Lighting also discusses factors involved in achieving widespread deployment and consumer acceptance of SSL products. These factors include the perceived quality of light emitted by SSL devices, ease of use and the useful lifetime of these devices, issues of initial high cost, and possible benefits of reduced energy consumption.

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