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Improving Self-Escape from Underground
Coal Mines
Committee on Mine Safety: Essential Components of Self-Escape
Board on Human-Systems Integration
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
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NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE BEFORE
Thursday, March 14, 2013
11:00 a.m. EST
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. 200-2011-38807 between the National
Academy of Sciences and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Any opinions,
findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided
support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-0XXXX-X
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth
Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313;
http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Research Council. (2013). Improving Self-Escape from
Underground Coal Mines. Committee on Mine Safety: Essential Components of Self-Escape,
Board on Human-Systems Integration, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged
in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the
general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president
of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of
Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection
of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,
encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is
president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of
eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public.
The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be
an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and
education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad
community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest
are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Committee on Mine Safety: Essential Components of Self-Escape
William S. Marras (Chair), Integrated Systems Engineering Department, Ohio State
University
David Beerbower, Beerbower Safety Associates, LLC, Wildwood, MO
Sian L. Beilock, Department of Psychology, University of Chicago
David Cliff, Sustainable Minerals Department, University of Queensland, Australia
James Dean, Director of Mining and Industrial Extension, West Virginia University
David M. DeJoy, College of Public Health, University of Georgia (Emeritus)
Albert W. Holland, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX
Dennis B. O’Dell, United Mine Workers of America, Triangle, VA
David H. Wegman, Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts,
Lowell (Emeritus)
Toby Warden, Study Director
Julie Anne Schuck, Senior Program Associate
Renée L. Wilson Gaines, Senior Program Assistant
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Board on Human-Systems Integration
Nancy J. Cooke (Chair), Cognitive Science and Engineering, Arizona State University
Ellen Bass, College of Information Science and Technology and College of Nursing and
Health Professions, Drexel University
Pascale Carayon, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Center for Quality
and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin Madison
Mary (Missy) Cummings, Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems
Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sara J. Czaja, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Aging,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Francis (Frank), T. Durso, Georgia Institute of Technology
Andrew S. Imada, A.S. Imada and Associates, Carmichael, CA
Karl S. Pister, Chancellor (Emeritus), University of California, Santa Cruz, and Dean
and Roy W. Carlson Professor of Engineering, (Emeritus), Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley
David Rempel, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Matthew Rizzo, Department of Neurology, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and
the Public Policy Center, University of Iowa
Barbara Silverstein, Safety & Health Assessment and Research for Prevention
(SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries
David H. Wegman, Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts,
Lowell (Emeritus)
Howard M. Weiss, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
Barbara A. Wanchisen, Director
Jatryce Jackson, Program Associate
Moses Jackson, Program Associate
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Acknowledgments
This report is the work of the Committee on Mine Safety: Essential Components
of Self-Escape, a project of the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Division of
Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, overseen by the Board on Human-
Systems Integration. This study was sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research. The committee
is grateful for the support and contributions of NIOSH Staff Jeffery Kohler, Associate
Director for Mining, and Director, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, especially for assisting the committee to
better understand the coal mine industry and Marie Chovanec for her able assistance
throughout the study process.
The committee thanks the numerous individuals for their presentations at the
public workshop on April 24, 2012. The workshop included presentations and
discussions from five panels. Panel 1, Mine Operator Perspectives included the
following individuals: Richard Abraham, RIO Group, Inc.; Dale Byram, Jim Walter
Resources, Inc.; John Gallick, Alpha Natural Resources; and Joseph LaMonica,
consultant, Bituminous Coal Operators Association. Panel 2, Training, Decision Making,
and Teams, included the following individuals: Dana Brooks, Prince George’s County
Maryland Fire/EMS Department, Fire Training Academy Instructor; Janis Cannon-
Bowers, University of Central Florida; Hendrick Ruck, Human Performance Consulting
Group; and Eric Weiss, U.S. Army, George Mason University. Panel 3, Design and
Health included the following individuals: Robert Cohen, Stroger Hospital of Cook
County and Sundaresan Jayaraman, Georgia Institute of Technology. Panel 4, Systems,
Communication, and Lifeline Technology included the following individuals: Warren
Gross, Lockheed Martin; Michael Hastings, Carroll Technologies Group; Steven Shope,
Sandia Research Corporation; and Larry Stolarczyk, Stolar Research Corporation. The
final panel, Panel 5, Breathing Apparatus Technology, included the following
individuals: Kent Armstrong, Draeger Safety, Inc.; Steven Berning, Ocenco, Inc.; and
Scott Shearer, CSE Corporation.
The committee also benefited from briefings in support of their data-gathering to
inform the contents of this report. Those briefings were provided during the committee’s
four initial meetings and were given by: Tom Barczak, Director of the Division of
Mining Science and Technology, NIOSH, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research;
Michael Brnich, mining engineer, NIOSH, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research,
Human Factors Branch; R.J. Matetic, Director of the Division of Mining Research
Operations (DMRO) within NIOSH’s Office of Mine Safety and Health Research;
Jeffery H. Kravitz Acting Director, MSHA Technical Support; John Urosek, Chief, Mine
Emergency Operations, MSHA Technical Support; Kris Lilly, Redbone Mining; Joseph
Sbaffoni, Director of Pennsylvania Bureau of Mine Safety; Kathleen M. Kowalski-
Trakofler, Consultant John Wreathall, John Wreathall & Company, Inc.; and the
following staff from the NIOSH Office of Mine Safety and Health Research: Rohan
Fernando, Senior Research Engineer; Launa Mallett, Acting Team Leader, Training
Research and Development Team and Joseph Waynert, Team Leader, Electrical Safety
and Communication Team;.
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The committee participated in two site visits throughout the course of the study.
The committee would like to thank the staff and leadership at the Consol Energy Bailey
Mine, an underground coal mine in southwestern Pennsylvania and the Academy for
Mine Training and Energy Technologies at West Virginia University (WVU). Tours and
exercises at these facilities were assisted by the following individuals: Eric Schubel,
General Superintendent, Consol Energy; Joshua Caldwell, WVU Director, Academy for
Mine Training and Energy Technologies; Thomas Hall, WVU Extension Agent; Randy
Long, Laboratory Instrumentation Specialist, WVU; Steven Perkins, WVU Extension
Agent; Henry Pisegna, WVU Part-Time Instructor; George Rannenburg, WVU Extension
Agent; and Jay Cole, WVU Chief of Staff, President’s Office. The committee would also
like to acknowledge the self-contained self rescuer manufacturers who donated product
for the committee during the WVU activity: Kent Armstrong, Draeger Safety, Inc, Scott
Shearer, CSE Corporation, and Jerry Stickler, Ocenco, Inc.
Prior to the formation of the committee and throughout the duration of project, the
contributions of consultants and staff have been critical. Consultants to this study
included: Gary Klein, Senior Scientist, MacroCognition LLC, and Edward Levine,
Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa.
Among the NRC staff, special thanks are due to Barbara A. Wanchisen and Melissa
Welch-Ross who provided oversight and support of the study. Julie Anne Shuck, Senior
Program Associate contributed to all aspects of report preparation including research,
editing, and writing. Renée L. Wilson Gaines, Senior Project Assistant, provided
administrative and logistical support throughout the study. Matthew McDonough,
Research Associate, also provided critical substantive and organizational support to the
committee’s public workshop held in April 2012. Anthony Brown, Senior Program
Assistant provided additional logistical support for the public workshop. Cherie Chauvin,
Senior Program Officer, also assisted in substantive and organizational tasks throughout
the study. And finally we thank the executive office reports staff of the Division of
Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, especially Eugenia Grohman, who
provided valuable help with the editing and production of the report, and Kirsten
Sampson Snyder, who managed the report review process. Additional research and
technical assistance was provided by Matthew Von Hendy, Research Librarian, and Ellen
Reid, our summer intern.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by
the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to
provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its
published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional
standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review
comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the
deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this
report: Winston “Wink” Bennett, Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness
Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base; Jim Brinkley, Occupational Health and
Safety, International Association of Fire Fighters, Washington, DC; Dale Byram, Safety
Efforts, Walter Energy, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama; Elaine T. Cullen, Prima Consulting
Services, Chattaroy, Washington; Sara J. Czaja, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences Scientific and Center on Aging, University of Miami Miller School of
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Medicine; Dave Feickert, consultant, Whanganui, New Zealand; Sundaresan Jayaraman,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Syd S.
Peng, Mining Engineering, West Virginia University; Eduardo Salas, Department of
Psychology and Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida; and
Stanley C. Suboleski, Evan Energy Investments, Richmond, Virginia.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and
suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the report nor did they see the
final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by
Matthew Rizzo, Division of Neuroergonomics, Department of Neurology, The University
of Iowa, as coordinator and Georges S. Benjamin, American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC, as review monitor. Appointed by the NRC, they were responsible for
making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in
accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully
considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author
and the institution.
William S. Marras, Chair
Toby Warden, Study Director
Committee on Mine Safety: Essential Components of Self-Escape
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Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 Mine Safety Regulations and Practices
3 Understanding Self-Escape
4 Decision Making
5 Safety Culture
6 Training
References
Appendixes
A Regulations
B Mine Accident, Injury and Illness Form
C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
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