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Suggested Citation:"Part IV Rodents." National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1831.
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Suggested Citation:"Part IV Rodents." National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1831.
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Page 194
Suggested Citation:"Part IV Rodents." National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1831.
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Page 195
Suggested Citation:"Part IV Rodents." National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1831.
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Page 196
Suggested Citation:"Part IV Rodents." National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1831.
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Page 197
Suggested Citation:"Part IV Rodents." National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1831.
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Page 198

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art IV Rodents Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one. It seems probable, therefore, that some species would make suitable microlivestock a notion supported by the previous domestication of the guinea pig, laboratory rat and mouse, gerbil, and hamster. Indeed, "ranching" rodents might be an effective way to increase food supplies in remote areas. It could also be a mechanism to ensure the survival of rare rodents whose natural habitats are being rapidly destroyed. RODENTS AS FOOD Rodents are already common foods in many countries and are valued items of commerce. It has been estimated that 42 of 383 cultures eat rodents. But the fact that they are a major meat source is almost unrecognized. This is due in part to cultural misunderstanding. Rodents suitable for human food or other products do not live in filth, like common rats. They are clean and vegetarian. Like rabbits, they eat grass and grains. In some regions of the world, cooked rodent meat is regarded as the epitome of dining. In many countries, local rodent species are the ' H. Leon Abrams. 1983. "Cross Cultural Survey of Preferences for Animal Protein and Animal Fat." Paper presented at Wenner-Gren Foundation Symposium No. 94, 23- 30 October, Cedar Key, Florida. 193

194 MICROLIVESTOCK most eagerly sought meats. City markets in different parts of Latin America carry guinea pig, pace, capybara, and vizcacha. Markets in Asia may carry rice rats, cloud rats, and bandicoot rats. Those of rural Africa are filled with "bushmeats" usually including grasscutters, giant rats, and several other rodent species. These are often preferred to the meat of domestic stock and fetch higher prices than beef. And the amounts of rodent bushmeat available are not minor. In one year, for example, hunters in Botswana have brought to market 3.3 million kg of meat of the rodent called springhare (see page 278~. Fondness for rodent meat is not restricted to the tropics. In the United States, squirrel was once a much sought treat. Fat, nut-fed gray squirrels went into Brunswick stew, which has been called the most famous dish to emerge from the campfires and cabins of Colonial America. Thomas Jefferson liked it. Today, squirrel is the country's number two game animal (after deer), and many are still eaten. Ancient Romans kept fat dormice in captivity, serving them as a delicacy. "The fat dormice are fattened up in barrel-like pots like those in country houses," wrote Varro (11~27 BC). "One feeds these animals large amounts of acorns, chestnuts, or other nuts."2 This small rodent remains a prized food in Europe and still appears on tables in certain areas. The meat is regarded as a delicacy because it tastes of almonds and other nuts. Often it is roasted, broiled, and cooked with its cracklings. Rodents have seldom been included in livestock programs or eco- nomic development plans. Yet human appetite has actually caused the extinction of a number of species. Caribbean Indians ate several endemic rodents (one of which was as big as a bear), and may have caused several species to become extinct just before the time of Columbus. Others may soon follow the same dismal route, including the beautiful cloud rat of the Philippines, the hare-like mare of Argentina, the vizcacha of southern South America, and the gentle hutias of the Caribbean. The guinea pig is described in a later chapter, but as it is the epitome of a rodent microlivestock species, some historical background is given here. It was domesticated for food use at least 7,000 years ago, probably in what is now the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. With only llama and deer available, the prehistoric Andean peoples had few readily available sources of meat. They adopted wild cavies, and found that these rangeland rodents (which are more closely related to porcupines than to rats or mice) were gentle, manageable, and easy 2 At some meals, scales were set up so that dormice could be weighed, and notaries certified the weights of the dormice eaten. To have raised the fattest dormice added to the prestige of the host.

RODENTS 195 to rear. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the l500s, the "cuy" (pronounced "coo-ee," like the faint cry it makes) was a major food from Argentina to the Caribbean. This impressed the conquistadores, who introduced cuys into Eu- rope, where they also became a delicacy.3 Within a century, these easily transported animals began to appear on tables in many parts of the Spanish empire. Guinea pigs are now reared in campesino huts in the mountains of central Mexico, in the Philippines, and in several African nations, along with other areas of the world. Elsewhere, guinea pigs came to be used only as house pets and laboratory animals. Although during World War II Mussolini's gov- ernment urged Italians to keep them to supplement their meager meat rations, their use as food was largely ignored in most parts of the world. DOMESTICATION The idea of domesticating rodents may seem radical, but domesti- cation projects are already under way with capybara in Venezuela (see page 206), pace in Panama (see next page and page 262), giant rat in Nigeria (see page 224), and the grasscutter in Ghana (see page 2321. Rodent husbandry is not complicated and the animals' environmental requirements seem relatively simple and easy to satisfy. Moreover, rodents are not usually fastidious feeders, and being essentially ve- getarian will readily accept a wide variety of commonly available foodstuffs. LIMITATIONS As with most animals with which man is in close contact, rodents can transmit human diseases.4 With care, however, managed rodents need not be any more dangerous to care for or to eat than pigs or horses both of which are worldwide food resources. 3 Some of the ships from South America stopped in West Africa for water and supplies, which is a possible reason why the animal came to be called "guinea pig" in English. Another explanation is that they cost an English gold "guinea," and yet a third is that the name "guinea" merely refers to something foreign. 4 In parts of tropical Africa, for instance, lassa fever has become a serious problem in recent decades. It is transmitted to people when they handle or prepare for cooking mouselike rodents that are infected with the lassa virus. This virus is not known to be carried by any of the species in this report.

96 MICROLIVESTOCK DOMESTICATING RODENTS To domesticate the pace (see page 262) would seem to be impossible. These large rodents of Central and South America are nocturnal and fiercely temtorial; they have low fecundity and take 10 months to reach weaning, and they have tender skin that is easily damaged Most researchers have written them off as candidates for domestication. But at least two have undertaken to beat the odds. We present the findings of one of them here to show that, using modem techniques, even species that normally fight each other to the death on sight are potential pa`,,` animals. Through years of studying paces in Panama, Smithsonian biologist Nicholas Smythe has found that with care and planning the aggressive behavior can be so radically altered that the animals become calm. Indeed, some become almost loving. it__ Em - ~_ an= e ~ ; 1 ~ _, l ~ l 5 - _ ~ Nicholas Smythe and some of the newest of the world's domesticated creatures. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute)

RODENTS 197 Newborns, Smythe found, undergo "imprinting" and when he places them with docile adults or with humans, the fierce territoriality never develops. He nurses newborns on "surr- ogate" mothers that have been imprinted on people. The youngsters then welcome human company and, if turned out of the cage, return there voluntarily. "It's difficult to imagine a more manageable animal," Smythe said. "Technically speak- ing they are behaviorally indistinguishable from traditional domestic animals." As of this writing Smythe has three generations totalling about 50 individuals, and has several "families" of gentle paces living together in harmony. Ile has absented that they lose their nocturnal habit and, although they live mainly on fruits in the wild, they readily eat leafy vegetables and other foods in captivity. this captive specimens have recently begun to breed. The offspring remain docile, but they have so far averaged only a little more than two young per female per year. "If we can just double the reproduction rate, then raising paces can compete economically with raising cattle," Smythe explained. "The potential for a bigger brood is all in the animal's anatomy, and if successful, paces in the wet tropics could produce as much protein as cattle."* Pacas need the shade and protection of the forest. Thus, pace raising might provide an alternative to cutting down rainforests for cattle raising. Instead of toppling trees and planting pastures, people could farm paces in the forest, and perhaps make as much or more money at the same time. In tropical America, the ready acceptance of pace meat is a near guarantee that all they produce will be snapped up at premium prices. In the past, many territorial and aggressive species have been dismissed as being impossible to domesticate or manage. But Smythe has demonstrated that with imprinting and other methods of behavior modification, these need be dismissed no longer. Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesti- cated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonag- gressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. *Smythe points out that they can possibly do so now. On former Amazon forestland, a cow produces approximately 180 kg of meat in 4.5 years. A group of 5 female and 1 male paces will, in the same time, produce 45 young each yielding 4.2 kg of meat (if slaughtered at age 5 months), for a total of 189 kg.

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Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future Get This Book
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Microlivestock is a term coined for species that are inherently small as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom considered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem to have a promising future, especially in developing nations or wherever land is scarce.

This book raises awareness of the potential of these small species, including microcattle, microsheep, various poultry, rabbits, rodents, deer, antelope, and lizards. It also strives to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs.

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