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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14 (2013)

Chapter: 4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2013. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18313.
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4 Methanesulfonyl Chloride1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels PREFACE Under the authority of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) P.L. 92-463 of 1972, the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guide- line Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL Committee) has been estab- lished to identify, review, and interpret relevant toxicologic and other scientific data and develop AEGLs for high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposure periods ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 hours (h). Three levels—AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3—are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 and 30 min and 1, 4, and 8 h) and are distin- guished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. The three AEGLs are defined as follows: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration (expressed as parts per million or milligrams per cubic meter [ppm or mg/m3]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. 1 This document was prepared by the AEGL Development Team composed of Cheryl Bast (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Lisa Ingerman (SRC, Inc.), Chemical Manager Roberta Grant (National Advisory Committee [NAC] on Acute Exposure Guideline Lev- els for Hazardous Substances), and Ernest V. Falke (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The NAC reviewed and revised the document and AEGLs as deemed neces- sary. Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Re- search Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. The NRC com- mittee has concluded that the AEGLs developed in this document are scientifically valid conclusions based on the data reviewed by the NRC and are consistent with the NRC guidelines reports (NRC 1993, 2001). 115

116 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m3) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including sus- ceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m3) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including sus- ceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death. Airborne concentrations below the AEGL-1 represent exposure concentra- tions that could produce mild and progressively increasing but transient and nondisabling odor, taste, and sensory irritation or certain asymptomatic, nonsen- sory effects. With increasing airborne concentrations above each AEGL, there is a progressive increase in the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of effects described for each corresponding AEGL. Although the AEGL values represent threshold concentrations for the general public, including susceptible subpopula- tions, such as infants, children, the elderly, persons with asthma, and those with other illnesses, it is recognized that individuals, subject to idiosyncratic respons- es, could experience the effects described at concentrations below the corre- sponding AEGL. SUMMARY Methanesulfonyl chloride is a pale yellow liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is made commercially either by the chlorination of methyl mercaptan or by the sulfochlorination of methane. It is used as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical, photographic, fiber, dye, and agricultural industries. It is also used as a stabilizer, catalyst, curing agent, and chlorinating agent. Methanesulfonyl chloride causes severe ocular, dermal, and mucous membrane irritation. Chlorine gas and sulfur oxides are produced when it is heated until decomposition. Data were insufficient to derive AEGL-1 values for methanesulfonyl chloride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended. Appropriate chemical-specific data were not available for deriving AEGL- 2 values. In the absence of such data, chemicals with a steep concentration- response curve may be derived by dividing AEGL-3 values by 3 (NRC 2001). A steep concentration-response curve has been demonstrated for methanesulfonyl chloride; mortality in rats exposed to it for 4 h was 10% at 20 ppm and 90% at 28 ppm (Pennwalt Corporation 1987). A 4-h rat BMCL05 (benchmark concentration, 95% lower confidence limit with 5% response) of 15.5 ppm (Pennwalt Corporation 1987) was used as the point of departure for AEGL-3 values. Values were time scaled using the equation Cn × t = k, where n ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (ten Berge et al. 1986). An empirical value for n was sought by analyzing lethality data in rats exposed for 1-6 h by log probit analysis (see Appendix E). However, the data and modeling results were considered inadequate to define an empirical value of n, but

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 117 indicated that time is an important component of the concentration-time relationship for methanesulfonyl chloride. When an empirical value cannot be determined, default values of n = 1 for extrapolation to longer durations and n = 3 for extrapolation to shorter durations may be used to derive AEGL values pro- tective of human health (NRC 2001). However, the log probit analyses suggested that the value of n is most likely around 1, and provided sufficient information to exclude the default value of n = 3 for scaling from longer to shorter durations. Therefore, on the basis of available data and log probit analyses, AEGL values were scaled across time using the equation Cn × t = k, with n = 1. Uncertainty factors of 10 were applied to account for interspecies differences and intraspecies variability (total uncertainty factor of 100), because of the lack of information available to describe species differences in toxicity and interindividual variability. Although clinical signs and pathologic findings from the limited data set suggest contact irritation (partial eye closure, disturbed respiratory patterns, salivation, nose rubbing, blinking, nasal discharge, lacrimation, increased relative lung weight, pulmonary congestion, and corneal surface damage) and this type of portal-of-entry effect is not expected to vary greatly between species, the available data are not sufficient to conclusively describe the mechanism of toxicity. The 30-min AEGL-3 value was adopted as the 10-min value because of the added uncertainty of extrapolating a 4-h point of departure to a 10-min value. AEGL values for methanesulfonyl chloride are presented in Table 4-1. 1. INTRODUCTION Methanesulfonyl chloride is a pale yellow liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is made commercially either by the chlorination of methyl mercaptan or by the sulfochlorination of methane. It is used as an intermediate in the pharmaceutical, photographic, fiber, dye, and agricultural industries. It is also used as a stabilizer, catalyst, curing agent, and chlorinating agent. Methanesulfonyl chloride causes severe ocular, skin, and mucous membrane irritation. Chlorine gas and sulfur oxides are produced when methanesulfonyl chloride is heated to decomposition (Shertzer 2001). Methanesulfonyl chloride is shipped in 55 gallon drums; production in 1981 was “probably greater than 2.27 × 106 grams” (HSDB 2007). Chemical and physical data for methanesulfonyl chloride are presented in Table 4-2. 2. HUMAN TOXICITY DATA Methanesulfonyl chloride is a strong irritant to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract and is corrosive. Its odor is described as un- pleasant, although no information on an odor threshold was found (Shertzer 2001).

118 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 4-1 AEGL Values for Methanesulfonyl Chloride End Point Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h (Reference) AEGL-1 NR NR NR NR NR Insufficient (nondisabling)a data. AEGL-2 0.40 ppm 0.40 ppm 0.21 ppm 0.053 ppm 0.026 ppm One third of (disabling) (1.9 (1.9 (0.98 (0.25 (0.12 AEGL-3 values mg/m3) mg/m3) mg/m3) mg/m3) mg/m3) (NRC 2001). AEGL-3 1.2 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.62 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.078 ppm 4-h BMCL05 (lethal) (5.6 (5.6 (2.9 (0.75 (0.37 of 15.5 ppm in mg/m3) mg/m3) mg/m3) mg/m3) mg/m3) rats (Pennwalt Corporation 1987) Abbreviations: BMCL05, benchmark concentration, 95% lower confidence limit with 5% response; NR, not recommended because of insufficient data. a Absence of an AEGL-1 value does not imply that concentrations below the AEGL-2 values are without effect. TABLE 4-2 Chemical and Physical Data for Methanesulfonyl Chloride Parameter Value References Synonyms Chloromethyl sulfone; HSDB 2007 mesyl chloride; methanesulfonic acid chloride; methyl sulfochloride CAS registry no. 124-63-0 HSDB 2007 Chemical formula CH3ClO2S HSDB 2007 Molecular weight 114.55 HSDB 2007 Physical state Pale, yellow liquid HSDB 2007 Freezing point -32°C HSDB 2007 Boiling point 62°C @ 18mmHg HSDB 2007 Flash point 110°C Shertzer 2001 Density/specific gravity 1.4805 g/L @ 18°C HSDB 2007 Solubility in water Insoluble; hydrolyzes slowly HSDB 2007 Vapor pressure 3.09 mm Hg @ 25°C HSDB 2007 Conversion factors 1 ppm = 4.68 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 = 0.21 ppm

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 119 3. ANIMAL TOXICITY DATA 3.1. Acute Toxicity Groups of five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to methanesulfonyl chloride at 0, 20, 28, or 54 ppm (analytic concentrations) for 4 h, followed by a 14-day observation period (Pennwalt Corporation 1987). Whole- body exposure chambers were constructed of Perspex and had an internal volume of 115 L. Test atmospheres were generated by supplying methanesulfonyl chloride from a syringe driven by a syringe pump. The compressed air supply to the generator was dried, filtered, and oil free; flow rate was 25 L/min. Test atmospheres were analyzed five times per exposure by gas chromatography flame ionization detection, and were monitored for the presence of droplets of meth- anesulfonyl chloride at 1.5 and 3.5 h. The study followed Good Laboratory Prac- tice and the guidelines of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment for assessing acute inhalation toxicity (OECD Test 403). Clinical signs observed during exposure in all groups included closing or partial closing of the eyes, wet fur around the mouth, hunched body posture, and disturbed respiratory patterns. Clinical signs during the observation period included lethargy and disturbances of the respiratory pattern. Respiratory effects persisted for several days in rats that survived. Lung-to-body weight ratio was increased in most decedents, and pulmonary congestion and damage to the corneal surface of the eyes were also found. A 4-h LC50 (lethal concentration, 50% lethality) value of 25 ± 2.7 ppm, a BMCL05 of 15.5 ppm, and BMC01 (benchmark concentration with 1% response) of 17.4 ppm were calculated. Mortality data from this study are summarized in Table 4-3. TABLE 4-3 Mortality in Rats Exposed to Methanesulfonyl Chloride for 4 Hours Mortality Concentration (ppm) Males Females Combined 0 0/5 0/5 0/10 20 1/5 0/5 1/10 28 4/5 5/5 9/10 54 5/5 5/5 10/10 LC50 25 ppm BMC01 17.4 ppm BMCL05 15.5 ppm Source: Pennwalt Corporation 1987.

120 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Groups of five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to methanesulfonyl chloride at 165, 174, or 300 ppm (analytic concentrations) for 1 h, followed by a 14-day observation period (Pennwalt Corporation 1986). Animal were exposed (whole body) in 100-L Plexiglas chambers. Test atmospheres were generated by placing methanesulfonyl chloride into a bubbler fitted with an impinger. A metered, dried air supply was delivered into the bubbler and the resulting vapor laden air stream was introduced into the exposure chamber; flow rate was 25-26 L/min. Concentrations of methanesulfonyl chloride were analyzed twice per exposure. The study followed Good Laboratory Practice and U.S. Department of Transportation guidelines. Clinical signs noted during exposure and within 5-h post-exposure included secretory and pulmonary responses (not otherwise specified) and decreased activity in all groups. Rats in the 300-ppm group had closed eyes and exhibited prostration. Signs of toxicity in this group during the observation period included secretory and pulmonary responses and generally poor condition until death on the afternoon following exposure. Survivors in the 165- and 174-ppm groups showed secretory and pulmonary effects through days 4-5; these signs were noted sporadically thereafter. Corneal irregularities and opacities were found in three of nine rats in the 165-ppm group and all eight rats in the 174-ppm group at the end of the observation period. An LC50 value could not be calculated from the data; however, the investigators stated that the 1-h LC50 is most likely in the range of 175 to 250 ppm. Mortality data from this study are summarized in Table 4-4. Groups of three rats were exposed to nominal concentrations of methanesulfonyl chloride at 2,145 ppm for up to 45 min, 29 ppm for 6 h, or 132 ppm for 6 h, followed by a 14-day observation period (TerHaar 1978). Chamber temperatures were 24-26°C. No further experimental details were provided. Methanesulfonyl chloride was described as a severe tissue irritant, capable of causing necrosis on any tissue it contacts. Results and observations of this study are presented in Table 4-5. Oral LD50 values for methanesulfonyl chloride of approximately 175 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were determined for rats and mice, respectively (TerHaar 1978). Deaths occurred immediately after dosing, except for two mice that survived a dose near the LD50. Hematuria developed in surviving rats. No addi- tional details were presented. TABLE 4-4 Mortality in Rats Exposed to Methanesulfonyl Chloride for 1 Hour Mortality Concentration (ppm) Males Females Combined 165 1/5 0/5 1/10 174 1/5 1/5 2/10 300 5/5 5/5 10/10 Source: Pennwalt Corporation 1986.

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 121 TABLE 4-5 Mortality and Clinical Signs in Rats Exposed to Methanesulfonyl Chloride Concentration Clinical Signs (ppm) Duration Mortality Time to Death (when first observed) 2,145 45 min 3/3 1 dead in 30 min Blinking and nose rubbing (1 min), 1 dead in 40 min salivation (4 min), dyspnea and 1 dead in 45 min piloerection (5 min), lacrimation and clear nasal discharge (10 min). 29 6h 0/3 — Blinking (1 min), nose rubbing (2 min), piloerection (5 min), vasodilation (15 min). 132 6h 3/3 2 dead in 20-h Blinking and nose rubbing (1 min), post-exposure dyspnea and piloerection (10 min), 1 dead in 3-d clear nasal discharge (15 min), post-exposure lacrimation and salivation (25 min), wheezing (265 min). Source: TerHaar 1978. 3.2. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity No data on the developmental and reproductive toxicity of methane- sulfonyl chloride were available. 3.3. Genotoxicity In the presence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9 mix), methane- sulfonyl chloride induced chromosome aberrations in vitro in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Sipi et al. 1997). Without metabolic activation, no response was observed. 3.4. Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity No data on the chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity of methanesulfonyl chloride were available. 3.5. Summary Animal toxicity data are limited. Clinical signs, including ocular and nasal irritation, respiratory difficulty, nasal discharge, wheezing, and corneal opaci- ties, are consistent with severe irritation. Methanesulfonyl chloride induced chromosome aberrations in CHO cells only in the presence of metabolic activation. No data on the developmental, reproductive, chronic, or carcinogenic effects of methanesulfonyl chloride were available.

122 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 4. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1. Metabolism and Disposition No information was available on the metabolism and disposition of methanesulfonyl chloride. 4.2. Mechanism of Toxicity No information was available on the mechanism of toxicity of meth- anesulfonyl chloride. 4.3. Structure-Activity Relationships Methanesulfonyl chloride (CH3ClO2S) is structurally similar to thionyl chloride (Cl2OS) and sulfuryl chloride (Cl2O2S). However, thionyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride readily hydrolyze to SO2 and HCl whereas methanesulfonyl chloride hydrolyzes very slowly. The health effects of these three compounds are similar but their mechanism of toxicity is likely different. Although data are limited, it appears that the effects of thionyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride result from their hydrolysis products rather than from exposure to the parent compounds; in contrast, because methanesulfonyl chloride is hydrolyzed very slowly, the effects likely result from exposure to the parent compound (EPA 2006; NRC 2011). 4.4. Other Relevant Information 4.4.1. Species Variability No information on species variability from inhalation exposure to me- thanesulfonyl chloride was available. However, clinical signs are consistent with contact irritation. Therefore, effects are not expected to vary widely between species. The limited data suggest no difference in acute oral lethality between rats and mice (TerHaar 1978). 4.4.2. Susceptible Populations No information on populations especially sensitive to methanesulfonyl chloride toxicity was available. However, clinical signs are consistent with contact irritation. Therefore, effects are not expected to vary widely among individuals.

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 123 4.4.3. Time Scaling AEGL values were scaled using the equation Cn × t = k where n ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (ten Berge et al. 1986). An empirical value for n was sought by analyzing lethality data in rats exposed for 1-6 h. Log probit analysis of the data (see Appendix E) yielded a point estimate of n = 0.7, with lower and upper bounds of 0.3 and 1.1, respectively; however, the p value of the chi-square goodness-of fit-test indicated a poor fit of the model to the data. Additional log probit analysis without the 6-h data (the two data points were associated with 0% and 100% mortality, so added little useful information to the analysis) yielded an estimate of n = 0.66, with upper and lower confidence limits of 0.61 and 0.71, respectively. For the reduced data set, which only included two dura- tions (1 and 4 h), the p-value of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test was 1.0, indicating an exact fit to the data. Overall, the data and modeling results were considered inadequate to define an empirical value of n, but indicated that time is an important component of the concentration-time relationship for me- thanesulfonyl chloride. When an empirical value cannot be determined, default values of n = 1 for extrapolation to longer durations and n = 3 for extrapolation to shorter durations may be used to derive AEGL values protective of human health (NRC 2001). However, the log probit analyses suggested that the value of n is most likely around 1, and provided sufficient information to exclude the default value of n = 3 for scaling from longer to shorter durations. Therefore, on the basis of available data and log probit analyses, AEGL values were scaled across time using the equation Cn × t = k, with n = 1. 5. DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-1 5.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-1 No human data relevant to development of AEGL-1 values for me- thanesulfonyl chloride were available. 5.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-1 No animal data relevant to development of AEGL-1 values for me- thanesulfonyl chloride were available. 5.3. Derivation of AEGL-1 Values No human or animal data were available for derivation of AEGL-1 values for methanesulfonyl chloride. Therefore, no AEGL-1 values are recommended.

124 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 6. DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-2 6.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-2 No human data relevant to development of AEGL-2 values for me- thanesulfonyl chloride were available. 6.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-2 No animal data relevant to development of AEGL-2 values for me- thanesulfonyl chloride were available. 6.3. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values Appropriate chemical-specific data for deriving AEGL-2 values were not available. In the absence of such data, chemicals with a steep concentration- response curve may be derived by dividing AEGL-3 values by 3 (NRC 2001). A steep concentration-response curve has been demonstrated for methanesulfonyl chloride; mortality in rats exposed to it for 4 h was 10% at 20 ppm and 90% at 28 ppm (Pennwalt Corporation 1987). AEGL-2 values are presented in Table 4-6, and calculations are presented in Appendix A. 7. DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-3 7.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-3 No human data relevant to development of AEGL-3 values for me- thanesulfonyl chloride were available. 7.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-3 A 4-h BMCL05 of 15.5 ppm and BMC01of 17.4 ppm (Pennwalt Corporation 1987) was calculated from a well-conducted acute inhalation study with rats (see Appendix D). A 1-h rat study was also available (Pennwalt Corporation 1986); however, the data did not allow for the calculation of an LC50 value, although the investigators stated that the 1-h LC50 is most likely in the range of 175 to 250 ppm. Ocular and nasal irritation, piloerection, and vasodilation were observed within the first 15 min of exposure in rats exposed to methanesulfonyl chloride at 29 ppm for 6 h, but no deaths occurred (TerHaar 1978). 7.3. Derivation of AEGL-3 Values The 4-h rat BMCL05 of 15.5 ppm (Pennwalt Corporation 1987) was used as the point of departure for calculating AEGL-3 values. Values were scaled

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 125 across time using the equation Cn × t = k, with n = 1, on the basis of the time- scaling analysis in Section 4.4.3. The 30-min AEGL-3 value was adopted as the 10-min value because of the uncertainty of extrapolating a 4-h point of departure to a 10-min value. Uncertainty factors of 10 were applied to account for inter- species differences and intraspecies variability (total uncertainty factor of 100), because of the lack of information available to describe species differences in toxicity and interindividual variability. Although clinical signs and pathologic finding from the limited data set suggest contact irritation (partial eye closure, disturbed respiratory patterns, salivation, nose rubbing, blinking, nasal discharge, lacrimation, increased relative lung weight, pulmonary congestion, and corneal surface damage) and this type of portal-of-entry effect is not expected to vary greatly between species, the available data are not sufficient to conclusively describe the mechanism of toxicity. AEGL-3 values for me- thanesulfonyl chloride are presented in Table 4-7, and calculations are presented in Appendix A. AEGL-3 values are considered adequately protective. If the study by TerHaar (1978) is used to calculate values, a point of departure of 29 ppm for a 6-h exposure would be chosen on the basis of no mortality, although severe irritation was present. Time scaling and applying the uncertainty factors described above yields higher AEGL-3 values of 3.5 ppm for the 10-min and 30- min durations, 1.7 ppm for 1 h, 0.44 ppm for 4 h, and 0.22 ppm for 8 h. 8. SUMMARY OF AEGLS 8.1. AEGL Values and Toxicity End Points AEGL values for methanesulfonyl chloride are presented in Table 4-8. AEGL-1 values are not recommended because of insufficient data. AEGL-2 values were derived by taking one-third of the AEGL-3 values, and AEGL-3 values were based on a 4-h rat BMCL05 value (Pennwalt Corporation 1987). TABLE 4-6 AEGL-2 Values for Methanesulfonyl Chloride 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.40 ppm 0.40 ppm 0.21 ppm 0.053 ppm 0.026 ppm (1.9 mg/m3) (1.9 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.25 mg/m3) (0.12 mg/m3) TABLE 4-7 AEGL-3 Values for Methanesulfonyl Chloride 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 1.2 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.62 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.078 ppm (5.6 mg/m3) (5.6 mg/m3) (2.9 mg/m3) (0.75 mg/m3) (0.37 mg/m3)

126 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 4-8 AEGL Values for Methanesulfonyl Chloride Exposure Duration Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 NR NR NR NR NR (nondisabling)a AEGL-2 0.40 ppm 0.40 ppm 0.21 ppm 0.053 ppm 0.026 ppm (disabling) (1.9 mg/m3) (1.9 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.25 mg/m3) (0.12 mg/m3) AEGL-3 1.2 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.62 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.078 ppm (lethal) (5.6 mg/m3) (5.6 mg/m3) (2.9 mg/m3) (0.75 mg/m3) (0.37 mg/m3) Abbreviations: NR, not recommended because of insufficient data. a Absence of an AEGL-1 value does not imply that concentrations below the AEGL-2 values are without effect. 8.2. Comparison with Other Standards and Guidelines There are no other standards or guidelines for methanesulfonyl chloride. 8.3. Data Adequacy and Research Needs There are no human data on methanesulfonyl chloride, and animal data are limited. Additional acute inhalation toxicity studies in other species would be helpful. 9. REFERENCES Arkema. 2007. Methanesulfonyl Chloride, IUCLID Data Set. Arkema,Toxicology and Environment Department. June 21, 2007. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. Proposed Acute Exposure Guide- line Levels for Sulfuryl Chloride. NAC/AEGL Committee, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. November 2006. HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank). 2007. Methanesulfonyl chloride (CAS Reg. No. 124-63-0). TOXNET, Specialized Information Services, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD [online]. Available: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi- bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB [accessed Sept. 4, 2012]. NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Guidelines for Developing Community Emer- gency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals. Washington, DC: Na- tional Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 2011. Sulfuryl chloride. Pp. 282-306 in Acute Expo- sure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Vol. 10. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 127 Pennwalt Corporation. 1986. An Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study of Methane Sulfonyl Chloride in the Rat. Report No. 85-7854. Bio/Dymanics Inc. October 8, 1986 (as cited in Arkema 2007). Pennwalt Corporation. 1987. Methanesulfonyl Chloride, Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats, 4-Hour Exposure. Report No. PWT 45/861670. Huntingdon Research Cen- tre. February 23, 1987 (as cited in Arkema 2007). Shertzer, H.G. 2001. Organic sulfur compounds. Pp. 746-747 in Patty’s Toxicology, Vol. 7, 5th Ed., E. Bingham , B. Cohrssen, and C.H. Powell, eds. New York: Wiley. Sipi, P., C. Rosenberg, Z. Rudek, P. Jäppinen, H. Vainio, and H. Norppa. 1997. Cytoge- netic effects of softwood kraft pulp bleaching effluents and methanesulfonyl chlo- ride in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat. Res. 390(1-2):105-112. ten Berge, W.F., A. Zwart, and L.M. Appelman. 1986. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. J. Haz- ard. Mater. 13(3):301-309. TerHaar, C.J. 1978. Initial Submission: Basic Toxicity of Methanesulfonyl Chloride with Cover Letter Dated 08/26/92. Submitted to EPA by Eastman Kodak Co., Roches- ter, NY. EPA Document No. 88-920009463. Microfiche No. OTS0571119.

128 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX A DERIVATION OF AEGL VALUES FOR METHANESULFONYL CHLORIDE Derivation of AEGL-1 Values Data are insufficient to derive AEGL-1 values for methanesulfonyl chloride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values AEGL-2 values were derived by taking one-third of the respective AEGL- 3 values, because there inadequate data to derive AEGL-2 values. This approach is justified by the steep concentration-response for this chemical (NRC 2001). 10-min AEGL-2: 1.2 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.40 ppm 30-min AEGL-2: 1.2 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.40 ppm 1-h AEGL-2: 0.62 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.21 ppm 4-h AEGL-2: 0.16 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.053 ppm 8-h AEGL-2: 0.078 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.026 ppm Derivation of AEGL-3 Values Key study: Pennwalt Corporation. 1987. Methanesulfonyl Chloride, Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats, 4-Hour Exposure. Report No. PWT 45/861670. Huntingdon Research Centre. February 23, 1987 (as cited in Arkema 2007). Toxicity end point: 4-h rat BMCL05 of 15.5 ppm Time scaling: AEGL values were scaled using the equation Cn × t = k where n ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (ten Berge et al. 1986). An empirical value for n was sought by analyzing lethality data in rats exposed for 1-6 h. Log probit analysis yielded a point estimate of n = 0.7, with lower and upper bounds of 0.3 and 1.1, respectively; however, the p value of the chi-square

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 129 goodness-of-fit test indicated a poor fit of the model to the data. Additional log probit analysis without the 6-h data (the two data points were associated with 0% and 100% mortality, so added little useful information to the analysis) yielded an estimate of n = 0.66, with upper and lower confidence limits of 0.61 and 0.71, respectively. For the reduced data set, which only included two durations (1 and 4 h), the p-value of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test was 1.0, indicating an exact fit to the data. Overall, the data and modeling results were considered inadequate to define an empirical value of n, but indicated that time is an important component of the concentration-time relationship for methanesulfonyl chloride. When an empirical value cannot be determined, default values of n = 1 for extrapolation to longer durations and n = 3 for extrapolation to shorter durations may be used to derive AEGL values protective of human health (NRC 2001). However, the log probit analyses suggested that the value of n is most likely around 1, and provided sufficient information to exclude the default value of n = 3 for scaling from longer to shorter durations. Therefore, on the basis of available data and log probit analyses, AEGL values were scaled across time using the equation Cn × t = k, with n = 1. (15.5 ppm)1 × 4 h = 62 ppm-h Uncertainty factors: 10 for interspecies differences 10 for intraspecies variability Total uncertainty factor of 100 10-min AEGL-3: Set equal to the 30-min value of 1.2 ppm 30-min AEGL-3: C1 × 0.5 h = 62 ppm-h C = 124 ppm 124 ppm ÷ 100 = 1.2 ppm 1-h AEGL-3: C1 × 1 h = 62 ppm-h C = 62 ppm 62 ppm ÷ 100 = 0.62 ppm 4-h AEGL-3: C = 15.5 ppm 15.5 ppm ÷ 100 = 0.16 ppm

130 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 8-h AEGL-3: C1 × 8 h = 62 ppm-h C = 7.75 ppm 7.75 ppm ÷ 100 = 0.078 ppm

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 131 APPENDIX B ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR METHANESULFONYL CHLORIDE Derivation Summary AEGL-1 VALUES Data were insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values for methanesulfonyl chloride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended for this chemical. AEGL-2 VALUES 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.40 ppm 0.40 ppm 0.21 ppm 0.053 ppm 0.026 ppm (1.9 mg/m3) (1.9 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.25 mg/m3) (0.12 mg/m3) Data adequacy: Sparse data set for methanesulfonyl chloride. For chemicals with a steep concentration-response curve, AEGL-3 values may be divided by 3 to estimate AEGL-2 values (NRC 2001). A steep concentration-response curve has been demonstrated for methanesulfonyl chloride; mortality in rats exposed to it for 4 h was 10% at 20 ppm and 90% at 28 ppm. AEGL-3 VALUES 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 1.2 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.62 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.078 ppm (5.6 mg/m3) (5.6 mg/m3) (2.9 mg/m3) (0.75 mg/m3) (0.37 mg/m3) Key reference: Pennwalt Corporation. 1987. Methanesulfonyl Chloride, Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats, 4-Hour Exposure. Report No. PWT 45/861670. Huntingdon Research Centre. February 23, 1987 (cited in Arkema 2007). Test species/Strain/Number: Rat, strain not specified, 10/sex/concentration Exposure route/Concentrations/Durations: Inhalation; 20, 28, and 54 ppm for 4 h Effects: Clinical signs of irritation in all test groups. Concentration (ppm) Mortality 0 0/10 20 1/10 28 9/10 54 10/10 LC50 25 ppm BMC01 17.4 ppm BMCL05 15.5 ppm (Continued)

132 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels AEGL-3 VALUES Continued End point/Concentration/Rationale: 4-h BMCL05 of 15.5 ppm (see Appendix D), considered threshold for lethality. Uncertainty factors/Rationale: No information available to describe species differences in toxicity or interindividual variability. Although clinical signs and pathologic findings from the limited data set suggest contact irritation and this type of portal-of-entry effect is not expected to vary greatly between species, the available data are not sufficient to conclusively describe the mechanism of toxicity. Total uncertainty factor: 100 Interspecies: 10 Intraspecies: 10 Modifying factor: Not applicable Animal-to-human dosimetric adjustment: Not applicable Time scaling: AEGL-3 values were scaled using the equation Cn × t = k where n ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (ten Berge et al. 1986). An empirical value for n was sought by analyzing lethality data in rats exposed for 1-6 h. Log probit analysis yielded a point estimate of n = 0.7, with lower and upper bounds of 0.3 and 1.1, respectively; however, the p value of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test indicated a poor fit of the model to the data. Additional log probit analysis without the 6-h data (the two data points were associated with 0% and 100% mortality, so added little useful information to the analysis) yielded an estimate of n = 0.66, with upper and lower confidence limits of 0.61 and 0.71, respectively. For the reduced data set, which only included two durations (1 and 4 h), the p-value of the chi-square goodness-of- fit test was 1.0, indicating an exact fit to the data. Overall, the data and modeling results were considered inadequate to define an empirical value of n, but indicated that time is an important component of the concentration-time relationship for methanesulfonyl chloride. When an empirical value cannot be determined, default values of n = 1 for extrapolation to longer durations and n = 3 for extrapolation to shorter durations may be used to derive AEGL values protective of human health (NRC 2001). However, the log probit analyses suggested that the value of n is most likely around 1, and provided sufficient information to exclude the default value of n = 3 for scaling from longer to shorter durations. Therefore, on the basis of available data and log probit analyses, AEGL values were scaled across time using the equation Cn × t = k, with n = 1. The 30-min AEGL-3 value was adopted as the 10-min value because of the uncertainty associated with extrapolating a 4-h point of departure to a 10-min value. Data adequacy: Sparse data set. AEGL-3 values are considered protective. If the study by TerHaar (1978) is used to calculate values, a point of departure of 29 ppm for a 6-h exposure would be chosen on the basis of no mortality, although severe irritation was present. Time scaling and applying the uncertainty factors described above yields higher AEGL values of 3.5 ppm for the 10- and 30-min durations, 1.7 ppm for 1h, 0.44 ppm for 4 h, and 0.22 ppm for 8 h.

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 133 APPENDIX C CATEGORY PLOT FOR METHANESULFONYL CHLORIDE FIGURE C-1 Category plot of animal data and AEGL values for methanesulfonyl chloride. TABLE C-1 Data Used in the Category Plot for Methanesulfonyl Chloride No. Source Species Sex Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments NAC/AEGL-1 NR 10 AEGL NAC/AEGL-1 NR 30 AEGL NAC/AEGL-1 NR 60 AEGL NAC/AEGL-1 NR 240 AEGL NAC/AEGL-1 NR 480 AEGL NAC/AEGL-2 0.40 10 AEGL NAC/AEGL-2 0.40 30 AEGL NAC/AEGL-2 0.21 60 AEGL NAC/AEGL-2 0.053 240 AEGL NAC/AEGL-2 0.026 480 AEGL (Continued)

134 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE C-1 Continued No. Source Species Sex Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments NAC/AEGL-3 1.2 10 AEGL NAC/AEGL-3 1.2 30 AEGL NAC/AEGL-3 0.62 60 AEGL NAC/AEGL-3 0.16 240 AEGL NAC/AEGL-3 0.078 480 AEGL Pennwalt Rat Both 1 20 240 SL Mortality (1/10); Corporation clinical signs, 1987 pulmonary function changes for several days; relative lung weight increase in decedents; damage to corneal surface of eyes Rat Both 1 28 240 SL Mortality (9/10) Rat Both 1 54 240 3 Mortality (10/10) Pennwalt Rat Both 1 165 60 SL Mortality (1/10); Corporation secretory and 1986 pulmonary effects through days 4-5; corneal irregularities (3/9 survivors) Rat Both 1 174 60 SL Mortality (2/10); secretory and pulmonary effects through days 4-5; corneal irregularities (8/8 survivors) Rat Both 1 300 60 3 Mortality (10/10); TerHaar 1978 Rat 1 2,145 45 3 Mortality (3/3) Rat 1 29 360 1 Blinking, nose rubbing, piloerection, vasodilation (3 exposed rats) Rat 1 132 360 3 Mortality (3/3) For category: 0 = no effect, 1 = discomfort, 2 = disabling, 3 = lethal; SL = some lethality.

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 135 APPENDIX D BENCHMARK DOSE CALCULATIONS FOR METHANESULFONYL CHLORIDE Probit Model (Version: 2.8; Date: 02/20/2007) Input Data File: C:\BMDS\UNSAVED1.(d) Gnuplot Plotting File: C:\BMDS\UNSAVED1.plt Wed Jul 11 10:33:08 2007 BMDS MODEL RUN - 4-hour study The form of the probability function is: P[response] = Background + (1-Background) * CumNorm(Intercept+Slope*Log(Dose)), where CumNorm(.) is the cumulative normal distribution function Dependent variable = COLUMN3 Independent variable = COLUMN1 Slope parameter is not restricted Total number of observations = 4 Total number of records with missing values = 0 Maximum number of iterations = 250 Relative Function Convergence has been set to: 1e-008 Parameter Convergence has been set to: 1e-008 User has chosen the log transformed model Default Initial (and Specified) Parameter Values Background = 0 Intercept = -8.60752 Slope = 2.6668 Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of Parameter Estimates Background Intercept Background 1 -1 Intercept -1 1 (***The model parameter(s) -background have been estimated at a boundary point, or have been specified by the user, and do not appear in the correlation matrix) Analysis of Deviance Table Log Model (likelihood) No. ParametersDeviance Test DF P-value Full model -6.50166 4 Fitted model -6.50166 2 3.41848e-009 2 1 Reduced model -27.7259 1 42.4485 3 <0.0001 AIC: 17.0033

136 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Parameter Estimates Standard 95.0% Wald Confidence Interval Variable Estimate Error Lower Confidence Limit Upper Confidence Limit Background 0 NA Intercept -24.1018 7.1988 -38.2112 -9.99242 Slope 7.61759 2.27204 3.16448 12.0707 NA: indicates that this parameter has hit a bound implied by some inequality con- straint and thus has no standard error. Goodness of Fit Scaled Estimated Dose Probability Expected Observed Size Residual 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0 10 0.000 20.0000 0.1000 1.000 1 10 -0.000 28.0000 0.9000 9.000 9 10 -0.000 54.0000 1.0000 10.000 10 10 0.000 Chi-square = 0.00; DF = 2; P-value = 1.0000 Benchmark Dose Computation Specified effect = 0.05 Risk Type = Extra risk Confidence level = 0.95 BMD = 19.0685 BMDL = 15.5113 Probit 1 BMD Lower Bound 0.8 Fraction Affected 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 BMDL BMD 0 10 20 30 40 50 dose FIGURE B-1 Probit model with 0.95 confidence level.

Methanesulfonyl Chloride 137 APPENDIX E CALCULATION OF THE TIME-SCALING EXPONENT ‘n’ Log Probit Analysis of Full Dataset: Filename: Methanesulfonyl chloride time scaling Date: 09 February 2012 Time: 16:05:18 Sequence No. Concentration (ppm) Minutes Exposed Responded 1 165 60 10 1 2 174 60 10 2 3 300 60 10 10 4 20 240 10 1 5 28 240 10 9 6 54 240 10 10 7 29 360 3 0 8 132 360 3 3 Used Probit Equation Y = B0 + B1*X1 + B2*X2 X1 = conc mg/m3, ln-transformed X2 = minutes, ln-transformed Chi-square = 48.83 Degrees of freedom = 5 Probability Model = 2.40E-09 Ln(Likelihood) = -20.30 B 0 = -2.3058E+01 Student t = -1.1494 B 1 = 2.5164E+00 Student t = 1.3933 B 2 = 3.5681E+00 Student t = 1.3718 Variance B 0 0 = 4.0242E+02 Covariance B 0 1 = -3.5556E+01 Covariance B 0 2 = -5.1770E+01 Variance B 1 1 = 3.2617E+00 Covariance B 1 2 = 4.4695E+00 Variance B 2 2 = 6.7650E+00 Estimation ratio between regression coefficients of ln(conc) and ln(minutes) Point estimate = 0.705 Lower limit (95% CL) = 0.296 Upper limit (95% CL) = 1.114

138 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Log Probit Analysis of Reduced Dataset: Filename: Methanesulfonyl chloride time scaling Date: 09 February 2012 Time: 16:07:06 Sequence No. Concentration (ppm) Minutes Exposed Responded 1 165 60 10 1 2 174 60 10 2 3 300 60 10 10 4 20 240 10 1 5 28 240 10 9 6 54 240 10 10 Used Probit Equation Y = B0 + B1*X1 + B2*X2 X1 = conc mg/m3, ln-transformed X2 = minutes, ln-transformed Chi-square = 0.01 Degrees of freedom = 3 Probability Model = 1.00E+00 Ln(Likelihood) = -4.05 B 0 = -8.3259E+01 Student t = -3.5083 B 1 = 7.6810E+00 Student t = 3.5633 B 2 = 1.1669E+01 Student t = 3.7691 Variance B 0 0 = 5.6320E+02 Covariance B 0 1 = -5.1013E+01 Covariance B 0 2 = -7.3391E+01 Variance B 1 1 = 4.6466E+00 Covariance B 1 2 = 6.6254E+00 Variance B 2 2 = 9.5856E+00 Estimation ratio between regression coefficients of ln(conc) and ln(minutes) Point estimate = 0.658 Lower limit (95% CL) = 0.611 Upper limit (95% CL) = 0.705

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14 Get This Book
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Extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) can be released accidentally as a result of result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where EHSs are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents.

As part of its efforts to develop acute exposure guideline levels for EHSs, EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in 1991 requested that the National Research Council (NRC) develop guidelines for establishing such levels. In response to that request, the NRC published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances in 1993. Subsequently, Standard Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances was published in 2001, providing updated procedures, methodologies, and other guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances and the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) in developing the AEGL values.

Using the 1993 and 2001 NRC guidelines reports, the NAC—consisting of members from EPA, the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Transportation (DOT), other federal and state governments, the chemical industry, academia, and other organizations from the private sector—has developed AEGLs for more than 270 EHSs. In 1998, EPA and DOD requested that the NRC independently review the AEGLs developed by NAC. In response to that request, the NRC organized within its Committee on Toxicology (COT) the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, which prepared this report. This report is the fourteenth volume in that series. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14 summarizes the committee's conclusions and recommendations.

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