National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
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Making the Soldier Decisive
on Future Battlefields

Committee on Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS    500 Fifth Street, NW    Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. W911-NF-11-C-0099 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

Front cover photograph courtesy of U.S. Army

International Standard Book Number -13: 978-0-309-28453-0
International Standard Book Number -10: 0-309-28453-8

Limited copies of this report are available from:

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
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COMMITTEE ON MAKING THE SOLDIER DECISIVE ON FUTURE
BATTLEFIELDS

HENRY J. HATCH, NAE,1 LTG, U.S. Army (retired), Chair, Independent Consultant, Oakton, Virginia

W. PETER CHERRY, NAE, Independent Consultant, Ann Arbor, Michigan

PAUL W. GLIMCHER, New York University Center for Neural Science

RANDALL W. HILL, JR., University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Marina del Rey

ROBIN L. KEESEE, Independent Consultant, Fairfax, Virginia

ELLIOT D. KIEFF, NAS/IOM, Channing Laboratory, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts

JEAN MACMILLAN, Aptima, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts

WILLIAM L. MELVIN, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Smyrna

RICHARD R. PAUL, Maj. Gen. U.S. Air Force (retired), Independent Consultant, Bellevue, Washington

RICHARD PEW, BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts

M. FRANK ROSE, Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama

ALBERT A. SCIARRETTA, CNS Technologies, Springfield, Virginia

ANN SPEED, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

JOSEPH YAKOVAC, LTG, U.S. Army (retired), JVM LLC, Hampton, Virginia

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director, Board on Army Science and Technology

ROBERT LOVE, Study Director

NIA D. JOHNSON, Senior Research Associate, Board on Army Science and Technology

DEANNA SPARGER, Program Administrative Coordinator, Board on Army Science and Technology

JOSEPH PALMER, Senior Program/Project Assistant

____________________

1NAE, National Academy of Engineering; IOM, Institute of Medicine; NAS, National Academy of Sciences

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ALAN H. EPSTEIN, Chair, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, Connecticut

DAVID M. MADDOX, Vice Chair, Independent Consultant, Arlington, Virginia

DUANE ADAMS, Carnegie Mellon University (retired), Arlington, Virginia

ILESANMI ADESIDA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

RAJ AGGARWAL, University of Iowa, Coralville

EDWARD C. BRADY, Strategic Perspectives, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida

L. REGINALD BROTHERS, BAE Systems, Arlington, Virginia

JAMES CARAFANO, Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.

W. PETER CHERRY, NAE Independent Consultant, Ann Arbor, Michigan

EARL H. DOWELL, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

RONALD P. FUCHS, Independent Consultant, Seattle, Washington

W. HARVEY GRAY, Independent Consultant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

CARL GUERRERI, Electronic Warfare Associates, Inc., Herndon, Virginia

JOHN J. HAMMOND, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired), Fairfax, Virginia

RANDALL W. HILL, JR., University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies, Marina del Rey

MARY JANE IRWIN, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

ROBIN L. KEESEE, Independent Consultant, Fairfax, Virginia

ELLIOT D. KIEFF, NAS/IOM Channing Laboratory, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts

LARRY LEHOWICZ, Quantum Research International, Arlington, Virginia

WILLIAM L. MELVIN, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Smyrna

ROBIN MURPHY, Texas A&M University, College Station

SCOTT PARAZYNSKI, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas

RICHARD R. PAUL, Independent Consultant, Bellevue, Washington

JEAN D. REED, Independent Consultant, Arlington, Virginia

LEON E. SALOMON, Independent Consultant, Gulfport, Florida

JONATHAN M. SMITH, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

MARK J.T. SMITH, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

MICHAEL A. STROSCIO, University of Illinois, Chicago

JOSEPH YAKOVAC, LTG, U.S. Army (retired), JVM LLC, Hampton, Virginia

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

JAMES MYSKA, Senior Research Associate

DEANNA P. SPARGER, Program Administrative Coordinator

JOSEPH PALMER, Senior Program/Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
×

Preface

This study resulted from recognition by the U.S. Army that a great disparity exists between the decisive overmatch capability, relative to prospective adversaries, of major U.S. weapon systems (such as tanks, fighter aircraft, or nuclear submarines) and the relative vulnerability of dismounted soldiers when they are operating in small, detached units (squads). The increased reliance in recent Army deployments on soldiers operating in these tactical small units (TSUs), as well as the expanding responsibilities of ground forces in the future for missions that go beyond traditional combat, provided the incentive to ask what could be done to give dismounted soldiers and TSUs a credible degree of decisive overmatch in any of the anticipated future operational environments.

I would like to thank the Committee on Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields for its tenacity and dedication in interviewing numerous experts (including recently deployed Army enlisted soldiers and officers), assessing the pertinent issues, and developing recommendations to address the many demands of its statement of task from the Army sponsor (see Summary of this report). The committee in turn is grateful to the many Army and Department of Defense personnel, both civilian and military, who provided much of the information on which this report is based. We particularly thank the veterans of recent combat deployments who shared with us their hopes for those who will follow them, as well as their insights, frustrations, and triumphs in the trying circumstances of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The committee and I also greatly appreciate the support and assistance of the National Research Council (NRC) staff, which ably assisted the committee in its fact-finding activities and in production of the report. In particular, I thank the staff of the NRC’s Board on Army Science and Technology (BAST), who successfully organized the attendance of committee members and guests at major meetings in multiple locations and maintained a secure Internet forum for the members to accumulate study information, collaborate on report inputs, share expertise, and develop the consensus for the report we present here.

The study was conducted under the auspices of the BAST, a unit of the NRC’s Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, established in 1982 at the request of the United States Army. The BAST brings broad military, industrial, and academic scientific, engineering, and management expertise to bear on technical challenges of importance to senior Army leaders. The BAST is not a study committee; rather, it deliberates on study concepts and statements of task for the expert committees that are formed under rigorous NRC procedures to conduct a particular study. The BAST discusses potential study topics and tasks, ensures study project planning and execution in conformance with NRC

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
×

procedures, and suggests candidate experts to serve as committee members or report reviewers.

Although the Board members are listed in the front pages of the report, with the exception of any members who were nominated and appointed to the study committee, they were not asked to endorse the committee’s findings or recommendations or to review final drafts of the report before its release. The findings and recommendations are those reached by unanimous consensus of the Committee on Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. The NRC’s approval of this report likewise does not indicate a position on the substance of the findings and recommendations but rather certifies that the study was conducted in accordance with its procedures.

Hank Hatch, Chair                                          
Committee on Making the Soldier Decisive   
on Future Battlefields                                     

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
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Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Ruzena K. Bajcsy (NAE/IOM), University of California, Berkeley

Nancy J. Cooke, Arizona State University

Gilbert F. Decker, Consultant

William P. Delaney (NAE), MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Richard Dempsey, U.S. Army

Charles B. Duke (NAE/NAS), Xerox Corporation (retired)

Harry W. Jenkins, U.S. Marine Corps (retired)

Roger L. McCarthy (NAE), McCarthy Engineering

Stewart D. Personick (NAE), New Jersey Institute of Technology

Dennis J. Reimer, U.S. Army (retired)

Robert H. Scales, Colgen, Inc.

Daniel P. Siewiorek (NAE), Carnegie Mellon University

Judith L. Swain (IOM), National University of Singapore

Michael R. Thompson, Scitor Corporation

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Robert A. Frosch, NAE, Harvard University. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAR

after action review

AIT

advanced individual training

ACEP

Army Center for Enhanced Performance

APFT

Army Physical Fitness Test

APS

active protection systems

AO

area of operation

ARDEC

Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center

ARFORGEN

Army Force Generation

ARI

Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

ARL

Army Research Laboratory

ARL-HRED

Army Research Laboratory-Human Research and Engineering Directorate

ARTEMIS

All-Terrain Radar for Tactical Exploitation of MTI and Imaging Surveillance

ASA(ALT)

Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology)

ASB

Army Science Board

ASIMO

Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility

ASVAB

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

BAST

Board on Army Science and Technology

BCT

brigade combat team

BT

basic training

C4ISR

Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance

CALL

Center for Army Lessons Learned

CASCOM

U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command

CBA

cost benefit analysis

CBRN

chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear

CCD

capabilities development document

CERDEC

Communications-Electronics Research, Development, and Engineering Center

CIED

Counter-improvised explosive device

CIST

company intelligence support team

CONOPS

concept of operations

CRAM

Counterrocket, artillery, and mortar

DA

Department of the Army

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DIME

diplomatic, information, military, and economic

DMFC

direct methanol fuel cell

DoD

Department of Defense

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
×

DOTMLPF

Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and Education, Personnel and Facilities

DoS

U.S. Department of State

DSTS

Dismounted Soldier Training System

EEA

essential element of analysis

FCS

future combat systems

FOB

forward operating base

FORESTER

FOliage PENetration Reconnaissance, Surveillance, Tracking and Engagement Radar

FITE

Future Immersive Training Environment

FMV

full motion video

G1

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

GMAV

gas micro air vehicle

GPS

global positioning system

GSM

global system for mobile communication

HAL

Hybrid Assistive Limb

HHC

headquarters and headquarters company

HSI

Human-Systems Integration

HSI/MSI

hyperspectral imaging/multispectral imaging

HULC

human universal load carrier

ICD

initial capabilities document

IED

improvised explosive device

IIT

Infantry Immersion Trainer

IMPRINT

Improved Performance Research Integration Tool

IPE

individual protective equipment

IR

infrared

IRST

infra-red search and track

IRT

independent review team

ISR

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

JIEDDO

Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization

JCIDS

Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System

JCTD

Joint Capabilities Technology Demonstration

JP

jet propellant

LADAR

LAser Detection And Ranging

L-V-C

Live - Virtual - Constructive

MANPRINT

MANpower, PeRsonnel, INTegration

MCoE

Maneuver Center of Excellence

MEPS

Military Entrance Processing Stations

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
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METT-TC

Mission, Enemy, Terrain and weather, Troops and support available—Time available, Civilians

MMOG

massively multiplayer online game

mmw

millimeter wave

MOE

measure of effectiveness

MOP

measures of performance

MOS

military occupational specialty

MOUT

military operations on urban terrain

MRMC

U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command

NCO

non-commissioned officer

NGO

nongovernmental organization

NPC

non-player characters

NRC

National Research Council

NSWC

Naval Surface Warfare Center

OEF

Operation Enduring Freedom

OE/OD

organizational effectiveness/organizational development

OIF

Operation Iraqi Freedom

OPTEMPO

operations tempo

ORSA

operations research and system analyst

OSA

open system architecture

OSUT

one-station unit training

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PEO Soldier

Program Executive Office-Soldier

PEO STRI

Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training and Instrumentation

PETMAN

protection ensemble test mannequin

POI

program of instruction

PMESI

political, military, economic, social, infrastructure

PSM

physiological status monitor

R&D

research and development

RDEC

U.S. Army Research, Development & Engineering Center

RMFC

reformed methanol fuel cell

ROEs

rules of engagement

RoL

Rule-of-Law

SA

situational awareness

SALTI

DARPA Synthetic Aperture Ladar for Tactical Imaging

SAR

search and rescue

SIGINT

signals intelligence

SIPRNet

Secure Internet Protocol Network

SOFC

solid oxide fuel cell

SOS

system-of-systems

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2013. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18321.
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SOT

Statement of Task

SSIM

strategic social interaction module

S&T

science and technology

STRICOM

Simulation Training and Instrumentation Command

SWAP

size, weight, and power

SWAP-C

size, weight, power, and cost

TAPAS

Tailored Adaptive Personality Assessment System

TCPED

tasking, collection, processing, exploitation and dissemination

TiGRNET

Tactical Ground Reporting Network

TOPS

Tier One Performance Screen

TRL

technology readiness level

TRADOC

U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

TSU

tactical small unit

TTHS

trainees, transients, holdees, and students

TTP

tactics, techniques and procedures

TUS

U.S. Navy Transparent Urban Structures

UAS

unmanned aerial system

UAV

unmanned aerial vehicle

UGV

unmanned ground vehicle

USAREC

United States Army Recruiting Command

USARIEM

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine

VBS2

Virtual Battle Space 2

VHF

very high frequency

WAMI

wide area motion imagery

WAS

wide area security

WLR

weapons location radar

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The U.S. military does not believe its soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines should be engaged in combat with adversaries on a "level playing field." Our combat individuals enter engagements to win. To that end, the United States has used its technical prowess and industrial capability to develop decisive weapons that overmatch those of potential enemies. In its current engagement—what has been identified as an "era of persistent conflict"— the nation's most important weapon is the dismounted soldier operating in small units. Today's soldier must be prepared to contend with both regular and irregular adversaries. Results in Iraq and Afghanistan show that, while the U.S. soldier is a formidable fighter, the contemporary suite of equipment and support does not afford the same high degree of overmatch capability exhibited by large weapons platforms—yet it is the soldier who ultimately will play the decisive role in restoring stability.

Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields establishes the technical requirements for overmatch capability for dismounted soldiers operating individually or in small units. It prescribes technological and organizational capabilities needed to make the dismounted soldier a decisive weapon in a changing, uncertain, and complex future environment and provides the Army with 15 recommendations on how to focus its efforts to enable the soldier and tactical small unit (TSU) to achieve overmatch.

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