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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: References." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18348.
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Page 89
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: References." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18348.
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Page 90

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D References Bruckner, T. A., R. M. Scheffler, G. Shen, J. Yoon, D. Chisholm, J. Morris, B. D. Fulton, M. R. Dal Poz, and S. Saxena. 2011. The mental health workforce gap in low- and middle-income countries: A needs-based approach. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89(3):184-194. Collins, P. Y., V. Patel, S. S. Joestl, D. March, T. R. Insel, and A. S. Daar on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board and the Executive Committee of the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health. 2011. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature 475(7354):27-30. Eaton, J., L. McCay, M. Semrau, S. Chatterjee, F. Baingana, R. Araya, C. Ntulo, G. Thornicroft, and S. Saxena. 2011. Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 378(9802):1592-1603. Farooq, S. 2013. Early intervention for psychosis in low- and middle-income countries needs a public health approach. British Journal of Psychiatry 202:168-169. Frenk, J., L. Chen, Z. A. Bhutta, J. Cohen, N. Crisp, T. Evans, H. Fineberg, P. Garcia, Y. Ke, P. Kelley, B. Kistnasamy, A. Meleis, D. Naylor, A. Pablos- Mendez, S. Reddy, S. Scrimshaw, J. Sepulveda, D. Serwadda, and H. Zurayk. 2010. Health professionals for a new century: Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet 376(9756):1923-1958, http://www.healthprofessionals21.org/docs/Health ProfNewCent.pdf (accessed November 7, 2012). IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2009. Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: Reducing the treatment gap, improving quality of care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Kakuma, R., H. Minas, N. van Ginneken, M. R. Dal Poz, K. Desiraju, J. E. Morris, S. Saxena, and R. M. Scheffler. 2011. Human resources for mental health care: Current situation and strategies for action. Lancet 378:1654- 1663. Kessler, R. C., and E. J. Bromet. 2013. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health 34:119-138. 89

90 CANDIDATE CORE COMPETENCIES FOR MNS DISORDERS IN SSA Patel, V., N. Boyce, P. Y. Collins, S. Saxena, and R. Horton. 2011. A renewed agenda for global mental health. Lancet 378(9801):1441-1442. Petersen, I., C. Lund, A. Bhana, and A. J. Flisher. 2012. A task shifting approach to primary mental health care for adults in South Africa: Human resource requirements and costs for rural settings. Health Policy and Planning 27(1):42-51. Raviola, G., A. E. Becker, and P. Farmer. 2011. A global scope for global health—including mental health. Lancet 378(9803):1613-1615. WHO (World Health Organization). 2004. Atlas: Country resources for neurological disorders. http://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/ epidemiology/en/index.html (accessed May 29, 2013). WHO. 2006. Neurological disorders: Public health challenges. http://who.int. mental_health/neurology/neurodiso/en/index.html (accessed May 29, 2013). WHO. 2008. mhGAP Mental Health Gap Action Programme: Scaling up care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. http://www.who.int/ mental_health/evidence/mhGAP/en/index.html (accessed October 25, 2012). WHO. 2011a. Mental health atlas 2011. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/ 2011/9799241564359_eng.pdf (accessed October 25, 2012). WHO. 2011b. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and sub- stance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. http://www.who.int/ mental_health/publications/mhGAP_intervention_guide/en/index.html (ac- cessed October 25, 2012).

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One of the largest treatment gaps for mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders in the world can be seen in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of people with serious MNS disorders living in low- and middle-income countries do not receive needed health services. A critical barrier to bridge this treatment gap is the ability to provide adequate human resources for the delivery of essential interventions for MNS disorders. An international workshop was convened in 2009, by the .S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders and the Uganda National Academy of Sciences (UNAS) Forum on Health and Nutrition, to bring together stakeholders from across SSA and to foster discussions about improving care for people suffering from MNS disorders and what steps, with potential for the greatest impact, might be considered to bridge the treatment gap.

Due to the broad interest to further examine the treatment gap, the IOM forum organized a second workshop in Kampala, Uganda on September 4 and 5, 2012. The workshop's purpose was to discuss candidate core competencies that providers might need to help ensure the effective delivery of services for MNS disorders. The workshop focused specifically on depression, psychosis, epilepsy, and alcohol use disorders. Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary outlines the presentations and discussions by expert panelists and participants of the plenary sessions of the workshop. This summary includes an overview of challenges faced by MNS providers in the SSA, perspectives on the next steps, the 2009 workshop, and more.

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