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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
Opportunities and Priorities in ARCTIC GEOSCIENCE
Committee on Arctic Solid-Earth Geosciences
Polar Research Board
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1991
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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is President of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided jointly by the Department of the Interior/U.S. Geological Survey, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Arthur Day Fund.
Cover: “Passage Through the Ice, June 16, 1818,” as drawn by Capt. John Ross, British Royal Navy, during a voyage of discovery for the purposes of exploring Baffin’s Bay and inquiring into the probability of a North-West Passage. Published by John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1819. (Courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.)
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 91-60476
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04485-5
Available in limited supply from the
Polar Research Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20418
and
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418
S336
Printed in the United States of America
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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
COMMITTEE ON ARCTIC SOLID-EARTH GEOSCIENCES
ARTHUR GRANTZ,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park,
Chairman
DAVID A. G. FORSYTH,
Geological Survey of Canada
KAZUYA FUJITA,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
ARTHUR R. GREEN,
Exxon Production Research Company, Houston
KENNETH HUNKINS,
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
G. LEONARD JOHNSON,
Office of Naval Research
YNGVE KRISTOFFERSEN,
University of Bergen, Norway
E. FRED ROOTS,
Department of the Environment, Ottawa
DAVID B. STONE,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
JÖRN THIEDE,
Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
Other Contributors
JULIE BRIGHAM-GRETTE,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
D. E. BROWNLEE,
University of Washington, Seattle
DAVID L. CLARK,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
DAVID M. HOPKINS,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
GLENN A. JONES,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
MARCUS G. LANGSETH,
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
LOUIE N. MARINCOVICH,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park
CAPT. ROBERT G. MOORE, U.S. Coast Guard (Retired)
R. L. PHILLIPS,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park
ERK REIMNITZ,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park
ROBERT A. SPICER,
Oxford University, United Kingdom
PATRICK T. TAYLOR,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Project Staff
SHERBURNE B. ABBOTT, Staff Director
MARIANN S. PLATT, Administrative Secretary
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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
POLAR RESEARCH BOARD
ROBERT H. RUTFORD,
University of Texas at Dallas,
Chairman
RITA R. COLWELL,
Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland,
Vice Chair
NORBERT UNTERSTEINER,
University of Washington, Seattle,
Vice Chair
ROGER G. BARRY, CIRES,
University of Colorado, Boulder
EDDY C. CARMACK,
Department of Fisheries & Oceans, Sidney, Canada
F. STUART CHAPIN, III,
University of California at Berkeley
IAN W. D. DALZIEL,
University of Texas at Austin
PAUL K. DAYTON,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
INEZ Y. FUNG,
Goddard Institute of Space Studies
JOHN E. HOBBIE,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole
JOHN L. LABRECQUE,
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
MARK F. MEIER, INSTAAR,
University of Colorado, Boulder
JOHN P. MIDDAUGH,
Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
THEODORE J. ROSENBERG,
University of Maryland, College Park
DONALD B. SINIFF,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
SUSAN SOLOMON,
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder
WILFORD F. WEEKS,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
ORAN R. YOUNG,
Dartmouth College
Ex-Officio Members
CHARLES R. BENTLEY,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
JEFF DOZIER,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
TED S. VINSON,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
Staff
SHERBURNE B. ABBOTT, Staff Director
MARIANN S. PLATT, Administrative Secretary
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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN,
The Johns Hopkins University,
Chairman
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
B. CLARK BURCHFIEL,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RALPH I. CICERONE,
University of California at Irvine
PETER S. EAGLESON,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HELEN M. INGRAM,
University of Arizona
GENE E. LIKENS,
New York Botanical Garden
SYUKURO MANABE,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
JACK E. OLIVER,
Cornell University
PHILIP A. PALMER,
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
FRANK L. PARKER,
Vanderbilt University
DUNCAN T. PATTEN,
Arizona State University
MAXINE L. SAVITZ,
Allied Signal Aerospace Company
LARRY L. SMARR,
National Center for Supercomputing Applications
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
Case Western Reserve University
SIR CRISPIN TICKELL,
UK Representative to the United Nations
KARL K. TUREKIAN,
Yale University
IRVIN L. WHITE,
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
JAMES H. ZUMBERGE,
University of Southern California
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
JANICE E. MEHLER, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE A. SPOON, Financial Officer
CARLITA PERRY, Administrative Assistant
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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
Contents
Executive Summary
1
1
Introduction
5
2
Physiography
7
3
Role of the Arctic in Global Solid-Earth Geoscience
9
Geologic Framework and Tectonic Evolution
9
Mineral Resources
11
Environmental History and Global Change
12
Arctic Geologic Processes
13
4
Rationale for Focusing on the Arctic Ocean Basin and Its Margins
14
5
The Next Stage of Arctic Solid-Earth Geoscience Research
19
Geologic Framework and Tectonic Evolution
19
Major Problems and Research Questions
19
Tectonic Problems in the Amerasia Basin
19
Selected Tectonic Problems in the Eurasia Basin
23
Continental Margins
24
Special Studies
27
Comparative Studies of Trans-Arctic Geologic Structure and Stratigraphy
27
Paleomagnetic Analysis of Arctic Tectonic Problems
28
Seismologic Investigations
28
Seabed Imaging and Mapping
30
Magnetic and Gravity Data
31
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Sedimentary Record and Environmental History
32
The Record in Circum-Arctic Nonmarine and Paralic Sediments
32
Cretaceous Sediments
32
Tertiary and Quaternary Sediments
33
The Record in the Arctic Ocean Basin
36
Cretaceous and Tertiary Sediments
36
Quaternary Sediments
37
The Record in Arctic Ice Cores
39
Arctic Geologic Processes and Environmental Indicators
39
Paleoenvironmental Indicators
39
Sedimentation
40
Role of Sea Ice in Arctic Sedimentation
41
Paleobiogeography and Paleoecology
42
Possible Record of Solar-Terrestrial Interactions
43
Gas Hydrates and Offshore Permafrost
44
6
Logistic Realities and Opportunities
46
Support Facilities
46
Instrumentation
47
Earth-Orbiting Satellites
47
Aircraft
48
Logistic Support
48
Magnetic and Gravity Surveys
49
Drifting Stations
49
Ships
49
Ice Floes and Ice Islands
49
Over-Ice Surveys
50
Ships
50
Submarines
52
Deep Submersibles
53
Buoys
53
Subseabed Sampling
54
7
Research Priorities
56
8
Special Concerns
59
International Cooperation
59
Bibliographic and Translation Programs
59
Research Directory
59
Small Meetings
60
References
61
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Opportunities and Priorities in Arctic Geoscience
Illustrations
Figures
1.
Subdivisions of the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary periods of the geologic time scale that are widely used in this report.
6
2.
Principal geographic and physiographic features of the Arctic Ocean region.
8
3.
Major structural features of the arctic region.
10
4.
Recent status of published topographic and bathymetric mapping in the Arctic Ocean region.
15
5.
Recent status of onshore geologic mapping in the Arctic Ocean region.
16
6.
Recent status of gravity field surveys in the Arctic Ocean region.
17
7.
Recent status of aeromagnetic field surveys in the Arctic Ocean region.
18
8.
Location of proposed continental margin transects in the Arctic Ocean region.
26
9.
The pre-Pleistocene stratigraphic record in the Arctic Ocean Basin represented by paleontologically dated cores as of 1990.
34
Table
1.
Matrix for evaluating the priority of research needs in the arctic solid-earth geosciences.
56
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Opportunities and Priorities in ARCTIC GEOSCIENCE
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