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Supplemental References Visual Environment and its Hazards Berry, C. A. Environment of space in human flight. Aeronaut, engng. Rev., 1958, 17, 35-38. Brandis, S. A. Vliianie brom i kofeina na svetovuiu chuvstvitel 'nost1 glaza i termoreguliassiiu pro vysokoi temperature okruzhaiushchei sredy. (The influence of bromine and caffeine on the light sensi- tivity of the eye and thermoregulation at high environmental temperature.) Fiziologicheskii shurnal USSR (Leningrad), 1960, 46, 4, 489-4941~~" Brown, J. L. The use of colored filter goggle for protection against flash blindness. Johnsville, Pa.: USN Air Develpm. Cent. Rep., 1959, No. MA-5917. Brown, W. L. , Carr, R. M. , & Overall, J. E. The effect of whole- body radiation upon association of peripheral cues. Randolph AFB: USAF Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1958, No. 58-47. Buettner, K. Effects of cosmic, ultraviolet, and heat radiation at 50,000 to 100,000 ft. Paper presented at Aero-Medical Engng Ass. , Univer. of California at Los Angeles, June, 1952. Clark, B. The effect of excessive sunlight on the retinal sensitivity of an unprotected and a completely protected eye in the same individual. Pensacola: USN Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1945, No. 1, X-567. Clark, E. New methods probe space flight hazards. Aviation Week, 1960, 72, 21, 54-59. Curtis, J. L. Visual problems above 50,000 feet. U.S. Armed Forces med. J.. 1959, 10. 1304-1307. Fraser, D. C. , (U Jackson, K. F. Effect of heat stress on serial reaction time in man. Nature, 1955, 176, 976-977. Haber, H. Man and machine between atmosphere and space. Aeronaut. engng Rev., 1954, 13, 11, 56-62. 45
Haber, H. The physical factors of the space environment. In H. S. Seifert (Ed.), Space technology. New York: Wiley, 1959. Pp. 27-38. Hoover, G. W. The man-machine system in space vehicles. Proc. Amer. Astronaut Soc., 1958. In Advances in Astronautical Sciences. New York: Plenum Press, 1959. Pp. 405-417. Newell, H. E. The space environment. Science, 1960, 131, 3398, 385-390. Payne, R. B. Effects of ionizing radiation upon human psychomotor skills. Randolph AFB: USAF Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1958, No. 59-29. Schaefer, H. J. Theory of protection of man in the region of the primary cosmic radiation. J. avia. Med. , 1954, 25, 338. Schaefer, H. J. Protection of humans from heavy nuclei of cosmic radiation in regions outside the atmosphere. Astronaut. Acta. 1955, 1, 100-109. Schaefer, H. J. Tissue ionization dosages in proton radiation fields in space. J. aerospace Med. , 1960, 31, 807-816. Schaefer, H. J. Radiation danger in space. Astronautics, 1960, 5, 42-45. Simon, D. G. Observations in high-altitude, sealed-cabin balloon flight. In K. Gantz (Ed.), Man in space. New York: Duell, Sloan, 8. Pierce, 1959. (Ch. 9) Strughold, S. The human eye in space. Paper presented at 10th Congress of Int. Astronautical Fed. , London, Sept. , 1959. White, W. J., Morris, D. F. , fe Wernstein, M. Visual thresholds after exposure to ultraviolet light. In G. Finch 8t F. Cameron (Eds.), Air Force Human Engineering, Personnel, and Training Research. Washington: Nat. Acad. Sci.âNat. Research Council, Pub. No. 516. Pp. 155-161. Whiteside, T. C. O. Problems of vision in flight at high altitude. NATO, Advisory Group for Aeronautical Res. It Develpm. , 1957, Agardograph No. 13. 46
Visual Effects of Gravitational Stress Ballinger, E. R. Human experiments in subgravity and prolonged acceleration. J. avia. Med. , 1952, 23, 319-321. Brown, J. L,. , k Lechner, M. Acceleration and human performance. Mil. Med. , 1959, 775-781. Brown, J. L. , & Collins, C. C. Air-to-air tracking during closed loop centrifuge operation. J. avia. Med. , 1958, 29, 794-804. Brown, J. L,. The bio-dynamics of launch and reentry. Nav. res. Rev. , 1959, 8-15. Brown, J. L. Acceleration and motor performance. Human Factors, 1960, 2, No. 4, 175-185. Canfield, A. A. A study of reaction time to light and sound as related to increased positive radial acceleration. J. avia. Med. , 1949, 20, 350-355. (Contract N6Ori-77, T.O.E., Univer. of Southern Calif., 1949) Clark, B., k Graybiel, A. Studies of human adaptation to centrifugal force. I. Visual perception of the horizontal. Pensacola: USN Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1949, No. NM 001 059.01.22. Clark, B., Graybiel, A., k MacCorquodale, K. The illusory per- ception of movement caused by angular acceleration and by centrifugal force during flight. II. Visually perceived move- ment of a fixed target during turns. Pensacola: USN Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1946, No. NM 001 059. 01. 08. Clark, B., Graybiel, A., fa MacCorquodale, K. The illusory percep- tion of movement caused by angular acceleration and by centrif- ugal force during flight. III. Habituation and technique of assuming the turn as factors of illusory perception. Pensacola: USN Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1946, No. NM 001 059.01.11. Clark, B. , Graybiel, A. , k MacCorquodale, K. The illusory perception of movement caused by angular acceleration and by centrifugal force during flight. IV. Illusory rotation of a target during turns. Pensacola: USN Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1946, No. NM 001 059.01.16. Clark, C. C. , k Gray, R. F. A discussion of restraint and protection of the human experiencing the smooth and oscillating acceleration of proposed space vehicles. Johnsville, Pa.: Avia. Med. Acceler. Lab., NADC Rep., 1959, No. NADC-MA-5914. (Proj. TED No. ADC AE1412, ASTIADoc. 234597) 47
Collins, W. E. , &; Guedry, F. E. Arousal effects and nystagmus during prolonged constant angular acceleration. Fort Knox: USA Med. Res. Lab. Rep., 1961, No. 500. Crampton, G. H. Vestibular physiology and related parameters in orbital flight. Paper presented at symposium (on possible uses of earth satellites for life sciences experiments) sponsored by Nat. Acad. of Sci., Amer. Inst. Bio. Sci., and Nat. Sci. Found., Washington, May, 1958. Pp. 14-17. Eibland, A. M. Human tolerance to rapidly applied accelerations: summary of literature. Langley Res. Cent.: NASA Memo, 1959, No. 5-19-59E. Fletcher, Dorothy E. , Collins, C. C., & Brown, J. L. Effects of positive acceleration upon the performance of an air-to-air tracking task. J. avia. Med., 1958, 29, 891-897. Gray, R. F. , & Webb, M. G. High G protection. J. aerospace Med., 1961, 32. 425-430. ~ " Graybiel, A., Guedry, F. E. , Johnson, W., &t Kennedy, R. Adaptation to bizarre stimulation of the semicircular canals as indicated by the oculogyral illusion. Pensacola: USNSch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1960, No. 53. (BuMed Proj. MR 005.13-6001, Subtask 1) Hauty, G. T. , & Wendt, G. R. Secondary ocular nystagmus as a function of intensity and duration of acceleration. Brooks AFB, Tex.: USAF Sen. Avia. Med. Rep., 1960, No. 60-29. Herrick, R. M. , Myers, J. L., & Burke, R. E. Discriminative behavior following repeated exposure to negative acceleration. Johnsville, Pa.: Avia. Med. Accel. Lab., NADC Rep., 1957, No. MA-5716. (BuMed. Proj. NM 1101 12.8, Rep. 3) Kaehler, R. C., Meehan, J. P., & Freedman, T. Designing for human capabilities under acceleration in satellite operations. Paper (No. 59-AV-34) presented at Amer. Soc. Mech. Engng , Cincinnati, March, 1959. Raffone, J. J. Acceleration force and space pilot. Astronautics, 1955, 2, 100-104. Ray, J. T. Artificial "G" fields - perception of the vertical. Paper (No. 59-AV-8) presented at Amer. Soc. Mech. Engng, Cincinnati, March, 1959. 48
Smedal, H. A., Creer, B. Y., & Wingrove, R. C. Ability of pilots to perform a control task in various sustained acceleration fields. J. aerospace Med. . 1960, 31, 11, 901-906. Stapp, J. P. Acceleration: How great a problem? Astronautics, 1959, 4, 38-39. White, W. J. Experimental studies of the effects of accelerative stress on visual performance. Paper presented at Aero. Med. Ass., Los Angeles, 1959. Whiteside, T. C. D. , & Campbell, F. W. Size constancy effect during angular and radial acceleration. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. , 1959, 11, 4, 249. Visual Effects of Weightlessness and Simulated Gravity Alexander, G. , tt Barany, R. Psychophysiologische Untersuchungen uber die Bedeutung des Statolithenapparates fiir die Orientierung im Raume an Normalen und Taubstummen. (PsychophyBiological investigations concerning the importance of the apparatus of the atatoliths for orientation in apace on normals and deaf-mutes.) Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. KehlkHeilk. , 1905, 65, 187-192. Brown, J. L. Orientation to the vertical during water immersion. J. aerospace Med. , 1961, 32, 209-217. Clark, C. C. , fe Hardy, J. O. Gravity problems in manned space stations. Aero-Space Engng, 1960, 19, 5, 36-39. Coe, L. A. Some notes on the reaction of aircraft pilots to zero gravity. J. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. . 1954, 13, 244. Gerathewohl, S. J. The peculiar state of weightlessness. Instructors Journal. (USAF Air Train. Command), 1954, 5, 290-296. Gerathewohl, S. J. Personal experiences during short periods of weightlessness reported by sixteen subjects. Astronautica Acta, 1956, 2, 203-217. Gerathewohl, S. J., &t Stallings, H. D. , Jr. Experiments during weightlessness. A study of the oculogravic illusion, J. avia. Med., 1958, 29, 504-515. Gerathewohl, S. J., Strughold, H., b Stallings, H. D. , Jr. Sensomotor performance during weightlessness. J. avia. Med. , 1957, 28, 7-12. 49
Ritter, O. . k Gerathewohl, S. J. The concepts of weight and stress in human flight. Brooks AFB, Tex.: USAFSch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1959. No. 58-154. Schafer, H. J. A note on the gravity-free state on a space platform. Pensacola: USN Sch. Avia. Med. Rep., 1959, No. 48. (Proj. NM 170111, Subtask 1.) Schock, G. J. D. Apparent motion of a fixed luminous target during subgravity trajectories. Paper presented at Amer. Ass. Ad- vancement Sci. , Indianapolis, Dec., 1957. (ASTIADoc. AD 135009) Simons, D. G. Review of biological effects of subgravity and weight- lessness. Jet Propulsion, 1955, 25, 290-311. Slater, A. E. Sensory perceptions of the weightless condition. In L, J. Carter (Ed.), Realities of space travel. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. Pp. 266-274. von Beckh, H. J. Flight experiments about human reactions to acceleration* which are followed or preceded by weightlessness. Paper presented at IXth Int. Astronautical Congress, Amsterdam, 1958, Pt. 2, 507-525. von Beckh, H. J. Weightlessness and space flight. Astronautics, 1959, 4, 26-7, 84, 86. Visual Problems Within Space Vehicle Aiken, E. G. Specific factors in space cabin design. Pt. I. Thermal and gravitational design considerations with sealed cabins. Paper (No. 9011) presented at Soc. Auto. Engng, Sept., 1958. Bell Aircraft Corp. Dyna-Soar, cockpit display report. Buffalo, Rep., 1959, No. ER 10390. (ASTIADoc. AD 318479L)(Secret). Burns, N. M. , k Ziegler, R. B. Environmental requirements of sealed cabins for space and orbital flights--a second study. Part 3: Effects of long-term confinement on personality and perception. Philadelphia: Air Crew Equip. Lab., NAMC Rep., 1960, No. ACEL-415. (Proj. TED NAM AE-1403) Cacioppo, A. J. Psycho-physiologically centered space-vehicle design. Paper (No. 59-AV-13) presented at ASME, March, 1959. 50
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