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1 I I I I I I I I 1 U.S. POLICY FOR THE 1990s: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Key issues in science and technology in United States foreign economic assistance programs for the decade ahead were the focus of a two-day symposium in April 1988 organized by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the National Research Council. The symposium was part of a national project organized by Michigan State University in cooperation with several other American institutions and organizations to study and advise on U.S. policies of economic cooperation with the Third World in the 1990s. A report on the national project, New Challenges. New Opportunities: U.S. Cooperation for International Growth and Development in the 1990s, is available from the Center for Advanced Study of International Development at Michigan State University. While the BOSTID symposium primarily addressed issues in science and technology in relation to development, the participants also raised broader questions of economic and social development in the Third World. Representatives of several U.S. government agencies, universities, foundations, international organizations, and the private sector contributed their ideas in an informal setting. The objectives of the symposium were to achieve a better understanding of the needs in science and technology in developing countries in order to highlight major issues that should be addressed in the next presidential administration. The participants heard four speakers outline major issues and then divided into six working groups on the topics of basic and applied research, technology development, policy assessment and management, the least developed countries, the advanced developing countries, and mechanisms and institutions necessary for implementing scientific and technological cooperation programs between the United States and developing countries. The symposium was chaired by Ralph Smuckler, Dean of International Studies and Programs at Michigan State University and chairman of BOSTID. The featured speaker at an opening dinner was David Hopper, Senior Vice President for Policy, Planning and Research of The World Bank, who stressed that developing countries must build up their capacity, especially in human resources, for absorbing the rapid advances in science and technology and making informed choices about them. The four plenary speakers who set the tone for the working group sessions were: Nyle C. Brady, Senior Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development (AID), who outlined the issues in basic and applied research in developing countries; Jordan Baruch, President of Jordan Baruch Associates and former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, who discussed issues in technology development;