Damage to Livestock From Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War: A Report (1963)

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2. ni'eci8 or lxiNK^i, iWi^iue i^wi^iiW o« ?^iu< MM^i.3 2.l 8pecie8, K,ate, an6 Yuality vitterence8 ot Lanlna Lxpo8ure8 Ine 8everitv ot tne 8^mptom complex iollovinß total»dcxl^ irra6iation i8 relate6 to tne 6o8e, rate, tractionation, an6 qualitv ot tne ra6iation receive6. Inere i8 a 6irect 8^mptomatic relation8nip to tde total 6o8e an6 to tne rate ot a6mini8tration. ^nimal8 tdat dave receive6 letdal 6o8e8 a!i a 8lm? rate, e.ß., le88 tdan 25 r per 6a^, ma^ 8urvive 8everal veek8. On tne otner dan6, 6eatd8 Ma^ occur vitnin a tev 6a^8 trom tne 8ame total 6o8e 6elivere6 in a tev dour8 (Iadle II) . Ine letdal 6o8e tor variou8 8pecie8 01 6ome8tic animal8 tor driet expo8ure8 tall8 vitnin a narrov ranße dut 6itter8 vi6el^ vnen expo8ure8 are protracte6. Iadle II 0ompari8on ot 1,etnal vo8e8 ot ^nimal8 trom Lriet an6 trom ?rotracte6 Lxpo8ure8 Kll) tor »riet dltl> tor ?rotracte6 Lxpo8ure Lxpo8ure LxpO8ure Katio 8pecie8 r/6o8e avera«e 6o8e(r) r/6ay protracte6/driet Lurro 785 l500 50 2 riß 6l0 8540 50 l4 Lamma ray8 vill de tne principal cau8e ot tne total»do6y irra6iation 8vn6rome. Leta ra6iation tollovinß nuclear 6etonation8 na8 an averaße penetration 01 le88 tdan tne 8kin tnickne88 ot mo8t 6ome8tic animal8. Inu8, in^ury irom deta particle8 voul6 tor tne mo8t part de 8uperticial. Leta»ra6iation ettect8 are 6i8cu88e6 in 3ection8 5.l an6 5.2. It i8 tne General con8en8u8 tdat animal8 clo8e enoußd to a 6etonation to de expo8e6 to a neutron tlux capadle ot prcxiucinß 8eriou8 dioloßical 6amaße vill in ßeneral dave 8utticient external in^urv irom tnermal or nla8t ettect8 ot conventional nuclear veapon8 to make tne total»do6v irra6iation 8vn6rome comparativel^ unimportant; i.e., tne ettect upon tne animal trom neat an6 dla8t vill de tar ßreater tdan tne in^urv trom ioni2- inß ra6i2tion.

2.2 Lttect8 on 0attle Ine clinical re8pon8e ot cattle i8 8imilar to tnat ot otder larße animal 8pecie8. Novever, tdere are dree6 an6 in6ivi6ual 6itterence8. Ine8e in6ivi6ual 6itterence8 in re8pon8e 8eem ßreater tdan tde 6itter» ence8 detiveen 8pecie8. In a 8tu6v ot cattle tde 1,v^^/^^ va8 calculate6 tio de 5^0 r, vitn 95 per cent conti6ence interval ot 52O-570 r. Ine mean 8urvival time ot tde 6ece6ent8 va8 adout 20 6av8 tor expo8ure8 in tde ranße ot ^50»7O0 r. Lxpo8ure8 vere at tde rate ot 55 r per nour. vurinß tne tir8t tnree 6aVS attier irra6iation, tne animal8 vere appre» nen8ive an6 ea8ilv excite6 vden dan6le6. In manv tnere vere ßenerali2e6 tremdlinß an6 mu8cle tremor8. Ine ßeneral dedavior an6 appearance ot dne animal8 vere normal tor tne next 8even to ten 62V8. Inere vere occa8ional dloo6-tinße6 8tool8, neavv mucou8 aroun6 tne anu8, an6 tne deßinninß ot 6iarrnea. ^t dne en6 ot tne 8econ6 veek an6 6urinß tne dnir6 veek, a numder ot cdanße8 vere rea6ilv apparent. Ine mo8t common vere: knucklinß ot tetloclc ^oint8 ot tne nin6 leß8, tever, ßenerali2e6 veakne88 (mo8t pronounce6 in nin6 par t8) , 6epre88ion, 6ecrea8e or lo88 ot appetite, 8dortne88 ot dreatn, an6 6iarrnea. llear tne animal'8 6eatd, 8evere nemorrn2ße in dne larße inte8tine8 va8 in6icate6 dv 6etecation ot larße amount8 ot dloo6. Otner cn2nße8 or con6ition8 le88 trequentlv od8erve6 vere: 8vellinß c>t leß(8), "milk tever" attitu6e, an6 "traumatic ßa8liritii8" attitiu6e. ^lter» natinß 6eep to verv lißnt re8piration8 (0nevne»3tioke8) trequentlv prece6e6 6eatn. ^t tne en6 ot tne irra6iation perio6, tne rectal temperature8 ot tne irra6iate6 animal8 vere ßenerallv one to tnree 6eßree8 ? adove normal. (Ine normal temperature ot tne dovine 8pecie8 i8 adout l0l.5^?.) Uitnin 2^ nour8, all temperature8 da6 returne6 to normal an6 remaine6 8o until approximatelv tne l^rn 62V tollovinß irra6iation. Iemperature8 ot l08^»llO°? vere recor6e6 in 8everal ot tne animal8 dnat 6ie6. Ine averaße 8urvival time ot tne 6ece6ent8 va8 tive 62V8 atter dne on8et ot tever. Ko8t ot dne animal8 6e8tine6 to 6ie N26 an elevate6 temperature deßinninß ali adout tne l5tn 6av, an6 tno8e lin2t live6 da6 a mo6e8t ri8e (l03^?) near tne en6 ot vne rnir6 veek. ?ocxl con8umption va8 not ßreatlv attecte6 6urinß dne tir8t l5 6av8 atter irra6iation. vepre88e6 appetite va8 ßenerallv a88ocialie6 vitn on8et ot tever. 1,o88 ot appetite va8 evi6ent in mo8t ot tne animal8 one to livo 6av8 detore 6eatd; dovever, 8ome ot tde animal8 8till N26 an appetite until a tev dour8 detore 6eatd. Ine veißdt lo88 6urinß tde tir8t 30 6av8, in» clu6inß dotn tde 8urvivor8 an6 non»8urvivor8, va8 le88 tdan l0 per cent. I0

Appetite8 vere dack to normal in 8urvivor8 atter tne ^Vtn 6av an6 tne veißdt lo88 va8 8oon recovere6. ^n adnormal tnir8t va8 evi6ent 6urinß tne tnir6 veek, particularlv in tko8e animal8 mo8t 8everelv attecte6. Ine tir8t in6ication ot 6amaße to tne inte8tinal muco8a va8 a tnick mucou8 6i8cnarße trom tne anu8 vnicn va8 ßenerallv accompanie6 dv dloo6- tinße6 8tool8. Ini8 va8 od8erve6 6urinß tne latter part ot tne tir8t veek tollovinß lrra6iation. ^ mil6 6iarrnea va8 u8uallv note6 amonß all expo8e6 animal8 eißnt to ten 6av8 atter expo8ure an6 va8 ßenerallv pronounce6 in tvelve to 8ixteen 6av8. In tno8e animal8 tnat na6 a 8evere 6iarrnea, larße quantitie8 ot 6ark to drißnt re6 dloo6 pa88e6 in tne 8tool. ?ronounce6 involuntarv 8traininß to 6etecate or urinate va8 note6 in 8everal animal8, u8uallv 6ur» inß tne terminal perio6 ot one to tvo 6av8 detore 6eatn. Ke8pirator^ 6i8tre88 va8 a common con6ition even in tne 8urvivor8. In tne nißne8t»6o8e ßroup (700 r) , it va8 tir8t od8erve6 at tne en6 ot tne 8econ6 veek. Ine on8et ot tne con6itio« va8 cnaracteri2e6 bv rapi6, 8nallov re8piration8, occa8ionallv vitn a ra8pv 8oun6, an6 va8 accompanie6 dv tdick, 8trinß^, clear or lißnt vellov, na8al 6i8cnarße. Ine con6ition proßre88e6 verv rapi6lv in 8ome animal8 to torce6 re8piration8, vitn 8oun68 au6idle 8everal var68 avav, an6 coußninß. Ine na8al 6i8cnarße trequentlv decame re6 trom tne nemorrnaße occurrinß in tne memdrane8 ot trontal an6 maxillarv 8inu8e8. Ke8piratorv 6i8tre88 va8 ßenerallv attridutes to e6ema ot tne larvnx an6 lunß8. In one animal, e6ema ot tne larvnx completelv od8tructe6 tne air pa88aße. ^t necrop8^, multiple 6i88eminate6 nemorrnaßes vere od8erve6 in all irra6iate6 animal8, an6 vere 8een mo8t prominentlv an6 trequentlv in tne neart, inte8tinal tract, 8plenic cap8ule, lunß8, an6 ßall dla66er. vtner trequent an6 8evere le8ion8 vere trank, ma88ive nemorrnaße into tne 8mall an6 larße inte8tinal lumina, pulmonarv e6ema, an6 ulcer8 in tne muco8ae ot tne pnarvnx an6 ßa8trointe8tinal tract. Ine mo8t pronounce6 micro8copic le8ion8 vere nemorrnaße, atropnv ot lvmpdoi6 ti88ue an6 done marrov, 8uperticial muco8al ulceration8 in tne ßa8trointe8tinal an6 pnarvnßeal reßion8. Lacterial colonie8 vere num- erou8 arounci tne ulcerate6 area8 a8 vell a8 vitnin manv ot tne paren» cnvmatou8 orßan8. 2.3 Lttect8 on Lurro8 Ine 6evelopment ot tne total»dcxlv irra6iation 8v>xirome in durro8 ll

receivinß driet an6 protracte6 ßamma ra6iation an6 driet ßamma rav/neutron expo8ure can 8erve a8 anotner example. It da8 deen 8tu6ie6 in ßreat 6et2il. ?or adout tvo 6aV2 atter a 8inßle larße 6o8e (375-800 r) ot ioni-inß ra6iation, or concurrent vitn receivinß repeate6 (25-^OV r/6av) or contin» uou8 6o8inß (approxin>atelv 50 r/dr) , tne animal8 appeare6 in mo6eratelv ßoo6 nealtn. Ine^ tnen decame apatdetic tor up to tive 6av8 . ^ tev animal8 6ie6 at tni8 time. ?oo6 an6 vater con8umption va8 oelov normal. vurinß tne perio6 ot apatd^, irritadilitv an6 dvpere8tde8ia 8ometime8 in» crea8e6. ?or tne next tive to 8even 6av8 , anima.l8 8eeminßlv recovere6, 8ome even 8novinß eupdoria, dut tni8 va8 tollove6 bv a perio6 ot apatdv an6 inappetence accompanie6 dv 8evere veißnt lo88. Kucn time va8 8pent ati or near vater altdoußn tne actual con8umption ot vater va8 not increa8e6. ^dout l^ 6av8 atter expo8ure, e6ema, ulceration, an6 dlee6inß trom 8mall voun68 on tne 8kin an6 mucou8 8urtace8 vere note6. 3nortlv tdereatter, a 8econ6 vave 01 6eatn8 occurre6. ^ 8evere e6ema involvinß tne re8piratorv apparatu8 6evelope6. veatn otten tollove6 a re8piratorv emdarra88ment an6 a neutropenic pneumonia. Ho N2ir lo88 (epilation) va8 8een in animal8 expo8e6 to nißn-enerßv ßa>mna rav8. Ini8 i8 in contra8t to lov enerzv ßamma rav8 an6 expo8ure8 to domd ßa>m»a-rav/neutron tlux, vnicn pro6uce exten8ive epilation. 3uppu- rative voun68 vere not 8een. viarrnea va8 not a con8tant tin6inß. Lloo6- tinße6 tece8 vere occa8ionall^ 8een. ^nimal8 8urvivinß tor 3O 6a^8 da6 a ßoo6 cnance ot ultimate recoverv. Novever, amonß tne8« 8urvivor8 vere 8ome tnat 6ie6 tnree or iour ^ear8 atter tne expo8ure 8dovinß a nemorrnaßi<2 8^n6rome re8emdlinß tne initial ra6iation etiect. Heuromu8cular 8ißn8 8ucn a8 tvitcnin^ ot tne tace nnl8cle8 an6 8pa8» mo6ic retraction ot tne lip8 v«re occa8ionall^ 8een vitnin ^8 nour8 atter expo8ure. 3pa8mo6ic tlexion ot tne ^oint8, rn^ttnnic upvar6 ^erkinß ot tne nea6, an6 a rapi6 tl^»8vitcninß ot tne tail (in tne ad8ence ot tlie8) vere al8o 8een. 3everal 6a^8 later 8ome animal8 6evelope6 encepN2Üti8»li^e 8^mptcn!>8 , 8ucn a8 a torvar6»pre88inß den2vior 6urinß vnicn tne anin!al pre88e6 it8 nea6 aßain8t a tence or manßer tor con8i6eradle pericxl8 ot time. Larlv e^e le8ion8 vere con^unctiviti8, keratiti8, corneal ulcer8, nedulae, leucoma, an6 corneal va8culari2ation, vnicn are not to de con» tu8e6 vitn 6elave6 lenticular opacitie8 tollovinß X» or ßamma-ra6iation. Ine eve8 ot animal8 vitn con^unctiviti8 vept copiou8lv an6 tne con^unctiva decame e6amatou8 (tdi8 va8 al8o mar1ce6 in 8vine) , an6 ectropion occurre6. 0nanße8 in 0loo6 vere alvav8 6ramatic. Ine numder ot lvmpdocvte8 tS1l precipitou8lv imme6iatelv tollovinß expo8ure, an6 vitnin a tev 6aV2 tnev vere at>8ent trom tne 0loo6. Ine numder ot ervtnrocvte8 tell more 8lovlv. l2

^ ßrackual lenßtdeninß ot tne clottinß time va8 relate6 to rne 6i8appearance ot platelet8 trcm tne circulatinß kloo6. ^unonß durro8 expo8e6 to rne neutron/ßamma»ra^ tlux ot a conventional nuclear 6evice, a 8ud8tantial nmnder 6ie6 vitdin a tev nour8 aiter expo8» ure manite8tinß marke6 central nervyu8 8^8tem 6i8turdance8 . Ni8toloßical ex2mination 0i tne drain8 reveale6 cnanße8 not unlike tde actinic»ra^»ini» tiate6 nerpe8 le8ion8 in rne drain oi man. ^l8o vitnin a tev 6a^8, tne 8urvivinß anin>al8 6evelope6 larße ma88e8 ot papilloma8, pre8ume6 to de viral, adout dne moutn an6 iac e. Ini8 8ußße8t8 tN2t tne controllinß in»nune mecnani8m i8 6i8turde6 or po88idl^ a viru8 1.8 activate6 d^ tne ra6iation expo8ure. 2.4 Lttect8 on Loat8 ^ 8tu6^ oi ßoat8 expo8e6 to letnal level8 ot ra6iation (expo8ure8 la8tinß over a tev 8econ68) trcm nuclear 6etonation8 8nove6 tNat tno8e ex» po8«6 to tne nißne8t 6o8e8 vere quite active tor tne tir8t tvo or tnree 6a^8; 8ome 8nove6 increa8e6 irritadilitv ot n^pere8tde8ia tollove6 d^ a perio6ic 6iarrnea, lo88 ot appetite, an6 apatd^. Ine8e 8^mptom8 per8i8te6 until 6eatd, vnicn u8uall^ occurre6 tnree to tive 6a^8 atter tne explo8ion. Loat8 receivinß le88 expo8ure vere 8lover in 6evelopinß 8^mptom3 (tdree to 8even 6a^8). Ine8e inclu6e6 6iarrnea, 8erou8 rniniti8, petecniae, epilation, an6, to a variadle 6eßree, mucn ot tne 8vn6rome exnidite6 d^ tno8e more 8«verelv expo8e6. 3^mptom8 continue6 tor 9-l5 6a^8, until all animal8 6ie6. Ine lenßtd ot tne po8t»expo8ure, latent, 8)m>ptom-tree perio6 varie6 vitn dne inten8it^ ot tne 6o8e ot total»dcxl^ irra6iation, a8 6i6 tne 8everit^ ot rne 8^mptom8. 3urvival time va8 increa8e6 a8 tne expo8ure va8 re6uce6. ?roßno8tic 8ißn8 vere clearlv 6etine6. ^ rapi6 6ecrea8e ot leukoc^te8 to 2,000 cell8 per milliliter oi dlocxl in tne tir8li ^8 nour8 va8 u8uall^ iollove6 d^ 6eatn detore dne 8ixtn 6a^. ^n uniavoradle progno8tic 8ißn va8 tne appearance ot 6iarrnea on tde 8econ6 or tnir6 6a^. veatn or6inaril^ 6i6 not occur unle88 epilation na6 taken place: novever, epilation mißnl i occur vitn le88 dNan a letN2l 6o8e. 2.5 Litect8 on 3vine Ine l^5«/g« tor 8vine expo8e6 to codalt»60 ßalmna ra6iation at a 6o8e rate o1 50 r per nour na8 deen reporte6 to de 6l8 r, vitn 95 per cent con» ti6ence interval8 ot 525»682 r. ^notner report ßive8 an l^^«/^« 6o8e ot 486 ra68 (478-496 ra68) tor 8vine expo8e6 to ßawma/neuliron ra6iation. Inere are odner report8 on tne letN2l re8pon8e ot 8vine expo8e6 to ioni2inß ra6ia» tion, duti dne adove value8 appear to de repre8entative. Ine dinical 8vn6rame i8 8imilar at comparadle 6o8e level8 in all report8. 3vine expo8e6 to 6o8e8 adove l700 ra68 ot ßamma/neutron ra6iation l3

exnidite6 6i8turdance ot con8ciou8ne88, dvpere8tde8ia, inappetence, vomit» inß, 6iarrnea, an6 extreme tnir8t vitnin ^8 dour8 aiter irra6ialiion. Ini8 va8 tollove6 dv a 8 tate ot letdarßv an6 a ri8e in rectal temperature. veadd occurre6 vitnin tive 6av8 . Kanv ot tde anin>al8 6ie6 quietlv vnile otner8 da6 repeate6 convul8ion8 tor 8everal dour8 prior ro 6eatd. 3vine expo8e6 to 6o8e8 ot 900 to l5O0 ra68 exnidite6 a 8^n6rome 8imi» lar to tdat 6e8cride6 ior tne dißner 6o8e8 dut le88 8evere. Ine nemorrdaßic 8vn6rome deßan at 8even 6av8 in tdi8 ßroup. Ine clinical 8vn6rome 288ociate6 vitd expo8ure8 in tne 1,v^./^ ranße va8 cnaracueri2e6 dv demorrdaße. vurinß dne tir8t tnree to tour 6av8 attier expo8ure dnere va8 a tran8ient 6ecrea8e in appetite, vomitinß an6 6iarrdea, an6 dvpere8tne8ia in 8ome animal8 , vnicn va8 tollove6 dv a 8dort perio6 ot apparent nornml nealtn. ^t adout l0 6av8 tollovinß irra6iation, tine tir8t 8ißn8 ot tne nemorrn2ßic 8vn6rome appeare6 (dlee6inß trcm> moutd, no8e, an6 anu8, an6 nemorrn2ßic tece8) . ?rolonße6 dleecünß trom voun68 an6 cutaneou3 nemorrn2ße u8Nallv occurre6 near tne terminal perio6. vurinß tne latter part ot tne 8econ6 veek manv animal8 da6 a ri8e in rectal temperature, e6ema in tne appen6aße8, lamenes8 an6 8titt ßait, ataxia, 6^8pnea, an6 pro» nounce6 veakne88 in tne po8terior part8. 1,o88 ot veißnt va8 pronounce6 in almo8t all tne animal8 6urinß vne 8econ6 veek aiter expo8ure. 1,ißdt»coloreci or vnite aninml8 exnidite6 area8 ot re6 to purple 6i8coloration ot rne 8kin, vnicn i8 trequentlv cla88itie6 a8 nvperenu.a an6 purpura. Ini8 con6ition occurre6 near tne terminal perio6. Lloo6 cnanße8 vere 8imilar to tnat reporte6 tor otner larße animal 8pecie8. Ine mean 8urvival time tor animal8 in rne U1^^/^o 6o8e ranße va8 approximatelv l5 6av8. Lro88 le8ion8 mo8ti trequentlv od8erve6 vere 6i8 8eminate6 nen>orrnaße, pneumonia, pleuriti8 an6 ulcerative ßa8tiroenteriti8. 3vine expo8e6 to tractionate6 6o8e8 (lO0 r per 6av) ot codalt»60 ßa>m>H ra6iation exnidite6 a 8vn6rome 8imilar to lin2t 6e8cride6 tor 8vine expo8e6 to 8inßle 6o8e8 in tne ll)^^/^. ranße; dovever, tnere va8 a 6elav ot 8everal 6av8 in dne on8et. 2.6 Litec<i8 on ?oultry Inere are tev experimental 6ata on etiect8 ot external ßamma»ra6iation expo8ure 01 poultrv otner tnan cnicken8. 3inü.larlv, tnere i8 verv little intormation on tne po88idle 6eleteriou8 ettect ot con8ume6 ti88ion pro6- uct8 upon poultr^. 0on8equentl^, nmnv droa6 extrapolation8 mu8li de ma6e to e8tiadli8d e8tima<ie8 ot 8ucn ra6iation 6an>aße in poultr^. Until a66i» l^

tional intormation i8 6evelope6, it vill de pre8ume6 tdat tne re8pon8e8 ot turkey8, 6uck8, an6 otner 6ome8tic tovl vill de 8imilar to tdo8e ot cnicken8. ^ 6e8cription ot tne 8yn6rome in mature cdicken8 tdat receive6 20V to l600 r ot codalt»60 total»doay ßamma ra6iation i8 nelptul in recoßni2inß tne variou8 re8pon8e8 in poultry. veatd8 deßin to occur at adout tne eißdtd 6ay an6 continue until tne 25td 6ay atter expo8ure. Ine nißner 6o8e8 initiate tne 8^n6rome earlier tdan 6o tne lover one8. Initially tnere i8 a 8nakinß ot tne nea6 dut no evi6ence ot tde p8eu6o»eupnoria noticen in mammal8. vepre88ion aevelop8 vitnin a tev 6av8 an6 tne dir68 ten6 to croucd in 2. 8leepinß po8ition tor dour8 at a time. ^t tdi8 time tney exten6 tneir neck8 torvar6 an6 6ovn» var6 over tne tee6 an6 vater troußd8, rarely movinß tor lonß pericxi8 ot time. 0omd8 an6 vattle8 6evelop a pen6ulou8 e6ema. vitticulty in dreatninß an6 a 8erou8 6i8cnarße are prominent. Ine 6roppinß8 are ßreen at tdi8 time. veatd tollov8 8dortly. In dir68 tdat 8urvive tor lonßer peric>68 tnere i8 otten a lo88 ot teatner8. Lßß pro6uction i8 not 8ißniticantly attecte6 until ra6iation expo8ure level8 reacn 5O0-60O r. It i8 re6uce6 to minimal level8 6urinß tne 8econ6 an6 tnir6 veek8 tollovinß driet ra6iation expo8ure, an6 near» normal eßß pro6uction return8 dy adout tne nintd veek in tdo8e tdat 8ur» vive, vitd rate ot recoverv apparentl^ 6irectly relate6 to ra6iation ex» po8ure level. ^t l00-200 r tnere i8 no 6rop in eßß pro6uction. Io our knovle6ße, cnicken8 are tne mo8t ra6iore8i8tant ot tne 6ome8- ticate6 animal8 tdat dave deen 8tu6ie6. 3ome 8tu6ie8 in6icate tdat male8 are con8i6eradl^ more ra6io»8en8itive tdan temale8. It i8 ßeneralle delieve6 tdat tne numder ot cnicken8 8urvivinß more tdan 3N 6a^8 tollovinß 2 driet expo8ure to ra6iation vill de approximatelv tne numder expecten to 8urvive tor l80 6a^8 or lonßer. 2.7 3ummary ot Ka6iation l!itect2 on ?ocxl»?rcxiucin« Kammal8 an6 ?oultry Ide experimental irraniation ot variou8 8pecie8 ot animal8 da8 ßiven intormation on tne amount, enerß^, an6 rate ot external ra6iation re8ult» inß in 8ickne88 an6 6eatd. Iadle III 8dov8 dov tne letdal 6o8e varie8 vitd 6itterent enerßie8 an6 rate8 tor tne 6itterent 8pecie8 te8te6. l5

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Isdle IV pre8ent8 e8timatie8 ot nov man1i>alian too6 animal8 voul6 re8pon6 over a perio6 ot time to tnree 6o8e level8. Ine8e are ßenerali2e6 e8timate8 i>a8e6 on te8t8 ma6e vitn 8everal 8pecie8. Iadle IV L8tinmlie6 ?ate ot l00 Kature^ ?ocxi t<«u>m>al8 l!xpo8e6 to Lriet Iotal»Lo6^ Ka6iation (Lxpo8ure time » 4 6a^8 or le88. Lnerß^ - 250 XV?) va^8 or ^ear8 tollovinß exoo8ure 0l 02 03 v? 0l4 02l 030 090 0l80 l V-. 5 yr8. vo8e °» 350 r (^°/2«> 0«a6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l I.ivi.nß l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 99 ^.K.re^ect^^ 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 l ?.K.re^ect^^ 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 3alvaßeadle l00 l00 l00 l00 l00 97 98 l00 l00 l00 99 vo8e -» 550 r vea6 0 0 0 0 20 48 50 5l 52 52 55 I.ivinß l00 l00 l00 l00 8U 52 50 49 48 48 45 H..tl.re^ect 0 0 2 2 75 50 25 0 0 0 0 ?.K.re^ect 0 2 0 4 5 2 25 2 0 0 0 3alvaßeadle l00 98 98 94 0 0 0 47 48 48 45 750 r vea6 0 0 0 0 65 90 l00 I.ivinß l00 l00 l00 100 35 l0 0 ^.ll.re^ect 0 2 l0 30 35 l0 0 ?.K.reHect 0 0 5 l5 0 0 0 3alvaßeadle l00 98 85 55 N N 0 ^ It i8 likelv tNat ^ounß anImal8 an6 ol6 animal8 vill re8pon6 nwre 8everel^ to an expo8ure; dneretore loverinß tne e8timate d^ l00 roentßen8 vill ßive a de!iter value ior rnem. ^^ ^.tl. - antemortem in8pection; ?.K. » po8tmorte>n in8pection. 0riteria tor ^.Il. re^ect: elevate6 temperature, increa8e6 rate ot re8piration,letnarßv. ?or ?»K. re^ect: le8ion8 ot internal orßan8 evi6encinß po88idle dacterial 6i8ea8e. l?

Iadle V i8 a ßui6e tor a88e88inß tne prodadle re8pon8e ot poultry to Iadle V L8timate6 Kordi6ity an6 Kortiality in ?c>ultry in ?er cent ot rre»^ttack Iotal (La8e6 on total»dcxly ßamma»ra6iation expo8ure tor perio68 up to 48 nour8) Ly l4 6ay8 Iotal 6o8e ««ll 3ick" vea6 in roent^en8 7» 9« 7° 7° 300 l0 0 400 65 30 5 500 50 40 l0 600 30 50 20 700 l5 55 30 800 5 45 50 900 0 30 70 l000 ll 20 80 ll00 0 l0 90 l200 0 0 l00 Ly 30 6ay8 «ell 3ick* 7» vea6 l00 0 0 95 0 5 90 0 l0 75 5 20 65 5 30 40 l0 50 l0 20 70 0 l5 85 0 5 95 0 0 l00 Llevate6 tempereture, increa8e6 rate ot re8niraliion, lo88 ot appetite, or letdarßy. l8