National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18552.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Rose Marie Martinez and Erin Russch, Rapporte eurs Round dtable on Env vironmental Health H Science es, Research h, and Medicin ne Board on Population He ealth and Pub blic Health Prractice

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (HHSN26300033), The Kresge Foundation, Colgate-Palmolive Company, ExxonMobil Foundation, and Royal Dutch Shell. The views presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the activity. This summary is based on the proceedings of a workshop that was sponsored by the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. It is prepared in the form of a workshop summary by and in the name of the rapporteurs as an individually authored document. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-29468-3 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-29468-1 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu. Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2014. Understanding the connections between coastal waters and ocean ecosystem services and human health: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

The National Acadeemy of Sciencces is a privatte, nonprofit, self-perpetuatiing society y of distinguishhed scholars en ngaged in scienntific and enginneering researcch, dedicatted to the furth herance of scieence and technnology and to their use for tthe generall welfare. Upoon the authority y of the charteer granted to it by the Congreess in 1863, the Academ my has a man ndate that reqquires it to addvise the fedeeral governnment on scieentific and tecchnical matterrs. Dr. Ralphh J. Cicerone is presideent of the Natio onal Academy of Sciences. The National Acadeemy of Engin neering was eestablished in 1964, under tthe charterr of the Natioonal Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstannding engineerss. It is autonommous in its adm ministration andd in the selectiion of its members, m sharinng with the Naational Academ my of Sciences the responsibillity for advvising the federral governmentt. The Nationall Academy of Engineering allso sponsors engineering g programs aim med at meetinng national neeeds, encouragges educatiion and researcch, and recogn nizes the superrior achievemeents of engineeers. Dr. C. D. D Mote, Jr., iss president of the t National Accademy of Enggineering. The Institute of Med dicine was estaablished in 19770 by the Natioonal Academy of Sciencees to secure th he services of eminent membbers of approppriate professioons in the examination e of policy matterrs pertaining too the health off the public. T The Institutte acts under th he responsibilitty given to the National Acaddemy of Sciencces by its congressional c charter c to be an n adviser to thee federal goverrnment and, uppon its ownn initiative, to identify i issues of medical carre, research, annd education. D Dr. Harvey y V. Fineberg is president of thet Institute off Medicine. The Na ational Resea arch Council wasw organizedd by the Natioonal Academy of Sciencees in 1916 to associate the broad b communnity of sciencee and technoloogy with thhe Academy’s purposes of fu urthering know wledge and advvising the fedeeral governnment. Function ning in accordance with geneeral policies determined by tthe Academ my, the Counccil has becomee the principall operating ageency of both tthe National Academy of o Sciences an nd the Nationaal Academy off Engineering in providin ng services to the t governmentt, the public, annd the scientificc and engineeriing commu unities. The Co ouncil is admiinistered jointlly by both Accademies and tthe Institutte of Medicinee. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone andd Dr. C. D. Moote, Jr., are chhair and vicce chair, respecctively, of the National N Reseaarch Council. w www.nationall-academies.o org .

PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON UNDERSTANDING THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN COASTAL WATERS AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND HUMAN HEALTH1 JAY LEMERY, University of Colorado, Denver, CO PAUL SANDIFER, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC CARL SHAPIRO, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA JOHN SPENGLER, Harvard University, Boston, MA HAROLD ZENICK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. v

ROUNDTABLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, RESEARCH, AND MEDICINE1 FRANK LOY (Chair), Washington, DC LYNN R. GOLDMAN (Vice Chair), George Washington University, Washington, DC HENRY A. ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison JOHN M. BALBUS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD JAMES K. BARTRAM, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill LINDA S. BIRNBAUM, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC LUZ CLAUDIO, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY DENNIS J. DEVLIN, ExxonMobil Corporation, Irving, TX RICHARD A. FENSKE, University of Washington, Seattle ALISTAIR FRASER, Royal Dutch Shell, The Hague, The Netherlands LUIZ A. GALVÃO, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC BERNARD D. GOLDSTEIN, University of Pittsburgh, PA RICHARD J. JACKSON, University of California, Los Angeles SUZETTE M. KIMBALL, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA JAY LEMERY, University of Colorado, Denver ANDREW MAGUIRE, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC LINDA A. MCCAULEY, Emory University, Atlanta, GA AL MCGARTLAND, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC DAVID M. MICHAELS, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC CANICE NOLAN, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium MARTIN A. PHILBERT, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor CHRISTOPHER J. PORTIER, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA PAUL SANDIFER, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC 1 Institute of Medicine forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. vii

JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA LOUIS W. SULLIVAN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA ANNE M. SWEENEY, Texas A&M University, College Station G. DAVID TILMAN, University of Minnesota, St. Paul PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ NSEDU OBOT WITHERSPOON, Children’s Environmental Health Network, Washington, DC HAROLD ZENICK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC IOM Staff CHRISTINE COUSSENS, Study Director (until August 2013) ERIN RUSCH, Associate Program Officer ANDRÉS GAVIRIA, Research Associate HOPE HARE, Administrative Assistant ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Director, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice viii

Reviewers This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary: Samantha Joye, University of Georgia Kimberley Thigpen-Tart, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Juli Trtanj, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by Richard B. Johnston, University of Colorado School of Medicine. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the institution. ix

Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Aims of the Workshop, 1 Structure of the Summary, 3 References, 4 2 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES 5 Understanding Ecosystem Services, 5 Integration of Environmental Health and Marine Ecosystem Services, 13 Discussion, 19 References, 21 3 STRESSORS IMPACTING COASTAL AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND HUMAN HEALTH 23 Relationships Among Stressors, Ecosystem Services, and Human Health, 23 Framework for Assessing Marine Ecosystem Services and Human Health, 32 A U.S. Geological Survey Perspective on Stressors Impacting Coastal and Ocean Systems, 36 Discussion, 41 References, 42 4 SEAFOOD SUPPLIES AND FOOD SECURITY 45 Fish, Fisheries, and Food Security, 45 Putting the World on a Fork, 50 Aquaculture: Ensuring a Future Seafood Supply for a Healthy Population and Environment, 56 New Opportunities for Resource Management: Life-Cycle Analysis, Sustainability, and Co-Benefits, 64 Discussion, 69 References, 72 5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEDICINES 75 Current and Emerging Opportunities and Challenges for Pharmaceuticals from the Sea, 75 References, 81 xi

xii CONTENTS 6 COASTAL CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH 83 The Role of Coastal Ecosystems in Protecting Gulf Coast Communities, 83 Discussion, 86 References, 87 7 ENSURING BENEFITS OF RECREATIONAL WATERS THROUGH MONITORING 89 Use of Indicator Organisms to Assess Public Health Benefits and Risks Associated with Recreational Use of Natural Waters, 89 Discussion, 95 References, 96 8 NEW APPROACHES TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND HUMAN HEALTH 97 Framing of Management of Ecosystem Services, 97 Protecting Water Quality: Tampa Bay, Florida, 100 Optimizing Ecosystem Services in the Face of Global Increases in Human Consumption and Population Growth, 108 Discussion, 113 References, 115 9 CLOSING OBSERVATIONS 117 APPENDIXES A WORKSHOP AGENDA 119 B SPEAKER BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 125

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Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health discusses the connection of ecosystem services and human health. This report looks at the state of the science of the role of oceans in ensuring human health and identifies gaps and opportunities for future research. The report summarizes a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. Participants discussed coastal waters and ocean ecosystem services in the United States in an effort to understand impacts on human health. Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health focuses on key linkages by discussing the ecosystem services provided by coastal waterways and oceans that are essential for human health and well-being; examining the major stressors that affect the ability of coastal waterways and ocean systems to provide essential services; and considering key factors that can enhance the resiliency of these systems.

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