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People and Technology in the Workplace
Index
A
Accountability, 263-268
Activity mix, 23-24
Adhocracy, 112, 113
Adoption. See Innovation adoption
Ambulatory care unit case
diagnostic technology in radiology and pathology in, 168-169
establishment of short procedure unit in, 162-165
health care cost payments in, 159-160
key points raised by, 153-155
and laser use in outpatient surgery, 166-168
obstetrics and gynecology technology in, 166
and payment system changes, 160-162
results of new technology in, 169-170
Argyris, C., 149-150
Arthroscopic techniques, 161-162
Attitude, 246-247
Audit trail, 264
Authority, employee, 95
Automated Nurse Scheduling System (ANSOS) computer program, 197
B
Bernheimer, Martin, 293
Blume, David, 293-294
Boeing, William E., 90
Boeing Company
future steps in organizational design at, 100-101
lessons learned by, 99-100
organizational redesign within, 90-92
overview of, 89-90
Boundary phenomena, 240-242
Boundary spanners, 242
Breadth strategy, 148
Bryson, J., 150
Bull's-eye concept, 95-96
Business mix, 20-23
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C
CAD/CAM. See Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
Cataract surgery, 165
Cherry, Richard, 92-95
Chief technology officer (CTO) position, 77
Collaboration
across work units, 40-41
complexities of, 50-52
interorganizational. See Interorganizational collaboration
Collocation, and cross-functional teams, 32
Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
implementation of ECMO in, 178-183
key points raised in case of, 153-155
motivation for change in, 174-178
overview of, 171-174
results of ECMO program in, 183-187
social effects of ECMO in, 187-188
Commitment, employee, 37-38
Communication
cross-function and cross-level, 33-37
innovation and linkages in, 30-33
training programs to improve, 113
Community role, 129
Compensation system, 79.
See also Salary
Competition, global, 90, 91
Competitive advantage
and implementation of innovation, 27-28
manufacturing as element of, 76, 77
Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
integration efforts in, 64
trends in, 67-69
Computer networks.
See also Information technology
benefits of, 114-115
implementation of, 106
software selection for, 115
Computerization.
See also Information technology
diffusion status and, 246
planning for, 243-244
point of adoption in, 230-231
as technological innovation, 229
Consolidated Diesel Company (CDC)
overview of, 119-121
role of people in development of, 124-127
strategy of, 129-130
teamwork used by, 128-129
use of technology by, 122-124
Cost-displacement benefits, 261
Cray, Seymour, 15
Cross-functional teams, 31-32
Customers
focus on, 143
role of, 128
as stakeholders, 95
D
Data communication standards, 61
Data manipulation, 62
Data presentation, 62
Decentralization
effects on staff of, 212
as trend in technology strategy, 77
Department of Defense, U.S., 63
Depth strategy, 148-149
Design engineers
CAD/CAM integration by, 67-68
status of, 78, 79
Deskilling, employee, 8
Diagnostic related groups (DRGs), 159, 184, 197-198
Diffusion, innovation, 133-136
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Diffusion status, 246
Diversified organizations, 20-23
Drafting technicians, 67-68
Dynamic model of technology, 7
E
Economic Development Administration, 145-146
Education, technical, 65.
See also Training
Electronic mail, 259
Employee participation
in design and decision processes, 245
in implementation process, 7-8, 29-30
opposition to, 75-76
organizational culture and, 78
prevalance of, 74-75
productivity and, 75, 94
Employee resistance
to computerization, 274-275, 277-278
due to fear of displacement, 78
explanation of, 7-8
organizational vs., 249
Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), 74-75
Employee training
as aspect of implementation, 8-9
for beginning level users, 245-246
need assessment for, 9
programs established for, 66, 106-107
Employees
adaptation to organizational change by, 111
impact of CAD/CAM on manufacturing, 68
innovation and commitment of, 37-38
layoffs of, 81, 92, 106
opinion surveys for, 197
out-of-community recruitment of, 126
performance appraisals for, 105-106
redeployment of, 92
reward systems for, 10-11, 24-27
skill levels of, 65-67
as stakeholders, 124
stress in, 114
Engineers
design, 67-68, 78, 79
manufacturing, 68, 78, 79
skills of U.S., 65
status differences among, 78
system development, 68-69
Evaluation
of reward system, 11
self-, 108-109
Evolutionary innovation, 16
Expert systems, 63
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
description and use of, 175-176
development of policies and procedures for use of, 178-183
financial aspects of adoption of, 177-178, 186
implementation of, 171
introduction of, 174
results of use of, 183-187
social effects of use of, 187-188
staff concerns regarding use of, 176-177
F
Flexibility
across work units, 40-41
in manufacturing technologies, 62
project, 41-44
at work unit level, 38-40
Flow cytometry, 168-169
Focused organizations
activity mix and, 23-24
business mix and, 20-23
reward system and, 24-27
Forecasting, 42-44
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Forest Service
distribution of data within, 262
evolution of information environment in, 255-258
implications of trends shaping information environment of, 268-270
structure of, 253-255, 263
trends affecting information environment in, 266-268
Forest Service information system
cost savings from, 259-261
forest-level information processing system in, 258
future goals for, 270-271
principles developed in, 261-263
role of personal identity and accountability in, 263-266
systematic approach to automation in, 256-258
G
Goals, short-term vs. long-term, 10
Gott, Steve, 301, 307
Government, role in promotion of innovation, 47-48
Gynecology technology, 166
H
Health care payment system
redefinition of, 159-160
role of technology in changes in, 160-162, 169-170
Hierarchical cluster analysis, 201-202, 217-218
Human element in technological implementation, 4-5, 244-245
Human resource strategies, 77-78
Humanware, 245
I
Immunocytochemistry, 168
Implementation. See Technological implementation
In vitro fertilization/gamete intrafallopian transfer (IVF/GIFT), 166
Incentives. See Reward systems
Infant respiratory failure, 174-175, 185
Information
classification of, 265
framework for access to, 265-266
Information capture trends, 62
Information representation, 62
Information security, 264
Information technology.
See also Computerization
adaptability of, 235-236
characteristics of, 232-233
integration of, 261
packaging of, 236-237
scope, testing, and scale of, 234-235
utilization of, 231
validity and efficiency of, 233-234
Innovation.
See also Technological innovation
alternative strategies for adopting and implementing, 148-149
attitudinal factors in, 246-247
characteristics of, 17-20
developed elsewhere, 147-151
radical vs. incremental, 152
rewards for, 25
shocks to trigger, 141-143, 154
size and scope of, 153
stages of, 134-135
temporal duration of, 152-153
territorial barriers to, 33-37
traditional, 230
types of, 16-17
Innovation adoption
implementation and, 231
key points raised by case studies in, 153-155
reinvention and, 146-151
relationship between performance and, 135
success of, 133-134, 154-155
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temporal and contextual preconditions for, 138-141
Innovation adoption model
explanation of, 134-137
revisions needed by, 137-138, 153
Innovation adoption process
contingencies in, 151
nature of activities in, 143-144, 154
setbacks during, 145-147, 154
Interaction, 114
International Bio-Synthetics (IBIS, Inc.)
approach to system change within, 104
organizational renewal within, 105-114
overview of, 102-104
technological change within, 114-117
Interorganizational collaboration
capability expansion through, 45-46
as means of stimulating new uses for technology, 44-45
technology dependent upon, 46-48
J
Job loss fear, 8
Job turnover, nursing, 189-193, 198, 199, 205-206, 210
Joint ventures. See Interorganizational collaboration
Just-in-time inventory, 70
K
Kiesler, Sarah, 275
Klammer, Franz, 155
L
Labor unions
business partnerships with, 46-47
contracts having new technology clauses, 78
fear of job loss by, 8
participation in plant design and production process, 93, 99
view of structural changes by, 75-76, 81
Laser, use in surgery, 166-168
Layoffs
based on performance appraisals, 106
redeployment to avoid, 92
and worker trust, 81
Leadership, for technological change, 5-6
Lindquist, K., 148
Los Angeles Times computer system
development of, 288-291
future outlook for, 294-295
implementation of, 291-294
motivation for, 282-284
overview of, 280-282
planning for, 284-288
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 168
Management
challenges to roles and power within, 34-36
downsizing of, 12, 73
as employee responsibility, 95
participative, 12
static vs. dynamic model of, 60
Managers
status differences within, 78, 80
Manufacturing engineers, 68, 78, 79
Manufacturing industries
competitive advantage and, 82-84
cultural challenges in, 78-82
resistance to use of technology in, 59-60
role of procedures in, 70-73
skill levels in, 65-70
state of technology in, 61-65
strategy in, 76-78
structure of, 73-76
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Marcus, A., 151
Mauriel, J., 148
Mayo Clinic, 190, 192, 198
McKelvey, William, 155
Medicaid, 159
Medicare, 159, 160
N
Neonatal intensive care unit case
background information regarding, 171-174
implementation of ECMO in, 178-183
key points raised by, 153-155
motivation for change in, 174-178
results of ECMO program in, 183-187
social effects of ECMO in, 187-188
New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI), 71-72
Newsroom telecommunications. See Los Angeles Times computer system, and Washington Post computer system
Nurse scheduling case
background information regarding, 189-191
and current situation, 211
difficulties in, 194, 196-198
discussion of, 206-213
findings in, 203-206, 220-225
and issue of nurse turnover, 191-193
key points raised by, 153-155
nature of, 198-199
policy implications of, 210-211
research methods used in, 149, 199-203, 217-220
schedule choice in, 193-195, 215-216
Nurses
role of preoperative, 164
turnover of, 189-193, 198, 199, 205-206, 210
O
Object-oriented programming, 63
Obstetrics technology, 166
Operations research in nurse scheduling. See Nurse scheduling case
Opinion surveys, employee, 197
Organizational structure
changes in, 11-12, 73-76
during innovation process, 43
team concept in, 112, 126-129
technology transfer and, 238-240, 248
Organizations
collaboration between. See Interorganizational collaboration
culture within, 78-82
diversified, 20-23
focused, 20-27
influence of information environments on, 270-271
innovation adoption and performance of, 135
life cycles of, 17
politics within, 235
technology transfer and properties of, 237-238
Outpatient surgery. See Ambulatory care unit case
P
Participation, 8.
See also Employee participation
Participative management, 12
Partnerships. See Interorganizational collaboration
Pathology, 168-169
Pennsylvania Hospital
establishment of short procedure unit in, 162-165
health care cost payments in, 159-160
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key points raised by, 153-155
laser use in outpatient surgery in, 166-168
obstetrics and gynecology technology in, 166
payment system changes in, 160-162
radiology and pathology technology in, 168-169
results of new technology in, 169-170
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), 166
Performance appraisals, 105-106
Pressman, J. L., 145-147
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), 64
Proceduralization
levels of, 70-72
worker participation in, 72-73
Process control systems, 116
Process innovations, 16
Process performance, 106
Producer services, 23-24
Product innovations, 16
Pulmonary brachytherapy, 167-168
Q
Quality circle (QC) programs at International Bio-Synthetics, 104, 105
participation in, 74
Quality Work Life (QWL) programs, 74
R
Radiology technology, 168
Recruitment, out-of-community, 126
Redeployment, 92
Reinvention
of innovations developed else-where, 147-151, 154
as learning process, 146-147
Relational data bases, 63
Research and development role, 63
Resistance. See Employee resistance
Respiratory failure, infant, 174-175, 185
Return on investment (ROI), 25
Reward systems
development of, 10-11
importance of, 24-27
Risk taking, 176-177
Rochester Methodist Hospital, 189-191, 198.
See also Nurse scheduling case
Roering, W., 150
Rogers, Everett, 134-137
S
Salary, 26-27, 75.
See also Compensation system
Self-evaluation programs, 108-109
Shearson Lehman Commercial Paper Inc. (SLCPI)
climate for achievement in, 307
overview of, 296-298
processing problems facing, 298-301
results seen by, 308
solution for, 301-307
Skill levels
as area of concern, 65-67
impact of CAD/CAM on, 67-69
Socio-Technical System (STS), 93
St. Mary's Hospital, 190, 198
Stakeholders
employees as, 124
identification and input of, 94-95, 100
Statistical process control, 70
Status, between various engineers, managers, and blue-collar workers , 78-80
Status barriers, to innovation, 33-37
Stress, employee, 114
Sunshine concept, 107-108
Surgery, outpatient. See Ambulatory care unit case
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Synergies, search for, 40-41, 98
System development engineers, 68-69
System environments, 63
T
Teams
concept of, 126-129
cross-functional, 31-32
employee skills for participation on, 126
organization of, 105-114
Technological change
considerations when designing, 3
effect on quality of patient care, 163-164
flexibility as element in successful, 41-44
leadership for, 5-6
management structure and, 73
in patient care, 169-170
planning for, 243-244
Technological implementation development of consensus prior to, 186
human factor in, 4-5
impediments to, 61-65
properties of, 242-247
speed of, 27-28
stages of, 230-231
training as aspect of, 8-9
United States and, 16, 90
Technological innovation.
See also Innovation;
Innovation adoption
channels for, 28-30
collaborative relationships and, 44-52
communication linkages and, 30-33
flexibility and, 38-44
focus and, 20-27
likelihood of, 16
role of government in promotion of, 47-48
speed in implementation of, 27-28
Technology
adaptability of, 235-236
competitive advantage and new, 82-84, 238-239
dynamic model of, 7
packaging of, 236-237
problems in use of, 2-5
scope, testing, and scale of, 234-235
selection of, 13-14
social roles and, 35-36
strategic management of, 76-78
utilization of, 231
validity and efficiency of, 233-234
Technology transfer
boundary phenomena and, 240-242
framework of, 229, 231-232, 247-249
mechanisms for, 48-50
organizational level and, 238-240
Training
as aspect of implementation, 8-9
for beginning level users, 245-246
need assessment for, 9
programs for, 66, 106-107
technical, 65
Tubal ligations, 166
U
Unions. See Labor unions
United States
engineering skills in, 65
labor productivity in, 60
resistance to new manufacturing technology in, 59-60
United Way
design and implementation of system for, 275-278
information system needs of, 273-274
overview of, 272-273
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strategy for technology introduction in, 274-275
success of system used by, 278
V
Value-added benefits, 261,270
Values, 79-80
Vocational education, 65
W
Washington Post computer system, 290-291
Weber, M., 151
Wildavsky, A. B., 145-147
Work force
characteristics of, 90-91
overeducation of, 66
Work units
collaboration across, 40-41
flexibility at level of, 38-40
technology transfer and, 239-240
Workplace, integrative, 32-33
Representative terms from entire chapter:
innovation adoption
