National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Contributors
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

Index

A

Accountability, 263-268

Activity mix, 23-24

Adhocracy, 112, 113

Adoption. See Innovation adoption

Ambulatory care unit case

diagnostic technology in radiology and pathology in, 168-169

establishment of short procedure unit in, 162-165

health care cost payments in, 159-160

key points raised by, 153-155

and laser use in outpatient surgery, 166-168

obstetrics and gynecology technology in, 166

and payment system changes, 160-162

results of new technology in, 169-170

Argyris, C., 149-150

Arthroscopic techniques, 161-162

Attitude, 246-247

Audit trail, 264

Authority, employee, 95

Automated Nurse Scheduling System (ANSOS) computer program, 197

B

Bernheimer, Martin, 293

Blume, David, 293-294

Boeing, William E., 90

Boeing Company

future steps in organizational design at, 100-101

lessons learned by, 99-100

organizational redesign within, 90-92

overview of, 89-90

Boundary phenomena, 240-242

Boundary spanners, 242

Breadth strategy, 148

Bryson, J., 150

Bull's-eye concept, 95-96

Business mix, 20-23

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

C

CAD/CAM. See Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

Cataract surgery, 165

Cherry, Richard, 92-95

Chief technology officer (CTO) position, 77

Collaboration

across work units, 40-41

complexities of, 50-52

interorganizational. See Interorganizational collaboration

Collocation, and cross-functional teams, 32

Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center

implementation of ECMO in, 178-183

key points raised in case of, 153-155

motivation for change in, 174-178

overview of, 171-174

results of ECMO program in, 183-187

social effects of ECMO in, 187-188

Commitment, employee, 37-38

Communication

cross-function and cross-level, 33-37

innovation and linkages in, 30-33

training programs to improve, 113

Community role, 129

Compensation system, 79.

See also Salary

Competition, global, 90, 91

Competitive advantage

and implementation of innovation, 27-28

manufacturing as element of, 76, 77

Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

integration efforts in, 64

trends in, 67-69

Computer networks.

See also Information technology

benefits of, 114-115

implementation of, 106

software selection for, 115

Computerization.

See also Information technology

diffusion status and, 246

planning for, 243-244

point of adoption in, 230-231

as technological innovation, 229

Consolidated Diesel Company (CDC)

overview of, 119-121

role of people in development of, 124-127

strategy of, 129-130

teamwork used by, 128-129

use of technology by, 122-124

Cost-displacement benefits, 261

Cray, Seymour, 15

Cross-functional teams, 31-32

Customers

focus on, 143

role of, 128

as stakeholders, 95

D

Data communication standards, 61

Data manipulation, 62

Data presentation, 62

Decentralization

effects on staff of, 212

as trend in technology strategy, 77

Department of Defense, U.S., 63

Depth strategy, 148-149

Design engineers

CAD/CAM integration by, 67-68

status of, 78, 79

Deskilling, employee, 8

Diagnostic related groups (DRGs), 159, 184, 197-198

Diffusion, innovation, 133-136

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

Diffusion status, 246

Diversified organizations, 20-23

Drafting technicians, 67-68

Dynamic model of technology, 7

E

Economic Development Administration, 145-146

Education, technical, 65.

See also Training

Electronic mail, 259

Employee participation

in design and decision processes, 245

in implementation process, 7-8, 29-30

opposition to, 75-76

organizational culture and, 78

prevalance of, 74-75

productivity and, 75, 94

Employee resistance

to computerization, 274-275, 277-278

due to fear of displacement, 78

explanation of, 7-8

organizational vs., 249

Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), 74-75

Employee training

as aspect of implementation, 8-9

for beginning level users, 245-246

need assessment for, 9

programs established for, 66, 106-107

Employees

adaptation to organizational change by, 111

impact of CAD/CAM on manufacturing, 68

innovation and commitment of, 37-38

layoffs of, 81, 92, 106

opinion surveys for, 197

out-of-community recruitment of, 126

performance appraisals for, 105-106

redeployment of, 92

reward systems for, 10-11, 24-27

skill levels of, 65-67

as stakeholders, 124

stress in, 114

Engineers

design, 67-68, 78, 79

manufacturing, 68, 78, 79

skills of U.S., 65

status differences among, 78

system development, 68-69

Evaluation

of reward system, 11

self-, 108-109

Evolutionary innovation, 16

Expert systems, 63

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

description and use of, 175-176

development of policies and procedures for use of, 178-183

financial aspects of adoption of, 177-178, 186

implementation of, 171

introduction of, 174

results of use of, 183-187

social effects of use of, 187-188

staff concerns regarding use of, 176-177

F

Flexibility

across work units, 40-41

in manufacturing technologies, 62

project, 41-44

at work unit level, 38-40

Flow cytometry, 168-169

Focused organizations

activity mix and, 23-24

business mix and, 20-23

reward system and, 24-27

Forecasting, 42-44

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

Forest Service

distribution of data within, 262

evolution of information environment in, 255-258

implications of trends shaping information environment of, 268-270

structure of, 253-255, 263

trends affecting information environment in, 266-268

Forest Service information system

cost savings from, 259-261

forest-level information processing system in, 258

future goals for, 270-271

principles developed in, 261-263

role of personal identity and accountability in, 263-266

systematic approach to automation in, 256-258

G

Goals, short-term vs. long-term, 10

Gott, Steve, 301, 307

Government, role in promotion of innovation, 47-48

Gynecology technology, 166

H

Health care payment system

redefinition of, 159-160

role of technology in changes in, 160-162, 169-170

Hierarchical cluster analysis, 201-202, 217-218

Human element in technological implementation, 4-5, 244-245

Human resource strategies, 77-78

Humanware, 245

I

Immunocytochemistry, 168

Implementation. See Technological implementation

In vitro fertilization/gamete intrafallopian transfer (IVF/GIFT), 166

Incentives. See Reward systems

Infant respiratory failure, 174-175, 185

Information

classification of, 265

framework for access to, 265-266

Information capture trends, 62

Information representation, 62

Information security, 264

Information technology.

See also Computerization

adaptability of, 235-236

characteristics of, 232-233

integration of, 261

packaging of, 236-237

scope, testing, and scale of, 234-235

utilization of, 231

validity and efficiency of, 233-234

Innovation.

See also Technological innovation

alternative strategies for adopting and implementing, 148-149

attitudinal factors in, 246-247

characteristics of, 17-20

developed elsewhere, 147-151

radical vs. incremental, 152

rewards for, 25

shocks to trigger, 141-143, 154

size and scope of, 153

stages of, 134-135

temporal duration of, 152-153

territorial barriers to, 33-37

traditional, 230

types of, 16-17

Innovation adoption

implementation and, 231

key points raised by case studies in, 153-155

reinvention and, 146-151

relationship between performance and, 135

success of, 133-134, 154-155

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

temporal and contextual preconditions for, 138-141

Innovation adoption model

explanation of, 134-137

revisions needed by, 137-138, 153

Innovation adoption process

contingencies in, 151

nature of activities in, 143-144, 154

setbacks during, 145-147, 154

Interaction, 114

International Bio-Synthetics (IBIS, Inc.)

approach to system change within, 104

organizational renewal within, 105-114

overview of, 102-104

technological change within, 114-117

Interorganizational collaboration

capability expansion through, 45-46

as means of stimulating new uses for technology, 44-45

technology dependent upon, 46-48

J

Job loss fear, 8

Job turnover, nursing, 189-193, 198, 199, 205-206, 210

Joint ventures. See Interorganizational collaboration

Just-in-time inventory, 70

K

Kiesler, Sarah, 275

Klammer, Franz, 155

L

Labor unions

business partnerships with, 46-47

contracts having new technology clauses, 78

fear of job loss by, 8

participation in plant design and production process, 93, 99

view of structural changes by, 75-76, 81

Laser, use in surgery, 166-168

Layoffs

based on performance appraisals, 106

redeployment to avoid, 92

and worker trust, 81

Leadership, for technological change, 5-6

Lindquist, K., 148

Los Angeles Times computer system

development of, 288-291

future outlook for, 294-295

implementation of, 291-294

motivation for, 282-284

overview of, 280-282

planning for, 284-288

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 168

Management

challenges to roles and power within, 34-36

downsizing of, 12, 73

as employee responsibility, 95

participative, 12

static vs. dynamic model of, 60

Managers

status differences within, 78, 80

Manufacturing engineers, 68, 78, 79

Manufacturing industries

competitive advantage and, 82-84

cultural challenges in, 78-82

resistance to use of technology in, 59-60

role of procedures in, 70-73

skill levels in, 65-70

state of technology in, 61-65

strategy in, 76-78

structure of, 73-76

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

Marcus, A., 151

Mauriel, J., 148

Mayo Clinic, 190, 192, 198

McKelvey, William, 155

Medicaid, 159

Medicare, 159, 160

N

Neonatal intensive care unit case

background information regarding, 171-174

implementation of ECMO in, 178-183

key points raised by, 153-155

motivation for change in, 174-178

results of ECMO program in, 183-187

social effects of ECMO in, 187-188

New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI), 71-72

Newsroom telecommunications. See Los Angeles Times computer system, and Washington Post computer system

Nurse scheduling case

background information regarding, 189-191

and current situation, 211

difficulties in, 194, 196-198

discussion of, 206-213

findings in, 203-206, 220-225

and issue of nurse turnover, 191-193

key points raised by, 153-155

nature of, 198-199

policy implications of, 210-211

research methods used in, 149, 199-203, 217-220

schedule choice in, 193-195, 215-216

Nurses

role of preoperative, 164

turnover of, 189-193, 198, 199, 205-206, 210

O

Object-oriented programming, 63

Obstetrics technology, 166

Operations research in nurse scheduling. See Nurse scheduling case

Opinion surveys, employee, 197

Organizational structure

changes in, 11-12, 73-76

during innovation process, 43

team concept in, 112, 126-129

technology transfer and, 238-240, 248

Organizations

collaboration between. See Interorganizational collaboration

culture within, 78-82

diversified, 20-23

focused, 20-27

influence of information environments on, 270-271

innovation adoption and performance of, 135

life cycles of, 17

politics within, 235

technology transfer and properties of, 237-238

Outpatient surgery. See Ambulatory care unit case

P

Participation, 8.

See also Employee participation

Participative management, 12

Partnerships. See Interorganizational collaboration

Pathology, 168-169

Pennsylvania Hospital

establishment of short procedure unit in, 162-165

health care cost payments in, 159-160

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

key points raised by, 153-155

laser use in outpatient surgery in, 166-168

obstetrics and gynecology technology in, 166

payment system changes in, 160-162

radiology and pathology technology in, 168-169

results of new technology in, 169-170

Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), 166

Performance appraisals, 105-106

Pressman, J. L., 145-147

Printed circuit boards (PCBs), 64

Proceduralization

levels of, 70-72

worker participation in, 72-73

Process control systems, 116

Process innovations, 16

Process performance, 106

Producer services, 23-24

Product innovations, 16

Pulmonary brachytherapy, 167-168

Q

Quality circle (QC) programs at International Bio-Synthetics, 104, 105

participation in, 74

Quality Work Life (QWL) programs, 74

R

Radiology technology, 168

Recruitment, out-of-community, 126

Redeployment, 92

Reinvention

of innovations developed else-where, 147-151, 154

as learning process, 146-147

Relational data bases, 63

Research and development role, 63

Resistance. See Employee resistance

Respiratory failure, infant, 174-175, 185

Return on investment (ROI), 25

Reward systems

development of, 10-11

importance of, 24-27

Risk taking, 176-177

Rochester Methodist Hospital, 189-191, 198.

See also Nurse scheduling case

Roering, W., 150

Rogers, Everett, 134-137

S

Salary, 26-27, 75.

See also Compensation system

Self-evaluation programs, 108-109

Shearson Lehman Commercial Paper Inc. (SLCPI)

climate for achievement in, 307

overview of, 296-298

processing problems facing, 298-301

results seen by, 308

solution for, 301-307

Skill levels

as area of concern, 65-67

impact of CAD/CAM on, 67-69

Socio-Technical System (STS), 93

St. Mary's Hospital, 190, 198

Stakeholders

employees as, 124

identification and input of, 94-95, 100

Statistical process control, 70

Status, between various engineers, managers, and blue-collar workers , 78-80

Status barriers, to innovation, 33-37

Stress, employee, 114

Sunshine concept, 107-108

Surgery, outpatient. See Ambulatory care unit case

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

Synergies, search for, 40-41, 98

System development engineers, 68-69

System environments, 63

T

Teams

concept of, 126-129

cross-functional, 31-32

employee skills for participation on, 126

organization of, 105-114

Technological change

considerations when designing, 3

effect on quality of patient care, 163-164

flexibility as element in successful, 41-44

leadership for, 5-6

management structure and, 73

in patient care, 169-170

planning for, 243-244

Technological implementation development of consensus prior to, 186

human factor in, 4-5

impediments to, 61-65

properties of, 242-247

speed of, 27-28

stages of, 230-231

training as aspect of, 8-9

United States and, 16, 90

Technological innovation.

See also Innovation;

Innovation adoption

channels for, 28-30

collaborative relationships and, 44-52

communication linkages and, 30-33

flexibility and, 38-44

focus and, 20-27

likelihood of, 16

role of government in promotion of, 47-48

speed in implementation of, 27-28

Technology

adaptability of, 235-236

competitive advantage and new, 82-84, 238-239

dynamic model of, 7

packaging of, 236-237

problems in use of, 2-5

scope, testing, and scale of, 234-235

selection of, 13-14

social roles and, 35-36

strategic management of, 76-78

utilization of, 231

validity and efficiency of, 233-234

Technology transfer

boundary phenomena and, 240-242

framework of, 229, 231-232, 247-249

mechanisms for, 48-50

organizational level and, 238-240

Training

as aspect of implementation, 8-9

for beginning level users, 245-246

need assessment for, 9

programs for, 66, 106-107

technical, 65

Tubal ligations, 166

U

Unions. See Labor unions

United States

engineering skills in, 65

labor productivity in, 60

resistance to new manufacturing technology in, 59-60

United Way

design and implementation of system for, 275-278

information system needs of, 273-274

overview of, 272-273

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×

strategy for technology introduction in, 274-275

success of system used by, 278

V

Value-added benefits, 261,270

Values, 79-80

Vocational education, 65

W

Washington Post computer system, 290-291

Weber, M., 151

Wildavsky, A. B., 145-147

Work force

characteristics of, 90-91

overeducation of, 66

Work units

collaboration across, 40-41

flexibility at level of, 38-40

technology transfer and, 239-240

Workplace, integrative, 32-33

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 315
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 316
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 317
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 318
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 319
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 320
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 321
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 322
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. 1991. People and Technology in the Workplace. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1860.
×
Page 323
People and Technology in the Workplace Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $50.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Quick introduction of new technology is essential to America's competitiveness. But the success of new systems depends on their acceptance by the people who will use them. This new volume presents practical information for managers trying to meld the best in human and technological resources.

The volume identifies factors that are critical to successful technology introduction and examines why America lags behind many other countries in this effort. Case studies document successful transitions to new systems and procedures in manufacturing, medical technology, and office automation—ranging from the Boeing Company's program to involve employees in decision making and process design, to the introduction of alternative work schedules for Mayo Clinic nurses.

This volume will be a practical resource for managers, researchers, faculty, and students in the fields of industry, engineering design, human resources, labor relations, sociology, and organizational behavior.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!