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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18607.
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Lesllie Pray, Ann n L. Yaktinee, and Diana Pankevich, R Rapporteurss Planning Commiittee for a Workshop W on P Potential Heealth Hazards Asso ociated with Consumptio C on of Caffeinne in i Food and Dietary D Suppplements Food and d Nutrition B Board Board B on Heealth Sciencees Policy

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, NW • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This activity was supported by Contract/Grant No. HHSF223200810020I between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. The views presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the activity. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-29749-3 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-29749-4 Additional copies of this workshop summary are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at www.iom.edu. Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2014. Caffeine in food and dietary supplements: Examining safety: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

The National Acadeemy of Sciencces is a privatte, nonprofit, self-perpetuatiing y of distinguish society hed scholars en ngaged in scienntific and enginneering researcch, dedicatted to the furth herance of scieence and technnology and to their use for tthe generall welfare. Upoon the authority y of the charteer granted to it by the Congreess in 1863, the Academ my has a man ndate that reqquires it to addvise the fedeeral governnment on scieentific and tecchnical matterrs. Dr. Ralphh J. Cicerone is presideent of the Natio onal Academy of Sciences. The National Acadeemy of Engin neering was eestablished in 1964, under tthe charter of the Natio onal Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of nding engineerss. It is autonomo outstan ous in its adminnistration and iin the selectionn of its mem mbers, sharing with w the Nation nal Academy oof Sciences the responsibility ffor advisin ng the federal government. The T National Academy of E Engineering allso sponsorrs engineeringg programs aim med at meetinng national neeeds, encouragges educatiion and researcch, and recogn nizes the superrior achievemeents of engineeers. Dr. C. D. D Mote, Jr., is president of th he National Acaademy of Enginneering. The Institute of Med dicine was estaablished in 19770 by the Natioonal Academy of Sciencees to secure th he services of eminent membbers of approppriate professioons in the examination e of policy matterrs pertaining too the health off the public. T The Institutte acts under th he responsibilitty given to the National Acaddemy of Sciencces by its congressional c charter c to be an n adviser to thee federal goverrnment and, uppon its ownn initiative, to identify i issues of medical carre, research, annd education. D Dr. Harvey y V. Fineberg is president of thet Institute off Medicine. The Na ational Resea arch Council wasw organizedd by the Natioonal Academy of Sciencees in 1916 to associate the broad b communnity of sciencee and technoloogy with th he Academy’s purposes of fu urthering know wledge and advvising the fedeeral governnment. Function ning in accordance with geneeral policies determined by tthe Academ my, the Counccil has becomee the principall operating ageency of both tthe National Academy of o Sciences an nd the Nationaal Academy off Engineering in providiing services to t the govern nment, the puublic, and thee scientific aand engineeering communiities. The Coun ncil is administtered jointly byy both Academ mies and thee Institute of Medicine. M Dr. Ralph R J. Ciceroone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., aare chair annd vice chair, respectively, r of the National Research Counncil. w www.nationall-academies.o org

PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMPTION OF CAFFEINE IN FOOD AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS1 LYNN R. GOLDMAN (Chair), Dean, School of Public Health and Health Sciences George Washington University, Washington, DC JAMES R. COUGHLIN, President, Coughlin & Associates, San Diego, CA STEPHEN R. DANIELS, Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora THOMAS J. GOULD, Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Director of the Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA CARL L. KEEN, Professor and Chair, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis STEVEN E. LIPSHULTZ, Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics and Endowed Chair in Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of the University of Miami, FL THERESA ANN NICKLAS, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX BARBARA J. PETERSEN, Principal Scientist, Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC JOSEPH V. RODRICKS, Principal, Environ International Corp., Arlington, VA IOM Staff ANN L. YAKTINE, Study Director DIANA PANKEVICH, Senior Program Officer JANET MULLIGAN, Research Associate FAYE HILLMAN, Financial Associate GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant ANN L. YAKTINE, Interim Director, Food and Nutrition Board ANDREW M. POPE, Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy 1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. v

Reviewers This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by in- dividuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as pos- sible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional stand- ards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary: ANNE BARNHILL, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania CINDY D. DAVIS, National Institutes of Health JOHANNA T. DWYER, Tufts University Medical Center CARL L. KEEN, University of California, Davis NANCY S. WELLMAN, Florida International University Although the reviewers listed above have provided many construc- tive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by EILEEN T. KENNEDY, Tufts University. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, she was responsible for mak- ing certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final vii

viii REVIEWERS content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the institution.

Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background and Workshop Objectives, 1 About This Report, 2 The Past, Present, and Future of Caffeine Regulation in the United States, 4 References, 10 2 INTAKE AND EXPOSURE TO CAFFEINE 11 Caffeine Intake from Beverages in the United States, 11 Various Aspects of Caffeine Intake in America: Analysis of NHANES, 20 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 26 References, 30 3 SAFETY SIGNALS AND SURVEILLANCE 31 Caffeine and Energy Drink Exposure Call Surveillance, 31 Safety Assessment of Caffeine in Foods and Beverages, 38 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 43 References, 47 4 EXPLORING SAFE CAFFEINE EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR VULNERABLE POPULATIONS 51 Health Canada’s Approach, 52 Safe Caffeine Exposure Levels in Vulnerable Populations: Pregnant Women and Infants, 53 ix

x CONTENTS Risk of Adverse Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Products in Children and Other Vulnerable Groups, 58 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 63 References, 66 5 CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 67 Vascular Effects of Caffeine, 67 Caffeine and Risk of Arrhythmia, 73 Caffeine and Potential Risk of Hypertension, 78 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 84 References, 86 6 CAFFEINE EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION 89 Mechanisms of the Central Nervous System Effects of Caffeine, 89 Developmental and Psychopharmacological Effects of Caffeine, 96 Addictive Properties of Caffeine, 102 DSM-5: Substance-Related and Addiction Disorders, 108 Energy Drink Use and Risk Taking During Adolescence and Young Adulthood, 110 Caffeine, Performance, and Well-Being, 114 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 118 References, 123 7 OTHER COMPOUNDS IMPACTING CAFFEINE EFFECTS 129 Interaction Between Energy Drink Ingredients and Caffeine, 129 Panelist Remarks, 134 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 138 References, 141 8 PUBLIC COMMENTS 145 Richard H. Adamson, Ph.D., TPN Associates, LLC, 145 Bob Arnot, M.D., Medical Advisor to Monster Beverage, Inc., 146 Joel Geerling, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard Medical School, Boston, 146

CONTENTS xi John P. Higgins, M.D., M.B.A., University of Texas Medical School, Houston, 147 Richard Kingston, Pharm.D., SafetyCall International, Bloomington, Minnesota, 147 Emilia C. Lonardo, Ph.D., Grocery Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, 148 Rend Al-Mondhiry, J.D., Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, 149 J. Philip Saul, M.D., University of South Carolina, Mount Pleasant, and Consultant to the American Beverage Association, 150 John R. White, Jr., Pharm.D., Washington State University, Spokane, 150 References, 151 9 MOVING FORWARD: FILLING THE DATA GAPS 153 Panelist Remarks, 155 Panelist Discussion with the Audience, 160 Reference, 166 APPENDIXES A Workshop Agenda 167 B Workshop Attendees 175 C Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators 185 D Workshop Statement of Task 195

Boxes, Figures, and Tables BOXES 1-1 Workshop Objectives, 3 1-2 Major Overarching Themes of Workshop Discussion, 4 1-3 Dietary Supplements, 9 2-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 12 3-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 32 4-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 51 5-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 68 6-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 90 7-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 130 9-1 Key Points Made by Individual Speakers, 154 FIGURES 2-1 Mean usual intake of caffeine for total sample population and caffeine consumers only, 22 2-2 The 90th percentiles of usual caffeine intake for total sample population and caffeine consumers only, 23 xiii

xiv BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES 2-3 Mean and percentiles of usual caffeine intake per consumption event, 24 3-1 U.S. poison center calls per day, 2000–2012, 34 3-2 Caffeine and energy product exposure calls per day over time, 35 4-1 U.S. emergency department visits involving caffeinated energy drinks in patients age 12 years and older, 2005–2011, 60 4-2 Calls regarding the intentional or accidental consumption of energy drinks to individual New South Wales, Australia, poison control centers, 2004–2010, 60 4-3 Poison center energy drink calls over time, 2010–2011, 63 5-1 Odds ratios of risk of myocardial infarction with coffee intake, 82 6-1 Results from operant response test for caffeinated soda, 99 6-2 Summary of results from prospective study on energy drink use among second-year college students and the use of other substances during the third year of college, 113 6-3 Typical findings reported in the 1990s, 115 TABLES 2-1 Number of Users and Mean and 90th Percentile Daily Intakes of Total Caffeinated Beverages, by Age, 16 2-2 Mean Caffeine Intake by Age and Beverage Category, 17 2-3 Caffeine Intakes for Users Within Each Beverage Category, 18 3-1 Energy Product Calls by Generic Code, June 18, 2010, Through July 22, 2013, 36 3-2 Medical Outcomes for 6,724 Energy Product Calls Received Between June 18, 2010, and July 22, 2013, 37

Abbreviations and Acronyms ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase CRN Council for Responsible Nutrition DAWN Drug Abuse Warning Network DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ECF endothelial cell function EFSA European Food Safety Authority FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid GRAS generally recognized as safe ILSI International Life Sciences Institute IOM Institute of Medicine MSN medium spiny neuron NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level NPDS National Poison Data System PVC premature ventricular complex xv

xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS QT Q-T wave RACC reference amount customarily consumed SHADE-ONE Study of Heart Effects from Adults Drinking Energy Beverages: On Endothelial Function

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Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine in August 2013 to review the available science on safe levels of caffeine consumption in foods, beverages, and dietary supplements and to identify data gaps. Scientists with expertise in food safety, nutrition, pharmacology, psychology, toxicology, and related disciplines; medical professionals with pediatric and adult patient experience in cardiology, neurology, and psychiatry; public health professionals; food industry representatives; regulatory experts; and consumer advocates discussed the safety of caffeine in food and dietary supplements, including, but not limited to, caffeinated beverage products, and identified data gaps.

Caffeine, a central nervous stimulant, is arguably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world. Occurring naturally in more than 60 plants, including coffee beans, tea leaves, cola nuts and cocoa pods, caffeine has been part of innumerable cultures for centuries. But the caffeine-in-food landscape is changing. There are an array of new caffeine-containing energy products, from waffles to sunflower seeds, jelly beans to syrup, even bottled water, entering the marketplace. Years of scientific research have shown that moderate consumption by healthy adults of products containing naturally-occurring caffeine is not associated with adverse health effects. The changing caffeine landscape raises concerns about safety and whether any of these new products might be targeting populations not normally associated with caffeine consumption, namely children and adolescents, and whether caffeine poses a greater health risk to those populations than it does for healthy adults. This report delineates vulnerable populations who may be at risk from caffeine exposure; describes caffeine exposure and risk of cardiovascular and other health effects on vulnerable populations, including additive effects with other ingredients and effects related to pre-existing conditions; explores safe caffeine exposure levels for general and vulnerable populations; and identifies data gaps on caffeine stimulant effects.

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