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INDEX A Abortion, 307
Acetylcholine, 115
Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, 387, 389
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 34, 138, 345
Adolescents
alcohol abuse in, 13, 332
as community risk factor, 133-134, 147
continuity of aggression in, 103
drug use in, 197
female, sexual violence against, 241
gangs and, 17
homicide victims, 62, 256-259
individual risk factor to, 146
pubertal development, 118-119, 371-372
robbery in, 187
violence potential in, 360, 363-364, 384
violence prevention curriculum for, 317-319
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 164n.3
Age
adjustment for, 93-94n.13
and child abuse victimization, 235
and development of violence potential, 360, 361, 362-363, 364
and homicide victimization, 62-63, 64, 94n.15, 256-257
National Crime Survey limits, 2, 43, 45, 418
and reporting of victimization, 422-423
as victimization risk factor, 4, 68-69
and violent criminality, 72, 377, 393
Aggressiveness
alcohol effects on, 189-190, 195-196, 197, 199-200, 333
animal studies of, 118, 119, 121-122, 125, 128, 189-190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196
biological influences on, 115-116
biomedical theories of, 128
childhood, antecedents of, 105-106, 108, 156, 358, 364, 365-366, 367, 369
childhood, correlation with adult violence, 7, 35-36, 103-104, 196, 197, 358
childhood, in development of violence potential, 358, 359, 360, 361-362, 363-364, 379-380
childhood, genetic influences, 117
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INDEX A Abortion, 307
Acetylcholine, 115
Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, 387, 389
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 34, 138, 345
Adolescents
alcohol abuse in, 13, 332
as community risk factor, 133-134, 147
continuity of aggression in, 103
drug use in, 197
female, sexual violence against, 241
gangs and, 17
homicide victims, 62, 256-259
individual risk factor to, 146
pubertal development, 118-119, 371-372
robbery in, 187
violence potential in, 360, 363-364, 384
violence prevention curriculum for, 317-319
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 164n.3
Age
adjustment for, 93-94n.13
and child abuse victimization, 235
and development of violence potential, 360, 361, 362-363, 364
and homicide victimization, 62-63, 64, 94n.15, 256-257
National Crime Survey limits, 2, 43, 45, 418
and reporting of victimization, 422-423
as victimization risk factor, 4, 68-69
and violent criminality, 72, 377, 393
Aggressiveness
alcohol effects on, 189-190, 195-196, 197, 199-200, 333
animal studies of, 118, 119, 121-122, 125, 128, 189-190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196
biological influences on, 115-116
biomedical theories of, 128
childhood, antecedents of, 105-106, 108, 156, 358, 364, 365-366, 367, 369
childhood, correlation with adult violence, 7, 35-36, 103-104, 196, 197, 358
childhood, in development of violence potential, 358, 359, 360, 361-362, 363-364, 379-380
childhood, genetic influences, 117
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childhood, and peer rejection, 105, 107, 369-370
childhood, preventive interventions, 8, 22, 107-109, 124, 125-126, 163, 319, 328, 329-330, 384-394
childhood, research needs, 380-381, 382
cognitive-behavioral theories, 379-380, 385
continuity across ages, 107, 157, 319, 358, 361-363, 368
data collection on, 104-105
definitions of, 35, 103
dietary influences on, 124
drug effects on, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197
frustration-aggression theory, 378
genetic influences on, 117, 118
hormonal influences on, 118-119, 372
IQ and, 367
and marital violence, 227
mass media influences, xii-xiv
measurement of, 103-104
multicommunity longitudinal study recommendation, 25, 156, 157, 158-159, 160, 162, 163, 341, 342, 344
neurochemical influences on, 119, 120, 121
neurological abnormalities and, 12, 121-122, 123-124
nicotine reduction of, 125
in opiate withdrawal, 22, 192, 329
parent and teacher training and, 389
pharmacological treatments, 120, 121, 205, 206, 211, 329, 333, 340
protective factors for, 107, 373, 381, 382
public policy issues, 394
research needs, 211, 344, 366, 380-381, 382, 391, 392
as risk factor for violence, 103, 105-106
risk factors for, 7, 156, 299, 329, 365, 366
school-based interventions, 391
and sexual violence, 9, 113
social learning of, 7, 104, 106, 379, 384
social-learning interventions, 8, 107-108, 384-385, 386
social skills training and, 386-388
television and, 106, 371, 384
treatment interventions, 113
Alaska natives, 70, 71
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, 345
Alcoholism
childhood aggressiveness and, 196, 207
genetic predisposition to, 117, 191
and neurochemical functions, 121, 190
and violent crime, 185, 189, 368
Alcohol use, 147, 160
abuse treatment, 11, 22-23, 246, 248, 329
and aggressive behavior, 189-190, 195-196, 197, 199-200, 206, 333
animal studies of, 189-190, 196
in committed crimes, 184, 185, 189
cultural influences and, 14, 198-200
emotional interactions, 197
endocrinological interactions, 189-190
and family violence, 10-11, 237
gender differences and, 196
genetic interactions, 191
in homicides, 184, 185
and hypoglycemia, 124
and multiple drug use, 187
National Youth Survey reports, 345
and neurological functioning, 12, 182-183, 190-191, 302
pharmacological interventions, 205, 206, 333, 340
in pregnancy, 13, 124, 158
preventive interventions, 22, 207, 329, 332, 333
Prohibition, xii, 202
research needs, 211, 332-333, 348
risk factor for violence, 307, 330, 333
and sexual violence, 9, 110, 126, 189, 330, 340
social-level interactions, 197-198
taxation interventions, 206, 209, 333
and testosterone levels, 118, 189-190
and violent behavior, 13-14, 182, 183, 184-185, 190, 196, 198, 357, 363
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Alpha-blockers, 120
American Society of Criminology, 350
Amines, 339
Amphetamines, 120
correlation with violence, 13, 182, 191, 193-194, 197-198
Anger management training, 9, 11, 113, 126, 340
Animals, cruelty to, 103-104, 364
Animal studies
aggressive and violent behavior, 116, 118, 119, 121-122, 125, 128-129, 189-190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 339
alcohol use, 189-190, 196
drug use, 191, 192, 193, 195, 206
hormonal mechanisms, 119, 189-190
neurobiological, 12-13, 190
neurochemical, 120, 121, 164n.2
Antiandrogen drugs, 340
Antianxiety drugs, 340
Antipsychotic drugs, 120, 194
Antisocial behavior
age at maturation and, 372
aggressiveness in, 370
cognitive/behavioral intervention, 385-386, 387
in development of violence potential, 359, 360, 361
genetic influences, 11, 116, 191, 207
parent training and, 388-389
research needs, 25, 341, 348, 381, 392
temperament and, 7, 366, 394
Antisocial personality disorder, 11, 113, 196, 333, 359
Anxiety, 379
Anxiolytics, 330, 340
Arrest
age distribution, 72, 73, 74
childhood abuse and, 239, 368
data collection, 49, 71, 373, 415-416
and deterrence of violent crime, 11, 244-245, 313, 314, 407
ethnic distribution, 71, 72
evidentiary restrictions and, 294
and family violence, 11, 246, 247, 248, 249n.7, 311-314, 329, 407
mandatory arrest policies, 247, 407
probability of, 292, 294
rearrest, 208, 209, 212n.4, 311, 314
research needs, 22, 247, 329, 335
and spouse assault, 11, 244-245, 246, 247, 248
urinalysis testing, 212n.1
violent crime rates, 76
Arson, 54, 61
Asian Americans, 48-49, 90
Assault, 2
aggravated, 3, 43-45, 68, 85-87, 92-93n.5, 407
arrest rates for, 74
attempted and completed, 57, 58
on children, 3, 48, 227, 228, 409
co-offenders, 5
costs of, 4, 60, 345
data collection, 3, 43-45, 48, 67-68, 249n.6, 315, 413-414, 418, 426
development of violence potential and, 359, 375
drug use and, 186-187
on elderly, 229
in families, 231-234, 247, 407, 419
family, arrest policies and, 311, 407
federal research funding, 349-350
felony, 247, 407
gun control laws and, 268, 275, 276, 277, 278
injuries in, 57, 58, 59, 62, 69, 422
international comparisons, 53
offender characteristics, 71, 72, 74
offender self-reporting, 373
offender-victim relationships, 5, 77, 231, 421
in prisons, 154-155, 185, 350
proportion of violent crime, 3, 54, 55, 70, 411
rates of, 47, 56, 57, 58, 83, 85-87, 234
reporting rates, 47, 48, 68, 88-90, 249n.6, 407, 413-414, 419-420, 421-422, 426-427
research needs, 24, 279, 337, 338
in schools, 155, 370
self-defense in, 266, 282-283n.7
series victimizations, 424, 425
sexual, 53, 55, 77, 88-90, 154-155
sexual motivation in, 109
simple, 3, 45, 54, 68, 92-93n.5, 93n.7
on spouses, 22, 231, 234, 329
victimization risks, 69, 70, 146
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weapons and lethality of, 24, 57, 61, 337
weapon use in, 263, 267, 269
on women, 3, 10, 69, 77, 231, 407
women's shelters and, 22-23
Assault weapons, 18, 260, 332
regulation of, 274, 277-278, 281
research needs, 279, 280
Assertiveness training, 9, 113, 126, 340
Atlanta, Ga., homicide rate study, 130, 131
Attention deficit, 7, 105, 106, 366-367
Attitudes Toward Women Scale, 164n.1
Australia, sexual assault rate, 53
B Bahamas, homicide mortality rate, 53
Baltimore, Md., violence rate studies, 134, 419
Barbiturates, 197
Bartley-Fox Amendment (Massachusetts, 1974), 275
Behavioral management intervention, 113, 384
Benzodiazepines, 121
GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex blocking medication, 190, 206, 333, 340
Beta-blockers, 120, 121, 340
Bias crimes, 2-3
in criminal law, 77-78, 91, 407-408
data collection, 3, 23, 78, 336, 408
federal research funding, 349-350
intervention recommendations, 22, 329, 334
research needs, 91
Biological factors, 102, 103, 115-116
alcohol and drug influences, 182-183, 191, 195
brain dysfunctions, 123-124
in development of violence potential, 295, 357, 360
genetic influences, 11-12, 116-118
hormonal mechanisms, 118-119
hypoglycemia and diet, 124-125
intervention recommendations, 22, 205, 206, 328, 329, 330
in multicommunity longitudinal study, 156, 157-158, 160, 161
neurobiologic processes, 12-14
neurochemistry, 119-121
neurological abnormalities, 121-123
puberty, 371-372
research needs, 125, 127-128, 206-207
risk factors, 20, 159, 296, 297
in violence matrix, 296, 297, 300, 302-303
Biological markers, 116, 339
neurobiological, 12, 24, 161, 337, 339
neurophysiological, 123
Birmingham, Ala., undercover drug busts, 209-210
Birthweight, 22, 105, 135, 328, 383, 384
Blacks
alcohol use, 199
child abuse risks, 10, 235, 368
and community crime rates, 132, 133
community cultures, 16, 136
data collection and, 418, 422
development of violence potential in, 357-358, 369, 380
firearm mortality rates, 18, 256, 257-259, 269, 279, 281-282n.1
gang activities, 199
homicide victimization risks, 4, 14, 50, 51, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 130, 135-136
intervention programs and, 385, 389-390
life expectancies, 93-94n.13, 94n.14
middle class, 135
offender-victim relationships, 77
in poverty, 132, 133, 369
proportion of arrestees, 71
single-parent households, 222, 223
social alienation, 138, 268
socioeconomic status, 14, 130
violent crime victimization risks, 4, 61, 69-70, 90, 129, 146
violent offenders, 71, 137
young males, 4, 18, 61, 63, 64, 256, 257-259, 269, 279, 418
B'nai B'rith, 408
Boston, Mass.
gang activities, 143-144
gun crimes in, 269, 275, 277
homicide victimization study, 130
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Violence Prevention Curriculum, 108, 317-319
Brain dysfunctions, 13, 116, 122, 123-124, 125, 163, 329, 339
Brain imaging techniques, 123, 127-128, 161
Brain trauma, 22, 115, 125, 328
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF), 260, 269-270, 273
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 46, 59, 62, 93n.10, 264, 428n.8
Burglary, 377
antisocial tendency and, 360
data collection, 55, 92n.4, 414
drug-use motivation in, 200, 201, 210, 410
firearm self-defense in, 266, 267, 282-283n.7
gun control laws and, 268, 276
reporting rates, 55
sexual motivation in, 109
victimization risks, 62
violence risks in, 212n.3
C California
Civil Addict Program, 209
mandatory sentencing, 153
Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project, 164n.4, 353n.2
Canada
elder abuse survey, 229
homicide rates, 54
Native Americans in, 199
Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution, 111
violent crime rates, 3, 53-54, 146-147
Cancer
as cause of death, 65, 67
research, 34-35, 345, 346
Capital punishment, 36
Cats, 125, 192
Census Bureau, 46, 48, 248-249n.1, 249n.2, 426
Centers for Disease Control, 1, 337
Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, 351
Injury Control Division, xi
Charlotte, N.C., domestic violence experiment, 311
Chicago, Ill.
gun assaults, 262
homicides, 184
poverty in, 134
robbery incidence, 85
Child abuse
and adult violence, 239, 367-368
age and victimization risk, 10, 235
antecedents of, 367, 368
data collection on, 45, 48, 49, 224, 249n.5, 405-406
in day care centers, 235, 237
emotional abuse, 228-229
ethnic status and victimization risk, 235
family, 10, 48, 227-229, 234, 235-236
gender and victimization risk, 10, 69, 235
homicide, 10, 227-228, 234
injuries from, 235-236
neglect, 228, 368
parental depression and, 239
personality characteristics of offenders, 367
prevalence of, 226, 227-229, 235-236
preventive interventions, 11, 242-244, 249-250n.9
repeated offenses, 237
research needs, 236
sexual, 3, 8, 69, 109, 110, 111, 223, 228-229, 231, 235, 240
sexual, and adult violence, 9, 110, 112, 409
sexual, consequences of, 236
sexual, interventions, 113, 330
sexual, research needs, 126, 340
sibling assault, 221, 223, 230
social constructions of, 3, 221, 223, 406, 409
socioeconomic status and, 7, 10, 106, 235-236, 366, 384, 385
therapeutic services, 245, 248, 249n.8
Child Abuse and Prevention and Treatment Act (1988), 227
Child care, 135
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Children. See also Adolescents; Child abuse
aggressiveness, antecedents of, 105-106, 108, 156, 358, 364, 365-366, 367, 369
aggressiveness, correlation with adult violence, 7, 35-36, 103-104, 196, 197, 358
aggressiveness, in development of violence potential, 358, 359, 360, 361-362, 363-364, 379-380
aggressiveness, genetic influences, 117
aggressiveness, and peer rejection, 105, 107, 369-370
aggressiveness, preventive interventions, 8, 22, 107-109, 124, 125-126, 163, 319, 328, 329-330, 384-394
aggressiveness, research needs, 380-381, 382
antisocial personality in, 359
brain dysfunctions, 12, 13, 22, 125
delinquency, 106, 116
development of violence potential, 101, 298, 302, 304, 305
drug-abuse preventive interventions, 205, 207
firearm deaths, 267
foster care, 241, 243
head injuries, 12, 13, 22, 102, 127, 304, 328
hyperactivity, 124-125
lead poisoning, 12, 13, 124, 127, 329
maternal substance abuse and, 13, 102, 124, 127, 329
multicommunity longitudinal study proposal, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163
parental rearing of, 106, 107, 157, 367
pharmacological interventions, 127
predictors of adult violence in, 7-8, 103-104, 105-106, 112
protective factors against violence, 7, 8, 107, 365, 366, 372-373, 382
pubertal development, 118-119, 371-372
school failure, 12, 14, 105, 304, 358, 370, 384
school-failure prevention, 125-126, 163, 330, 384, 390, 394
school violence, 1, 57, 370
sex-role socialization, 110-111, 164n.1
in single-parent households, 222, 223
social learning, 104, 106, 302
social-level influences on, 136
violence, intergenerational transmission, 10-11, 239, 368
violence toward parents, 230
violence prevention interventions in, 13, 22, 114, 127, 149, 300, 307, 343-344, 384-391
Chinese gangs, 143
Cholesterol levels, 125
Chromosomal syndromes, 9, 110, 117, 118
Cirrhosis deaths, 209
Cities, 382. See also individual cities
effects of violence on, 16, 135
gang activities in, 139, 140, 143, 144
homicide rates in, 3, 50, 51, 83, 305
poverty in, 132, 134-135, 136
riots in, ix
victimization risks in, 61, 147-148
violent crime rates in, 4, 17, 79, 81-83, 84-88
Clonidine, 120, 192, 206, 333
Cocaine use. See also Crack cocaine
abuse treatment, 208
behavioral effects, 197-198
and economic crimes, 201
emotional effects, 197
in family violence, 237
in homicide offenders, 188
illegal markets, 204, 305
neurochemical effects, 120
in pregnancy, 13, 124
and violent behavior, 13, 22, 182, 187, 191, 194, 329
Cognitive-behavioral interventions, 8, 22, 125, 163, 328, 329-330, 384, 385-386
Cognitive-behavioral theories, 379-380
Cognitive deficits, 364-365
Collective violence, ix, xii, 2, 36
Community-level factors
city size and violent crime, 79-88
community transition, 14, 22, 329, 334
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cultural, 16, 136-138, 143-144, 145
ethnic status and, 15, 133
firearm policies, 270, 280-281
gang activity, 137, 143-145
illegal markets and, 15, 16, 137, 143, 204-205
influences on violent behavior, 14-15, 101-102, 133-134, 305-306, 357
poverty, 15, 131-133
research needs, 139, 145, 157, 162-163, 211-212, 338
victimization risks, 147
violence prevention interventions, 206, 209-210
Concentration, 7, 105, 358
Conditional probabilities, 416-418
Conduct disorder, 13, 103, 359, 361, 366, 389
Conflict Tactics Scale, 227
Connecticut
bias crimes law, 407
mandatory arrest law, 407
Convenience stores, 151, 315-317, 323n.10
Costs
of firearm violence, 256, 279
of research, 344, 345-346, 353n.4
social, 345-346, 348
of violent crime, 4-5, 59-60, 90-91, 92, 345
Counseling programs, 333
Crack cocaine
and economic crimes, 201-202
and gang violence, 17, 204
and homicide rates, 187-188, 305
illegal markets, 201-202, 204, 205
research needs, 13, 207, 211
and violent behavior, 194, 204, 205, 333
Crime, nonviolent
alcohol use and, 184
attempted and completed, 55-57
black-on-black, 138
career criminals, 76
environmental interventions and, 148-149
firearms used in, 18-19, 260, 269, 282n.2, 331, 337-338
gangs and, 143
genetic influences, 116-117
measurements of, 2-3, 45-46
neurochemical influences, 121
perinatal trauma and, 364, 365
poverty and, 131
protective factors and, 372-373
records of sex offenders, 110
research needs, 139, 337-338, 348-349
in schools, 155, 370
series victimizations, 46-47, 423-425
social constructions of, 36, 43, 47
social processes and, 129
and violent behavior, 106
violent offenders and, 359, 376, 381
weapon use in, 55-57
Crime, violent
alcohol use and, 185, 189
city size and, 79-88
community characteristics and, 15, 133-134, 162
community culture and, 16, 136-138, 305-306
costs of, 4-5, 59-61, 92
in criminal careers, 5-6, 76, 373-378
data collection on, 43-50, 90-92, 92nn.2 and 4, 93n.8, 418-423, 426-427
drug market interventions and, 209-210, 333-334
drug use and, 185-187, 208, 410
economic violence, 201-202
in families, 221, 407
firearm interventions and, 267-268, 270-271, 275-280
firearm self-defense in, 265-266, 276
firearm use in, 255-256, 262, 265
foster care placement and, 243
gangs and, 16-17
historical trends, 50-51
injuries from, 59, 60
international comparisons, 52-54
interventions, evaluation of, 307-308
lethality of, 60-61
mass media and, xii, 42
measurements of, 2-3, 404-406, 411-414
National Youth Survey reports, 344-345
nonfatal, 4, 49, 53, 67-68
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offender demographics, 5, 71-76, 414-416
offender-victim relationships, 76-79
pornography and, xii-xiii
poverty and, 131-132, 133
prison terms for, 6, 289, 291-296, 343
proportion of all crime, 3, 54
research needs, 57, 279-280
series victimizations, 423-425
sexual, 8-9, 53, 55, 408-409
social constructions of, 2-3, 47, 221-222, 406-410
social processes and, 14-17, 129
socioeconomic structure and, 15-16
U.S. rates of, 3-4, 50, 52-55
victimization risks, 4, 67-71, 416-418
Crime Control Theory Program, 313
Criminal justice system, 6
data collection, 35, 37
domestic violence interventions, 22-23, 247, 329, 335
incarceration policies, 295
research needs, 381
Criminal law, 36-37, 222, 406, 409, 418
Criminals. See also Offenders
brain abnormalities, 123
career, 5-6, 76, 342, 373-378, 415-416
childhood sexual victimization, 112
children of, 368
in community culture, 16
deterrence and, 313
firearm use, 22, 264-265, 332
Criminology, 17, 145, 363
Cultural influences, 14, 143-144, 198-200, 303-304
Custodian/ward violence, xii, 17, 24, 331, 337, 341, 407
D Dallas, Tex., 85
Data collection, 104-105
costs of, 344
on development of violence potential, 381, 382
on family violence, 224, 405
limitations of, 36-37, 46-48, 129, 404-405, 417
multicommunity longitudinal study proposal, 157-160, 342-343, 344
national systems, 43-46, 49-50
recommendations, 88-92, 335-336
reverse-record checks, 48, 419-420, 426, 427n.4
subnational, 49
Date rape, 47, 407, 408-409
Day care centers, 235, 237
Death, 2
accidental, 4
demographic mortality rates, 259
natural causes, 4
violent behavior and, 125
years of potential life lost, 65, 94n.14
Death, violent, 1, 33. See also Homicide
accidental, 64-65
alcohol abuse and, 199
of children, 227-228, 267
costs of, 60, 353n.4
data collection on, 43
firearms and lethality, 18, 256, 259, 260, 263, 268, 274, 279
gender and victimization risk, 234-235
guns in the home and, 267
homicide as cause of, 64-65, 66
justifiable homicides, 67, 282n.6
lethality of crimes, 60-61
manslaughter, 32, 72, 73, 82
military, 67, 94n.15, 135-136
mortality statistics, 43, 45, 46
motor vehicle accidents, 65, 66, 67, 209, 271
of police officers, 267
research needs, 24, 337
suicide as cause of, 64-65, 66, 267
unintentional, 36, 267
''Defensible space," 148
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 119, 164n.3
Deinstitutionalization, 241
Delinquency, 348-349. See also Adolescents
interventions and, 388
juvenile, 37, 345
perinatal trauma and, 364
poverty and, 131
protective factors, 372-373
and violent behavior, 106, 381
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Denmark, 364
Depression, 10-11, 197, 238-239, 362
Deterrence, 307, 322n.1
of family violence, 313-314, 407
incarceration and, 291, 293-294, 343
of spouse assault, 11, 244-245, 246
two-clerk ordinance and, 315-316, 317
Detroit, Mich.
homicide rates, 188
poverty in, 134
robbery incidence, 85
Developmental interventions, 205, 207
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), 103, 348
Diet, 116, 124-125
Divorce, 135, 147, 223
Domestic violence. See Family violence
Dopamine
and aggressive behavior, 115, 119, 120, 339
receptor blocking drugs, 192, 194, 206, 334, 340
Drug abuse. See also Pharmacological interventions
and aggressive behavior, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197
animal studies of, 191, 192, 193, 195, 206
biological interventions, 205, 206-207, 329, 333, 334
biological links with violence, 182-183, 191-195
blacks and, 138
developmental interventions, 205, 207, 332
in development of violence potential, 363
dopamine receptor stimulation, 120, 192, 194
and economic crimes, 200-202
emotional effects of, 197
family influences of, 160, 197, 237
federal policy, 182
federal research funding, 348, 350
and homicide rates, 185, 187-188, 200, 201
incarceration interventions, 205-206, 208
inhibition of aggression and violence, 13, 191, 192, 195
National Youth Survey reports, 345
in pregnancy, 13, 127, 158
psychosocial links with violence, 195, 196, 197
research needs, 206-207, 211-212
social-level links with violence, 197-198, 203-205, 304
treatment interventions, 208-209, 211-212, 246, 248, 307, 334
urinalysis testing, 208, 212n.1
and victimization risks, 13, 191
and violent behavior, 11, 12, 13-14, 332-333
and violent crime, 185-187, 208, 410
Drug Enforcement Agency, xii
Drug markets, illegal
and economic crimes, 201-202, 410
and gang violence, 17, 137, 143, 204
police intervention in, 22, 206, 209-210, 211-212, 328-329, 331, 334
preventive interventions, 148
violence in, xii, 14, 17, 18, 200, 202-203, 205, 207, 333-334, 410
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 184, 186, 188
Due process rights, 294
E Earlscourt Social Skills Group Program, 386
Economic opportunity, 15-16, 134-135, 144-145, 303, 305
Economic violence, 201-202
Ecuador, homicide rates, 53
Education Development Center, Inc., 318
Eisenhower Commission, xii
Elder abuse, 221, 229-230, 240
Electric shock therapies, 9, 113
Emergency medical treatment, 426-427
Emotional abuse, 228-229
Emotional trauma, 59, 60
Employment opportunity, 14, 15-16, 144, 244
Endocrine mechanisms, 183, 189-190, 363
Environmental influences, 117, 147-151, 305-306, 365, 379
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"Environmental management," 149
Environmental toxins, 329
Epilepsy, 9, 110, 122
Ethnic status
and community disruption, 131, 133
cultural norms, 143-144, 303
data collection on, 48, 90
and development of violence potential, 357, 369
and gang violence, 143
and homicide victimization risk, 4, 14, 50-51, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 129-130, 132, 257-259
offender-victim relations, 77
and poverty, 15-16, 132-133, 134, 144, 369
and violence victimization risks, 4, 14, 68, 69-70, 90, 352
of violent offenders, 5, 64, 71, 72, 77, 93-94n.13, 338
Ethology, xii-xiii
Eugenics, 127
Evaluation research, 6-7, 19, 23-24, 289, 296-298, 306-310, 319-322, 336
case studies, 310-319
Evidentiary restrictions, 294
F Families. See also Family violence
contribution to community characteristics, 132, 133, 135
definitions of, 222, 248-249n.1
and development of individual violence potential, 10-11, 357, 358, 367-369, 380-381
and development of sex offenders, 110
income, 7-8, 107, 358, 372
in multicommunity longitudinal study proposal, 160, 162
in poverty, 14, 15-16
predictors of violence in, 7-8, 105, 358
preventive interventions in, 127, 384
protective factors, 8, 107, 372, 373
research needs, 380-381
responses to aggressive behavior, 117
single-parent households, 133-134, 135, 222, 223
social learning of violence in, 101, 104, 106-107
socioeconomic conditions and, 106, 304, 384
urban exodus, 16
Family law, 222
Family violence. See also Child abuse; Spouse assault
alcohol and drug use and, 10-11, 14, 197, 237, 332-333, 419
assaults, 10, 228, 231-234, 249n.6
data collection, 23, 47, 48, 88, 92, 222, 224, 225-230, 249n.7, 336, 419
depression and, 10-11, 238-239
elder abuse, 221, 229-230, 240
emotional abuse, 228-229
explanations of, 239-242
family income and, 235-236
federal research support, 351, 352
firearm use in, 261-262, 267
homicides, 10, 226, 231, 234-235
injuries in, 225, 235-236, 237-238
intergenerational transmission of, 10-11, 60, 239, 368, 369
locations of, 249n.4
preventive interventions, 11, 242-248, 311-314, 315, 407
psychological consequences of, 10, 37, 238-239
racial differences in, 10, 235
recommendations, 22-23, 231, 236, 237, 335, 336
repeated attacks, 223-224, 236-237, 250n.13
reporting of, 10, 47, 224-225, 229, 249n.5, 249-250n.9
research needs, 225, 236, 237
sexual abuse, 10, 221, 223, 224, 229, 231, 235, 236, 241
sibling assaults, 221, 223, 230
social constructions of, 47, 48, 221-223, 407
social isolation and, 10, 241-242
social learning and, 240-241
and suicide risks, 238
victimization risks, 223, 230-237
women as victims of, 10, 225, 230, 231, 234-235, 237-238
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Federal agencies, research support, 25-26, 345-352
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 408, 412. See also Uniform Crime Reports
Federal Gun Control Act (1968), 271, 273, 277
Felony murder, 268, 427n.1
Females
adolescent development, 371-372
alcohol use, 196
arrestee drug use, 186
child abuse victimization risks, 10, 235
drug use, 203
elder abuse of, 230
fetal development of, 118-119
firearm self-defense, 264, 276
homicide victimization risks, 10, 64, 65, 69, 79, 234-235, 261
life expectancy, 93-94n.13, 94n.14
male attitudes toward, 9-10, 110-111, 114, 164n.1, 240, 340
pregnancy, substance abuse in, 13, 102, 124, 125, 158
pregnancy interventions, 127, 329, 365, 394
prostitution, 186
reporting of crimes, 47, 69, 85, 408, 409, 420, 421, 422-423
sexual abuse victimization risks, 10, 69, 77, 203, 235, 240
social constructions of assault against, 3, 47, 303, 340, 407, 408-409, 420
spousal abuse of, 10, 47, 69, 225, 231, 234-235, 237-238, 244, 261, 369
violence prevention interventions, 9-10, 114, 245-246, 276, 330, 340, 389, 407
violent crime arrests, 72
violent victimization risks, 10, 68-69, 80, 231, 262
Feminist theory, 240
Fetal development, 115
damage-prevention interventions, 125, 163, 383-384, 394
nervous system, 101, 298, 364-365
prenatal care, 12, 307, 338, 365, 383, 394
testosterone levels and, 9, 118-119, 330
and violence potential, 298, 330, 364-365
Firearms, 17. See also Assault weapons; Handguns
availability and violence, 267-268, 278-279, 304
crack epidemics and, 305
data collection on, 256, 263, 264, 265-266, 279
in domestic disputes, 261-262, 267
in drug-trade violence, 410
gun control laws, 255, 268, 269, 271-274, 275, 278-279, 280
homicide mortality risks, 256, 267
household ownership of, 53, 256, 264, 266-267, 268, 283n.8
illegal markets, 18, 22, 203, 255, 269-270
illegal markets, intervention in, 19, 22, 255, 270, 271, 274-275, 278, 280-281, 328-329, 331
lethality of injuries from, 18, 260-264, 277-278, 280, 332
mandatory sentencing laws, 275-276, 292-293, 314-315
recommendations, 22, 328-329
research needs, 279-281, 332, 337-338
theft of, 18-19, 269
use in homicides, 255, 256-259, 260, 268, 269, 277, 281-282n.1
use in self-defense, 263, 264-267, 276, 279, 281, 282nn.5 and 6, 282-283n.7
use in suicide, 24, 259, 267-268, 278, 337
use in violent crime, 18-19, 255-256, 260, 261, 262-263, 264-265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 276, 279, 282n.2
violence prevention interventions, 19, 151, 255, 270-279, 328-329, 417
Firearms Control Act (Washington, D.C., 1977), 274, 278
"Flight or fight" syndrome, 120
Florida, 316
mandatory sentencing law, 314-315
Food and Drug Administration, 306
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National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Eisenhower Commission), xii, 221
National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission), xii
National Crime Survey (NCS)
age limit, 2, 43, 45, 418
assault counts, 45, 48, 55, 59, 68, 231, 234, 249n.6, 413, 426
bias crimes counts, 78
costs of data collection, 353n.4
discrepancies with UCR data, 45, 46, 48, 54-55, 67-68, 93n.9, 413-414
ethnic status data, 48-49, 77, 90, 422
family violence counts, 10, 47, 48, 226, 231, 234, 236, 246, 335, 405, 419, 420
firearm use data, 264, 265-266, 279, 282n.4
injury data, 59, 91, 92-93n.5, 93n.10, 264
methodology, 2, 43, 44, 45, 46, 92nn.2 and 4, 93n.9, 265, 412-413, 418-420, 423, 427-428n.7
offender data, 48, 414, 415
recommendations, 90, 91, 246, 335
robbery counts, 57, 59, 68, 155, 413
series-victimization counts, 46-47, 250n.13, 423-425
sexual violence counts, 47-48, 68, 92n.1, 94n.16, 409, 419, 427n.3
socioeconomic status measurements, 70, 94n.17
violent crime counts, 3, 43-45, 54, 55, 56, 61-62, 67-68, 420
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, 408
National Hospital Discharge Survey, 412
National Incidence Survey (NIS), 228-229, 235, 242
National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 412, 413, 415
National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), 347
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 347
National Institute of Education (NIE), 155-156
National Institute of Justice (NIJ), xi, 1, 318, 337, 347, 349-350
Crime Control Theory Program, 313
domestic violence experiments, 244, 311, 313
Drug Market Analysis Program, 210
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 229, 351-352
National Institute on Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 151
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 346
National Prisoner Statistics, 414
National Research Council (NRC), xi, 207, 209
Committee on National Urban Policy, 134
National Science Foundation (NSF), xi, 1, 345, 349, 350-351
National Youth Survey (NYS), 187, 344-345
Native Americans, 129
alcohol use and violence, 198-199
assault arrests, 71
data collection on, 48-49, 90
homicide victimization risks, 4, 62-63, 70
Nervous system, 302
alcohol and, 190
autonomic, 128, 161
central, 190, 364-365
development of, 101, 102, 364-365
drug use and, 13, 191, 192, 193
markers for violent behavior, 12, 123, 339
Netherlands, assault rates in, 53
Neuroanatomical abnormalities, 115, 121-122
Neurobiologic processes
alcohol and drug influences, 12, 182-183, 190-191, 302
animal studies, 12-13, 128
interactions in violent behavior, 11, 12-13, 101, 102, 304
markers for violent behavior, 12, 24, 161, 337, 339
pharmacological interventions, 12, 340
preventable abnormalities, 12, 115
research needs, 12, 24, 25, 211, 337, 339, 343
Neurochemical mechanisms, 12, 183, 194
Neuroendocrine functioning, 12, 158
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Neuropeptides, 115
Neurophysiological processes, 12, 128
abnormalities, 110, 115, 122-123
markers for violent behavior, 123
Neuropsychological deficits, 123
Neuroticism, 367
Neurotoxins, 12, 102
Neurotransmitters and receptors, 115, 119-121, 128, 164n.2, 192, 339
Newark, N.J., 134
New Orleans, La., homicide victimization study, 130
New York, N.Y.
drug interventions in, 207, 210
drug-related crime in, 200, 201, 202, 205
drug use in, 188
gangs in, 17
gun control and handgun murders, 269, 277
homicides in, 31-32, 188, 200, 201, 411
poverty in, 134
robbery in, 85, 149
Victim Services Agency, 245
New York Times, 31
Nicotine, 125
Noradrenergic receptors, 192
Norepinephrine
and aggressive and violent behavior, 115, 119, 120, 339
receptor blocking drugs, 120, 192, 194, 206, 334
Norway, anti-bullying program, 391
O Oakland, Calif.
drug market intervention, 210
school-failure reduction program, 108, 390
Offenders. See also Criminals
age of, 72, 377, 393
alcohol use, 198
arrest population and, 71
behavioral treatment of, 9
bias crimes, 77-78
child abuse, 48, 368
childhood personalities of, 7, 366-367
co-offenders, 5, 75-76
criminal careers, 5, 76, 373-378
data collection on, 45, 48, 49, 71, 411, 414-416
demographic characteristics of, 61, 71-72
development of violence potential, 359-360, 362, 366-367, 368, 370
ethnic status of, 5, 64, 71, 72, 77, 93-94n.13, 338
family violence, 10, 223-224, 225, 237, 367
firearm use, 261, 262, 263
gender of, 5, 72, 77, 93-94n.13
homicide, 64, 69, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80
incarceration and, 6
juvenile, 377
multiple offenders, 5, 45
perinatal trauma in, 364-365
relationships with victims, 5, 48, 76-79, 80, 421
serial killers, 5, 64, 261
sexual, 9-10, 109-115, 126
spouse abuse, 368-369
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 349
Office of Vital Statistics, 412
Ohio, homicide victimization study, 130
Omaha, Neb., domestic violence experiment, 245, 311
Operation Triggerlock, 276
Operation Weed and Seed, 281
Opiate use, 182
inhibition of aggression, 13, 191, 192-193, 197
in pregnancy, 124
and violent victimization risk, 13
withdrawal medications, 22, 192, 329
Opioid peptides, 115, 192
Oregon State Hospital, 209
Organized crime, xii, 305
Orlando, Fla., antirape program, 276
P "Paradoxical rage," 121
Parent training, 108, 125, 329-330, 388-390
Participate and Learn Skills project, 387
Partner assault. See Spouse assault
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Peer rejection, 105, 107, 108, 119, 369-370
Pennsylvania
bias crimes law, 407
mandatory sentencing law, 314
Peptides, 339
Perpetrators. See Offenders
Personality disorders, 112-113, 196, 197, 238, 366-367
antisocial personality disorder, 11, 113, 196, 333, 359
Phallometric measurement, 109-110, 111
Pharmaceutical industry, 306
Pharmacological interventions, 127. See also Drug abuse
aggressive behavior, 120, 121, 205, 206, 211, 329, 333, 340
alcohol and drug abuse, 205, 206, 211, 333, 340
sex drive, 126, 340
violent behavior, 12, 24, 300, 337
Phencyclidine (PCP), 13, 182, 191, 195, 197-198
Philadelphia, Pa.
drug market intervention, 210
robbery in, 85
social structures, 134, 135, 136
Physiological index of arousal, 366
Pittsburgh, Pa., drug market intervention, 210
''Plan, the," 138
Police, xii, 17, 265, 341
bias crime reports, 334, 408
blacks and, 138, 268
bullet-proofing, 151
child abuse reports to, 405
drug market interventions, 22, 206, 209-210, 211-212, 255, 328-329, 410
drug-related incident reporting, 200
family violence interventions, 311-314, 407
firearm market interventions, 22, 328-329, 337-338
and household gun ownership, 19, 275, 281
international reporting, 53
killed by gunfire, 267
NIBRS reports, 412
property crime reports to, 54-55, 421
responses to spouse assault, 11, 244-245, 247, 248, 335
sexual violence reports to, 85, 224, 421, 422-423
spouse assault reports to, 224, 420
UCR reports, 43, 45, 46, 47-48, 49, 54, 67-68, 413, 423
use of excessive force, 350
violent crime reports to, 81, 413-414, 418-423, 426, 427n.5
Police brutality, 138
Population density, 14, 132, 133-134, 147-148
Population turnover, 14, 131, 136, 147
Pornography, xii-xiii, 101, 111-112, 126, 307, 340
Positron emission tomography (PET), 123, 366
Poverty. See also Socioeconomic status
and development of violence potential, 296, 304, 369
ethnic status and, 15-16, 132-133, 134, 144, 369
and gang activity, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145
as risk factor for violence, 70-71, 129, 131-139, 296
and violent victimization risks, 70-71, 129, 131-139
Predisposing factors, 20, 296, 297, 301-302
Pregnancy
alcohol and drug use in, 13, 102, 124, 125, 158
complications, 105, 364, 365, 381
drug-abuse interventions, 127, 329
hormonal development in, 118-119
prenatal care, 12, 338, 365, 383-384, 394
Premature birth, 304, 365
Prenatal care, 12, 338, 365, 383-384, 394
Prenatal development. See Fetal development
Preventive interventions, 6, 39, 328
adolescent violence prevention curriculum, 317-319
alcohol abuse, 22, 207, 329, 332, 333
child abuse, 11, 242-244, 249-250n.9
childhood aggression, 8, 22, 107-109,
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124, 125-126, 163, 319, 328, 329-330, 384-394
children, violence in, 13, 22, 114, 127, 149, 300, 307, 343-344, 384-391
community-level, 206, 209-210
drug abuse, 205, 207, 211-212
drug markets, 22, 148, 206, 209-210, 211-212, 328-329, 331, 334
drug-related violence, 205-206
environmental, 149-151
evaluation of, 6-7, 19, 23-24, 289, 296-298, 306-310, 319-322, 336
family violence, 11, 242-248, 311-314, 315, 407
fetal development, 125, 163, 383-384, 394
firearms markets, 19, 22, 255, 270, 271, 274-275, 278, 280-281, 328-329, 331
firearm violence, 19, 151, 255, 270-279, 328-329, 417
gang violence, 22, 329, 334
head injury, 22, 127, 160, 328
incarceration, 291-296
multicommunity longitudinal study proposal, 25, 159, 163
parent training, 108, 125, 329-330, 388-390
pharmacological, 24, 127, 300, 340
prison violence, 22, 328
psychosocial, 8, 11, 22, 107-109, 114-115, 125-126, 295, 328, 329-330
research needs, 21, 23-24, 352
robbery, 149, 151, 210, 315-317, 323n.10
school-based, 22, 23, 149, 317-319, 328, 390-391
school failure, 125-126, 330, 384, 390, 394
sexual violence, 9, 114-115, 126, 330, 331
social-level, 334, 391
spouse assault, 22-23, 237, 244-248, 329, 334-335
Primates, 119, 128, 189-190, 192
Prisons. See also Incarceration
construction costs, 344
drug-abuse treatment, 334
inmate studies of alcohol use, 184, 185
population increases, and violent crime rates, 6, 208, 289, 292, 295, 323n.3, 343
sex offender relapse prevention, 353n.2
violence in, 17, 102, 124, 152-155, 407
violence prevention interventions, 22, 328
violence research needs, 23, 331, 336, 341
Program on Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, 349
Program on Human Development and Criminal Behavior, 349, 350
Prohibition, xii, 202
Property crimes
alcohol and drug use and, 185, 186, 201-202
in criminal careers, 5, 76
ethnic status and, 71
reduction interventions, 149
reporting of, 54-55, 414, 421
victimization risks, 61
Prosocial behavior, 8, 22, 384-385, 394
Prostitution, 18, 186, 202, 203
Protective factors, 8, 107, 372-373, 381, 382
Psychological consequences, 59, 60, 91, 92, 351, 352
Psychological trauma, 10, 37, 114
Psychopathology, 154, 155, 367
Psychopathy, 112-113, 123, 359-360
Psychophysiological factors, 339, 360, 363
Psychosis, 192, 194, 195
Psychosocial influences
aggression and violence, 7, 35, 103-107, 125
childhood sexual abuse, 112
and development of violence potential, 7, 101, 102, 295, 302-303
drug use and violence, 195-197
and family violence, 10-11
interactions with biological influences, 102, 119
mental illness and personality disorders, 112-113
in multicommunity longitudinal study proposal, 103, 156, 157, 160
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pornography, 111-112
preventive interventions, 8, 11, 22, 107-109, 114-115, 125-126, 295, 328, 329-330
protective factors, 8
research needs, 12, 24, 337
risk factors, 7-8, 20, 103, 105-106, 107, 159, 296, 297, 300
sex-role socialization, 110-111
and sexual violence, 8-9, 24, 109-113
sexual violence interventions, 9-10, 113-115, 126, 340-341
social learning, 104, 106
socioeconomic status and, 7
treatment interventions, 113-114
Psychotherapy, 246, 369
Puberty, 110, 371-372
Public education, 271, 275, 281, 332
Public health system, 17, 38, 108, 145, 149, 150, 308, 351
Public housing, 139, 147-148, 307
Public policy, 38
data deficiencies and, 92
and development of violence potential, 394
drug abuse, 182
evaluation of interventions, 306-307, 309-310, 322
recommendations, 343-344
Public transportation, 146-147
R Race. See Ethnic status
Rape, 2. See also Sexual violence
age of offenders, 72, 73
attempted and completed, 57, 58
city size and, 82, 83-85
co-offenders, 5, 75
costs of, 4, 60, 345
in criminal careers, 375
data collection, 43-45, 47-48, 55, 68, 92n.1, 265, 411, 419, 427n.3
date rape, 47, 407, 408-409
death in, 61
ethnic status of offenders, 71
firearm self-defense, 265, 276
gender of offenders, 72, 94n.16
international rates of, 53, 54
male attitudes toward, 9, 164n.1, 240
marital rape, 223, 407
offender-victim relationships, 5, 79
reporting of, 47-48, 68, 85, 408, 414, 419-420, 421, 422-423
research needs, 126, 340, 350
in schools, 155
series victimizations, 424, 425, 428n.8
sexual preferences and activities of offenders, 111, 112
social construction of, 408
U.S. rates of, 3, 53, 54, 68, 69
victim interventions, 115
victimization risks, 69, 146
Rats, 189, 194, 196
Recidivism, 311-313, 314
Recommendations
alcohol and drug abuse, 22-23, 329, 332-334
bias crime intervention, 22, 329, 334
biological and psychosocial development, 22, 205, 206, 328, 329-330
data collection, 21, 23-24, 88-92, 327-328, 335-336
family violence, 22-23, 231, 236, 237, 335, 336
firearm violence, 22, 329, 332
gang activities, 22, 329, 334
illegal market disruption, 22, 328-329, 331
multicommunity longitudinal study, 21, 25, 40, 103, 156-164, 327-328, 341-345
problem-solving initiatives, 21-23, 327, 328-329
research, 21, 24-27, 62, 236, 237, 327, 337-345, 352
robbery interventions, 22, 328, 331
sexual violence, 22, 23, 24, 328, 331, 336
spouse assault, 22-23, 237, 246-248, 329, 334-335
Recreational violence, 261
Relapse prevention therapy, 9, 113, 126, 340, 353n.2
Research needs
aggressive behavior, 125-126, 211, 344, 364, 366, 380-381, 382, 391, 392
alcohol use, 211, 332-333, 348
antisocial behavior, 25, 341, 348, 381, 392
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arrest policies, 22, 329, 335
assaults, 24, 279, 337, 338
assault weapons, 279, 280
bias crimes, 91
biological factors, 125, 127-129, 206-207, 339
child abuse, 236
child sexual abuse, 126, 340
cocaine use, 13, 207, 211
community-level factors, 139, 145, 157, 162-163, 211-212, 338
costs of research, 344, 345-346, 353n.4
criminal justice system, 381
custodian-ward violence, 24, 337, 341
drug abuse, 206-207, 211-212
evaluation research, 306, 322
family violence, 225, 236, 237, 369
federal funding, 25-26, 345-352
firearm violence, 279-281, 332, 337-338
genetic influences, 211
lethality of weapons, 24, 332, 337
multicommunity longitudinal study, 21, 25, 40, 103, 156-164, 327-328, 341-345
neurobiologic processes, 12, 24, 25, 211, 337, 339, 343
nonviolent crime, 139, 337-338, 348-349
pharmacological restraint, 24, 340
prison violence, 23, 331, 336, 341
psychosocial influences, 12, 24, 337
risk factors, 24, 306, 337
robbery, 24, 57, 279, 336, 337, 338
sexual violence, 24, 112, 126-127, 340-341, 350
social-level influences, 12, 24, 145, 337, 338
spouse assault, 369
victims, 57, 91-92, 225
violence potential, 380-382
violent behavior, xii, 2, 327, 352, 380-382, 391
violent crime, 57, 279-280
violent death, 24, 337
Residential mobility, 131, 132, 133
Reverse-record check studies, 48, 419-420, 426, 427n.4
Riots, ix
Risk factors, 39, 289, 343
age, 4, 68-69
for aggressive behavior, 7, 156, 299, 329, 365, 366
aggressiveness as, 103, 105-106
alcohol use, 307, 330, 333
for bias crime, 91
biological, 20, 159, 296, 297
biological markers of, 339
community characteristics, 14-15, 133-134, 146, 147
conditional probabilities, 416-417
for custodian-ward violence, 341
drug use, 13, 191
environmental, 146-149
ethnic status, 4, 14, 50, 65, 66, 68, 69-70, 90, 129-130, 132
gender, 4, 50, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69
interventions in, 23-24, 146, 296-299, 306, 307, 319, 330-331, 344
IQ, 372
matrix of, 20, 296-299, 306
poverty, 70-71, 129, 131-139, 296
predisposing factors, 20, 296, 297, 301-302
psychosocial, 7-8, 20, 103, 105-106, 107, 159, 296, 297, 300
research needs, 23-24, 159, 306, 336, 337
school failure, 14, 105, 304, 358, 370, 384
for sexual violence, 330
situational elements, 20, 296, 297, 300-301, 330-331
social-level, 14-15, 20, 296, 297, 300, 301
socioeconomic status, 14, 61, 68, 70-71, 129-130, 131, 132, 338
temperament, 7, 365, 366
triggering events, 20, 296, 297, 299-300
Robbery, 2, 323n.4, 411
age of offenders, 72, 74
alcohol use and, 185
attempted and completed, 57, 58
of children, 57
city size and, 83, 85, 86
concentration by address, 145
convenience store, 151, 315-317, 323n.10
co-offenders, 75-76
costs of, 4, 60, 345
in criminal careers, 375
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data collection, 23, 43-45, 47, 68, 88, 92, 315, 413
deaths in, 61, 92, 151, 263, 413, 416-417, 427n.1
development of violence potential and, 359, 371
drug use and, 186-187, 200, 201-202, 203-204, 210, 410
ethnic status of offenders, 71, 72
firearm interventions and, 268, 275, 276, 278, 283n.8, 417
firearm self-defense in, 261, 266, 282-283n.7
firearm use in, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 279, 315
gender of offenders, 72
injuries in, 58, 59, 370, 422
intervention recommendations, 22, 328, 331
offender-victim relationships, 5, 79
preventive interventions, 149, 151, 210, 315-317, 323n.10
reporting of, 47, 68, 413, 414, 419-420, 421, 422
research needs, 24, 57, 279, 336, 337, 338
risk of violence in, 17
in schools, 155, 370
series victimizations, 424, 425
television violence and, 371
U.S. rates of, 3, 53, 54, 55
victimization risks, 69, 146
Rodents, 118, 125, 189-190, 192
Ruiz v. Estelle (Texas, 1980), 153
S St. Vincent's General Hospital Accident and Emergency Center (Sydney), 426-427
San Antonio, Tex., school-failure reduction program, 108, 390
San Diego, Calif., 85
violent crime in, 88, 89
San Jose, Calif., 48
reverse-record check study, 419, 420, 426
Schizophrenia, 362
Schools
aggression-reduction interventions in, 108, 125, 307, 329-330, 391
bullying in, 107, 370, 391
desegregation of, 156
and development of violence potential, 357, 370, 371-372, 380-381
failure in, as risk factor, 12, 14, 105, 304, 358, 370, 384
failure-reduction interventions, 125-126, 163, 330, 384, 390, 394
as risk factor, 147-148
substance-abuse prevention, 207, 211-212
violence prevention interventions, 22, 23, 149, 317-319, 328, 390-391
violent crime in, 1, 57, 102, 152, 155-156, 331, 336, 341
Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, xi
Scottsdale, Ariz., 83
Seattle, Wash., homicides in, 268
Self-defense
data collection on, 265-266, 282nn.5 and 6, 282-283n.7
firearm use in, 261, 263, 264-267
research on, 275, 276, 279, 281, 338
risks of firearm use in, 266-267, 279
Self-esteem, 367
Self-mutilation, xii
Serial homicides, 5, 64, 261
"Series victimizations," 46-47, 423-425
Serotonergic system, 121, 330, 340
alcohol use and, 190, 302
Serotonin
and aggressive and violent behavior, 115, 119, 120-121, 127, 128, 158, 339
receptor blocking medications, 120, 121
Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP), 164n.4, 353n.2
Sexual violence. See also Rape
alcohol use and, 9, 110, 126, 189, 330, 340
behavioral interventions, 9-10, 22, 113-114, 126, 164n.4, 328, 330, 340
biological influences behind, 110
brain abnormalities and, 122-123
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childhood victimization and development, 112, 236
child molestation, 10, 69, 109, 112, 223, 228-229, 231, 235
chromosomal syndromes, 9, 110, 118
data collection, 23, 24, 92, 224, 231, 265, 336, 427n.3
date rape, 47, 407, 408-409
defined, 8, 109
development of individual potential for, 102, 330, 359
drug use and, 185, 186, 203
in family violence, 224, 241
gender and victimization risks, 69, 77, 94n.16, 235
homicide in, 23, 109, 112-113, 336
hormonal mechanisms, 9, 118, 119
male attitudes and, 9, 110-111, 164n.1
marital rape, 223, 407
mental illness and personality disorders, 112-113
motivation in other crimes, 109
offenders, other criminal behavior, 110
pharmacological interventions, 126, 340
pornography and, 9, 111-112
preventive interventions, 9, 114-115, 126, 330, 331
in prison, 152, 154-155
psychological consequences of, 37, 114-115, 236
psychosocial influences behind, 102, 109-115
recommendations, 22, 23, 24, 328, 336
reporting of, 88-90, 94n. 16, 109, 409
research needs, 24, 112, 126-127, 340-341
in schools, 155
self-defense in, 265
sexual preferences and, 9, 109-110, 111
social constructions of, 8, 47, 407, 408-409
U.S. rates of, 53, 55
Shoplifting, 360
Sibling violence, 221, 223, 230
Single-parent households, 133-134, 135, 222, 223
Situational elements, 20, 296, 297, 300-301, 330-331
Skills training, 381
Skyjacking, 149
Social capital, 136, 137, 303, 306
Social controls, 204-205
Social costs, 345-346, 348
Social environment, 148, 305-306
Social information processing model, 379-380
Social isolation, 10-11, 134-135, 241-242, 373
Social learning
of aggression and violence, 7, 104, 106, 379, 384
aggressiveness-reduction interventions, 8, 107-108, 384-385, 386
and male-female roles, 240
Social-level influences, 102
in alcohol use and violence, 198-200
community characteristics, 14-15, 133-134
community cultures, 16, 136-138, 143-144, 145
and development of violence potential, 303-306
in drug use and violence, 197-198, 200-205
ethnic status and poverty, 14, 15, 129-130
gang violence, 16-17, 139-145
in multicommunity longitudinal study proposal, 103, 156, 157, 342
poverty and, 129-139, 145, 296
and protective factors, 372
research needs, 12, 24, 145, 337, 338
risk factors, 14-15, 20, 296, 297, 300, 301
socioeconomic structures, 15-16, 134-136, 144-145, 305-306
violence prevention interventions, 334, 391
Social relationships, victim-offender, 77
Social services, 37-38
Social skills training, 8, 125, 329-330, 384, 386-388, 389
Socioeconomic status (SES). See also Income; Poverty
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and childhood aggression, 7, 106, 366, 384, 385
and domestic violence, 244
and gang activity, 141-142
and homicide victimization risks, 14, 70, 129-130
and violent victimization risks, 61, 68, 70-71, 131, 132, 338
Sociopathy, 196, 207
Southland Corporation, 316
Spain, homicide rates, 53
Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution in Canada, 111
Spouse assault
arrest policies and, 11, 244-245, 246, 247, 248
development of violence potential in offenders, 359, 360, 368-369
federal research support, 349-350
gender and victimization risks, 10, 69, 231, 234-235
homicide, 10, 69, 234-235, 368
injuries from, 225, 237-238
marital rape, 223
prevalence of, 226, 227
recommendations, 22-23, 237, 246-248, 329, 334-335
repeated offenses, 236-237
reporting of, 69, 224, 225, 420
social constructions of, 36, 47, 221, 223, 420
social isolation and, 241
women's shelters and, 244, 245-246, 369
States, 406
alcohol tax rates, 209
bias crimes laws, 407-408
electric shock treatment prohibitions, 9, 113
family laws, 222, 247
gun control laws, 274
mandatory arrest laws, 407
rape laws, 409
"Stay 'N Out" program, 334
Steroids, 339
Suicide, xii, 36
death rates from, 64-65, 67
domestic violence and, 238
ethnic status and, 65
firearm use in, 24, 259, 267-268, 278, 337
monoamine metabolism and, 121
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 412
Switzerland, gun ownership in, 53
T Taxation, alcohol, 206, 209, 333
Teachers, 405
Teacher training, 389
Television
prosocial behavioral promotion, 8, 107-108, 125, 329-330, 384-385
violence, effects on children, 7-8, 101, 106, 371
Temperament
and development of violence potential, 7, 105, 357, 358, 364, 365-366, 370
interventions in, 384, 394
as protective factor, 7, 8, 107, 373
research needs, 381
Testosterone levels
and aggressive behavior, 115, 119, 189-190, 339, 372
alcohol use and, 118, 189-190
in fetal development, 9, 118, 330
and sexual violence, 9, 118, 330
Texas, prison reform, 153, 154
Theft, 54, 93n.6, 377
attempted and completed, 58
of firearms, 18-19, 269
motor vehicle, 55, 62, 92n.4
Tobacco use, 13, 124, 125, 207
Treatment interventions
drug abuse, 208-209, 211-212, 246, 248, 307, 334
sexual violence, 113-114, 115
Triggering events, 20, 296, 297, 299-300
U Unemployment, 138, 146
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
alcohol-use data, 184
assault counts, 45, 68, 92-93n.5, 427
bias crimes counts, 3, 78, 91, 408
costs of data collection, 353n.4
discrepancies with NCS data, 45,
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46, 48, 54-55, 67-68, 93n.9, 413-414
ethnic status data, 90
family violence data, 47, 48, 226, 249n.7, 250n.12, 405, 418, 419
homicide counts, 43, 45, 46, 50, 54, 61, 83, 282n.6, 412
incident-based reporting, 91, 92n.3, 226, 412, 419
injury data, 92-93n.5, 427
methodology, 2, 43, 44, 45-46, 92n.2, 412-413, 423
offender data, 49, 414-415
rape counts, 47-48, 68, 83, 92n.1
recommendations, 90, 91, 226
robbery counts, 45, 68, 315
series-victimization counts, 47
Supplementary Homicide Reports, 49, 64, 266, 282n.6, 413, 415, 427n.2
violent crime counts, 43-45, 49, 54, 55, 56, 67-68, 79, 93n.8
United Kingdom
home nurse visitation, 243, 249n.8
violent victimization risks, 146-147
women's shelters, 245
United States
causes of death in, 64-65
federal research funding, 25-26, 345-352
firearm mortality rates, 18, 255
firearm ownership in, 256, 260
homicide rates, 1, 3-4, 50, 52-53, 54, 64-65, 83
suicide rates, 238
violent crime injury rates, 59
violent crime rates, 3-4, 50, 52-55
violent victimization risks, 33, 36, 117, 147
women's shelters in, 245
U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 227-228
U.S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, 111
U.S. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, xi, 111
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 278
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, xi
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 26, 345
U.S. Department of Justice, 281, 349-350, 408
Office of Justice Programs, 345
Urinalysis, 208, 211-212, 212n.1, 237, 334
V Vancouver, B.C., gun control laws, 268
Vandalism, 103-104
Victims, 411
age of, 4, 68-69
alcohol use in, 198
bias crimes, 77-78
children, 10, 242, 243, 409
conditional probabilities and, 416-417
costs of violence to, 4-5, 59-60, 90-91, 351, 352
data collection on, 2, 23, 45, 46, 48-49, 90, 93n.10, 336, 415
environmental characteristics and, 147
ethnic status of, 5, 10, 14, 50, 69-70, 77, 129, 130
family violence, 10, 11, 223-224, 225, 248, 420
firearm homicide, 257-258
firearm violence, 262
gender of, 5, 50, 69, 77, 80, 262
homicide, 10, 14, 50, 62-67, 130, 142, 368, 415
injuries, 59
relationships with offenders, 5, 76-79, 80
reporting of crimes, 2, 54-55, 225, 248, 413-414, 418-423, 425, 426-427, 427n.5
research needs, 57, 91-92, 225
risks of victimization, 61-71
self-defense, 266-267
series victimizations, 423-425
sexual assault, 409, 422-423
as situational factor, 357
socioeconomic status of, 70-71, 130
tertiary prevention and, 151
women's shelters and, 245-246
Vietnam War, 67
Violence
definition of, 2, 35, 36, 37
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matrix for understanding and control, 20, 296-299, 306
measurements of, 2-3, 35, 42-43, 335-336, 411
Violence potential, 357-358, 360, 361-363
family influences, 367-369
interventions, 383-394
life transitions and, 371-372
perinatal influences, 364-365
personality influences, 366-367
protective factors, 372-373
research needs, 380-382
school influences, 369-370
television violence and, 371
temperament and, 365-366
theories of, 378-380
Violence Prevention Curriculum for Adolescents (Prothrow-Stith), 317-319
Violent crime. See Crime, violent
Violent death. See Death, violent
W Washington, D.C.
arrestee drug use, 186, 208
drug market intervention, 210
drug-related crime in, 201-202
gun control law, 269, 274, 277, 278
homicide rates in, 188, 269, 277, 278
reverse-record check study, 419
Weapons. See also Firearms; Knives, in violent crime
availability of, 117
data collection on, 55-57
lethality of, 24, 149-151, 260-264, 337-338
Welfare programs, 307, 323n.5
West Germany, assaults in, 53
Whites
arrest rates, 71
data collection on, 90
firearm homicide risks, 257-258
firearm ownership rates, 256
in gangs, 143
homicide victimization risks, 14, 50, 51, 53, 62, 63, 64, 65, 130
labor-force dominance, 144
life expectancy, 93-94n.13, 94n.14
offender-victim relationships, 77
in poverty, 132, 133
reporting of crimes, 422
single-parent families, 222
suicide risks, 65
violent crime victimization risks, 69-70, 146
Wickersham Commission, xii
Women. See Females
Women's shelters, 22-23, 244, 245, 246, 307, 329
World Health Organization, 52-53
Representative terms from entire chapter:
violence potential
