References
AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (22nd ed.). Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1991.
Aaron, H. Serious and Unstable Condition: Financing America's Health Care. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1991.
ACC (American College of Cardiology). Symposium on Quality and Cost-Conscious Cardiovascular Care: Role of Decision Modeling. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14(3 Suppl. A): A-76A, September 1989.
Ackerman, F., and Nash, D. Teaching the Tenets of Quality: A Survey of Medical Schools and Programs in Health Administration. Quality Review Bulletin 17:200-203, 1991.
ACP (American College of Physicians). Clinical Efficacy Assessment Project: Procedural Manual. Philadelphia, Pa.: The College, 1986.
ACP. Common Diagnostic Tests: Use and Interpretation. H. Sox, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: The College, 1987.
ACPM (American College of Preventive Medicine). The American College of Preventive Medicine: Long-Range Plans. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5:56-58, 1989.
ACS (American Cancer Society). Who We Are. What We Do. Where We're Going. Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society, Inc., March 1990.
Adams, J. Three Surveillance and Query Languages for Medical Care. M.D. Computing 3:11-19, 1986.
AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). Program Note. Medical Treatment Effectiveness Research. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, March 1990.
AHCPR. Effective Dissemination of Health Services Research Findings and Medical Practice Guidelines. RFA AHCPR-91-01. NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, February 15, 1991.
AMA (American Medical Association). Attributes to Guide the Development of Practice Parameters. Chicago, Ill.: The Association, April 1990a.
AMA. Legal Implications of Practice Parameters. Chicago, Ill.: The Association, 1990b.
AMA. Practice Parameters Update. 1(1):16, August 1990c.
AMA. Directory of Practice Parameters. Chicago, Ill.: The Association, October 1991a.
AMA, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1868-1871, 1991b.
AMRA (American Medical Record Association). Continuous Quality Improvement References. Supplemental Material in QA Section Connection 11(6), 1991.
ANA (American Nurses Association). Testimony before the Institute of Medicine Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Washington, D.C., December 3, 1990.
Annas, G. Restricting Doctor-Patient Conversations in Federally Funded Clinics. New England Journal of Medicine 325:362-364, 1991.
ASIM (American Society of Internal Medicine). 1989 House of Delegates: Guidelines for the Development of Practice Guidelines. Report of the Board of Trustees, Report K. Philadelphia, Pa., 1989, p. 8.
ASIM. Testimony on Practice Guidelines and Volume of Services before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. Washington, D.C., May 3, 1990.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). Draft Standard Specification for Transferring Modular Medical Knowledge Bases. Committee on Computerized Systems and Subcommittee on Health Knowledge Representation. Philadelphia, Pa.: May 29, 1991.
Audet, A., Greenberg, S., and Field, M. Medical Practice Guidelines: Current Activities and Future Directions. Annals of Internal Medicine 113:709-714, 1990.
Avorn, J., and Soumerai, S. Improving Drug-Therapy Decisions through Educational Outreach: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Academically Based "Detailing." New England Journal of Medicine 308:1447-1463, 1983.
Ball, J. Professional Society Perspectives. In: Proceedings of a Medical Practice Guidelines Workshop-Issues for Internal Medicine, sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the Internal Medicine Center to Advance Research and Education, Washington, D.C., June 8-9, 1990, pp. 69-75.
Barnett, G.O., Winickoff, R., Dorsey, J., et al. Quality Assurance through Automated Monitoring Systems and Concurrent Feedback Using a Computer Based Medical Information System. Medical Care 16:962-970, 1978.
Barry, M.J., Mulley, A.G., Fowler, F.J., et al. Watchful Waiting vs. Immediate Transurethral Resection for Symptomatic Prostatism: The Importance of Patients' Preferences. Journal of the American Medical Association 259:3010-3017, 1988.
Batalden, P., and Buchanan, E.D. Industrial Models of Quality Improvement. In: Providing Quality Care: The Challenge to Clinicians, N. Goldfield and D. Nash, eds. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1989.
Beauchamp, T., and Childress, J. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Becker, M. In Hot Pursuit of Health Promotion: Some Admonitions. In: Health at Work. S. Weiss, J. Fielding, and A. Baum, eds. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991.
Bergner, M. Measurement of Health Status. Medical Care 23:696-704, 1985.
Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual, 14th ed. Rahway, N.J.: Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories (Division of Merck and Co., Inc.), 1982.
Berlin, J.A., Laird, N.M., Sacks, H.S., and Chalmers, T.C. A Comparison of Statistical Methods for Combining Event Rates from Clinical Trials. Statistics in Medicine 8:141-151, 1989.
Berwick, D. Continuous Improvement as an Ideal in Health Care. Sounding Board. New England Journal of Medicine 320:53-56, 1989.
Berwick, D.M., Godfrey, A.B., and Roessner, J. Curing Health Care: New Strategies for Quality Improvement. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1990.
Billings, J. The Emergence of Quality as a Major Health Policy Issue. In: Medical Quality and the Law. Report of the 1989 Chief Justice Earl Warren Conference on Advocacy in the United States. J. Billings, N. Goldfield, C. Havighurst, et al., eds. Washington, D.C.: Roscoe Pound Foundation, 1990, pp. 21-35.
Blumstein, J. Presentation at RAND Conference on Changing the Health Care Delivery System and Its Implications for Liability Law, Dallas, Texas, June 10-11, 1991.
Borbas, C., Stump, M., Dedeker, K., et al. The Minnesota Clinical Comparison and Assessment Project. Quality Review Bulletin 16:87-92, 1990.
Bouxsein, P. Commentary. Standards of Care in Medicine. Inquiry 25: 450-451, 1988.
Bovbjerg, R. Legislation on Medical Malpractice: Further Developments and a Report Card. University of California at Davis Law Review 22:499-560, 1989.
Brassard, M. The Memory Jogger. A Pocket Guide of Tools for Continuous Improvement. Methuen, Mass.: GOAL/QPC, 1985; 2nd ed., 1988.
Brennan, T. Review of the American Medical Association's General Counsel's Office Report on the Impact of Parameters of Care or Practice Guidelines on the Potential Liability of Physicians, Medical Societies and Payers. Unpublished paper prepared at the request of the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC), 1990.
Brennan, T. Just Doctoring: Medical Ethics in the Liberal State. Berkeley, a Calif.: University of California Press, 1991a. (See especially Chapter 5, "Informed Consent," pp. 97-120.)
Brennan, T. Practice Guidelines and Malpractice Litigation: Collision or Cohesion. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 16:67-85, 1991b.
Brennan, T., Leape, L., Laird, N., et al. Incidence of Adverse Events and Negligence in Hospitalized Patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. New England Journal of Medicine 324:370-376, 1991.
Brett, A., and McCullough, L. When Patients Request Specific Interventions. New England Journal of Medicine 315:1347-1351, 1986.
Brightbill, T. Medical Databases: Amazing Potential Hidden in a Maze of Complex Commands. Healthweek, August 27, 1990, pp. 27-35.
Brinkley, J. U.S. Releasing Lists of Hospitals with Abnormal Mortality Rates. New York Times, March 12, 1986, p. 1.
Brock, D., and Wartman, S. When Competent Patients Make Irrational Choices. New England Journal of Medicine 322:1595-1599, 1990.
Brodnik, M., and Johns, M., eds. Standards for Clinical Information Processing. Topics in Health Record Management 11(4):1991.
Brook, R. Practice Guidelines and Practicing Medicine: Are They Compatible? Journal of the American Medical Association 262:3027-3030, 1989.
Brook, R. Practice Guidelines (In Reply). Journal of the American Medical Association 263:3022, 1990.
Brook, R. Health, Health Insurance, and the Uninsured. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:2998-3002, 1991.
Brook, R., and Williams, K. Evaluation of the New Mexico Peer Review System, 1971-1973. Medical Care 14(12, Suppl.):1-122, 1976.
Brook, R., Williams, K., and Rolph, J., with the assistance of Mori, B.M. Controlling the Use and Cost of Medical Services: The New Mexico Experimental Medical Care Review Organization—A Four-Year Case Study. Medical Care 16(9, Suppl.): 1-76, 1978.
Brook, R., Chassin, M., Park, R., et al. A Method for Detailed Assessment of the Appropriateness of Medical Technologies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2:53-63, 1986.
Brown, L. The National Politics of Oregon's Rationing Plan. Health Affairs 10:28-51, 1991.
Brown, R.E., Sheingold, S.H., and Luce, B.R. Options of Using Practice Guidelines in Reducing the Volume of Medically Unnecessary Services. BHARC-013/89/ 027. Washington, D.C.: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, 1989.
Burda, D. Total Quality Management Becomes Big Business. Modern Health care 21:25-29, 1991a.
Burda, D. The Two (Quality) Faces of HCHP. Modern Health care 21:28-32, 1991b.
Callahan, D. Setting Limits: Medical Goals in an Aging Society. New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1987.
Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. The Periodic Health Examination. Canadian Medical Association Journal 121:1194-1254, 1979.
Causey, W. Improve Quality and the Bottom Line Will Follow. QI/TQM [Quality Improvement/Total Quality Management] 1:1-3, 1991.
Chassin, M. Standards of Care in Medicine. Inquiry 25:437-450, 1988.
Chassin, M.R., Kosecoff, J., Park, R.E., et al. Indications for Selected Medical and Surgical Procedures—A Literature Review and Ratings of Appropriateness: Coronary Angiography. R-3201/1-CWF/HF/HCFA/PMT/RWJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corporation, 1986a.
Chassin, M.R., Brook, R.H., Park, R.E., et al. Variations in the Use of Medical and Surgical Services by the Medicare Population. New England Journal of Medicine 14:285-290, 1986b.
Chassin, M.R., Kosecoff, J., Park, R.E., et al. Does Inappropriate Use Explain Geographic Variations in the Use of Health Care Services? A Study of Three Procedures. Journal of the American Medical Association 258:2533-2537, 1987.
Chassin, M.R., Park, R.E., Lohr, K.N., Keesey, J., and Brook, R.H. Differences among Hospitals in Medicare Patient Mortality. Health Services Research 24:1-31, 1989.
CMSS (Council of Medical Specialty Societies). Standards of Quality in Patient Care: The Importance and Risks of Standard Setting. In: Proceedings of an Invitational Conference. Washington, D.C., September 25-26, 1987.
Coombs, J. Implementing Practice Guidelines. Presentation at the American Hospital Association Hospital-Medical Staff Leadership Forum. Hilton Head, S.C., November 7, 1991.
Costich, J.F. Denial of Coverage for "Experimental" Medical Procedures: The Problem of De Novo Review under ERISA. Kentucky Law Journal 79(4):801-827, 1990-1991.
Darby, M. HCFA Pilot Test Lays Ground for Physician Office Review. Report on Medical Guidelines & Outcomes Research 2:6-7, October 1, 1991a.
Darby, M. US Medical Schools Have Not Embraced Guidelines. Report on Medical Guidelines & Outcomes Research 2:5-6, July 1, 1991b.
Deming, W.E. Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1986.
Dersimonian, R., Charette, L., and McPeek, B. Reporting on Methods in Clinical Trials. New England Journal of Medicine 306:1332, 1982.
Detsky, A., and Naglie, I. A Clinician's Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 113:147-154, 1990.
Donabedian, A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44:166-203, July (part 2) 1966.
Donabedian, A. Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring; Vol. 1. The Definition of Quality and Approaches to Its Assessment; Vol. 2. The Criteria and Standards of Monitoring; Vol. 3. The Methods and Findings of Quality Assessment and Monitoring: An Illustrated Analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1980, 1982, 1985.
Donabedian, A. Reflections on the Effectiveness of Quality Assurance. In: R.H. Palmer, A. Donabedian, and G.J. Povar. Striving for Quality in Health Care: An Inquiry into Policy and Practice. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1991.
Donaldson, M.S., and Lohr, K. N. A Quality Assurance Sampler: Methods, Data, and Resources. In Institute of Medicine. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance. Vol. 2: Sources and Methods. K.N. Lohr, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990.
Dreifus, L.S. A Case History: Developing Guidelines for Cardiac Pacemakers. The Internist 31(5):12-16, 1990.
Eckman, M., Wong, J., and Pauker, S. The Role of Clinical Decision Analysis in Medical Quality Management. In: Health Care Quality Management for the 21st Century. J. Couch, ed. Tampa, Fla.: American College of Physicians, 1991.
Eddy, D. Variations in Physician Practice: The Role of Uncertainty. Health Affairs 3:74-89, 1984.
Eddy, D. Selecting Technologies for Assessment. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 5:485-501, 1989.
Eddy, D. Anatomy of a Decision. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:441-443, 1990a.
Eddy, D. The Challenge. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:287-290, 1990b.
Eddy, D. Comparing Benefits and Harms: The Balance Sheet. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:2493-2505, 1990c.
Eddy, D. Connecting Value and Costs: Whom Do We Ask, and What Do We Ask Them? Journal of the American Medical Association 264:1737-1739, 1990d.
Eddy, D. Designing a Practice Policy—Standards, Guidelines, and Options. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:3077-3084, 1990e.
Eddy, D. Guidelines for Policy Statements: The Explicit Approach. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:2239-2243, 1990f.
Eddy, D. Practice Policies—Guidelines for Methods. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:1839-1841, 1990g.
Eddy, D. Practice Policies-What Are They? Journal of the American Medical Association 263:877-880, 1990h.
Eddy, D. Practice Policies: Where Do They Come From? Journal of the American Medical Association 263:1265-1275, 1990i.
Eddy, D. Resolving Conflicts in Practice Policies. Journal of the American Medical Association 264:389-391, 1990j.
Eddy, D. Should We Change the Rules for Evaluating Medical Technologies? In: Institute of Medicine, Modern Methods of Clinical Investigation. Annetine C. Gelijns, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990k.
Eddy, D. What Do We Do About Costs? Journal of the American Medical Association 264:1161-1170, 19901.
Eddy, D., ed. Common Screening Tests. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1991 a.
Eddy, D. How to Think About Screening. In: Common Screening Tests. D. Eddy, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1991b.
Eddy, D. (in collaboration with the Council of Medical Specialty Societies). A Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Policies: The Explicit Approach. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1991c.
Eddy, D. Oregon's Methods: Did Cost-effectiveness Analysis Fail? Journal of the American Medical Association 266:2135-2141, 1991d.
Eddy, D. Rationing by Patient Choice. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:105-108, 1991e.
Eddy, D., and Billings, J. The Quality of Medical Evidence: Implications for Quality of Care. Health Affairs 7:19-32, 1988.
Edwards, D. The Maine 5-Year Medical Demonstration Project. Presentation at the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Conference on Medical Liability Issues , Washington, D.C., February 28, 1991.
Egan, T. Oregon Shakes Up Pioneering Health Plan for the Poor. New York Times, February 22, 1991, p. All.
Eichorn, J., Cooper, R., and Cullen, M. Standards for Patient Monitoring during
Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School. Journal of the American Medical Association 246:1017-1020, 1986.
Eisenberg, J. Physician Utilization: The State of Research About Physicians' Practice Patterns. Medical Care 23:461-483, 1985.
Eisenberg, J. Doctors' Decisions and the Cost of Medical Care: The Reasons for Doctors' Practice Patterns and the Ways to Change Them. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press Perspectives, 1986.
Elliott, C. Computer-Assisted Quality Assurance: Development and Performance of a Respiratory Care Program. Quality Review Bulletin 17:85-90, 1991.
Ellwood, P. Shattuck Lecture. Outcomes Management: A Technology of Patient Experience. New England Journal of Medicine 318:1549-1556, 1988.
Ellwood, P. Uniform Effective Health Benefits. Policy Document No. 3 (of four). Unpublished paper prepared for the Jackson Hole Group, August 30, 1991.
Faden, R., and Beauchamp, T. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M., and Brook, R. Consensus Methods: Characteristics and Guidelines for Use. American Journal of Public Health 74:979-983, 1984.
Fitzpatrick, T. Utilization Review and Control Mechanisms: From the Blue Cross Perspective. Inquiry 2:16-29, 1965.
Fliegel, T. Knowledge-Based Systems: Trying to Define a Role That's Wise. Healthweek, June 11, 1990, pp. 61-63.
Fowler, F.J. Prostatism Form 4.1: TyPE Specification. Minneapolis, Minn.: InterStudy, 1991.
Fowler, F.J., Wennberg, J.E., Timothy, R.P., et al. Symptom Status and Quality of Life Following Prostatectomy. Journal of the American Medical Association 259:3018-3022, 1988.
Fox, D., and Leichter, H. Rationing Care in Oregon: The New Accountability. Health Affairs 10:7-27, 1991.
Foxman, B., Valdez, R.B., Lohr, K.N., et al. The Effect of Cost Sharing on the Use of Antibiotics in Ambulatory Care: Results from a Population-Based Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40:429-437, 1987.
Frame, P.S., and Carlson, S.J. A Critical Review of Periodic Health Screening Using Specific Screening Criteria. Journal of Family Practice 2:283-289, 1975.
Frisch, S. The Case of the Numb Chin: Benefits of Searching Electronic Literature. ACP [American College of Physicians] Observer 11(4):6-7, 1991.
Gabrieli, E. Need for Standards in Medical Communication. Topics in Health Record Management: Standards for Clinical Information Processing 11(4):27-36, 1991.
GAO (General Accounting Office). Medical Malpractice: A Framework for Action. GAO/HRD-87-73. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1987.
GAO. Medical ADP Systems: Automated Medical Records Hold Promise to Improve Patient Care. GAO/IMTEC-91-C. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1991a.
GAO. Practice Guidelines: The Experience of Medical Specialty Societies. GAO/ PEMD-91-11. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1991b.
Gardner, E. The Coming Evolution in Computer Systems. Modern Health care 20(6):29-44, 1990a.
Gardner, E. Hospitals Not in a Hurry to Plug in Computers by the Bedside. Modern Health care 20(28):31-55, 1990b.
Gardner, E. Going on Line with Outsiders. Modern Health care 21(28):35-48, 1991.
Gardner, E., and Perry, L. Assessing Computer Links' Risks and Rewards. Modern Health care 19(47):20-31, 1989.
Garnick, D.W., Hendricks, A.M., and Brennan, T.A. Can Practice Guidelines Reduce the Number and Costs of Malpractice Claims? Journal of the American Medical Association 266:2856-2860, 1991.
Garvin, D.A. Managing Quality: The Strategic and Competitive Edge. New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan, 1988.
Gertman, P.M., and Restuccia, J.D. The Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol. Medical Care 19:855-871, 1981.
Glass, G.V. Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research. Educational Researcher 5:3-8, 1976.
Goldman, L., Cook, E.F., Brand, D.A., et al. A Computer Protocol to Predict Myocardial Infarction in Emergency Department Patients with Chest Pain. New England Journal of Medicine 318:797-803, 1988.
Goldstein, A. Poor Required to Have Own Doctor Under Md.'s New Medicaid Program. Washington Post, December 10, 1991, p. A1, A10.
Gosfield, A. PSROs: The Law and the Health Consumer. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1975.
Gosfield, A. PROs: A Case Study in Utilization Management and Quality Assurance. In: 1989 Health Law Handbook. New York, N.Y.: Clark Boardman Company, Ltd., 1989, pp. 361-398.
Gosfield, A. Presentation at the RAND Conference on the Changing Health Care Delivery System and Its Implications for Liability Law, Dallas, Texas, June 10-11, 1991a.
Gosfield, A. Value Purchasing and Effectiveness: Legal Implications. In: 1991 Health Law Handbook. New York, N.Y.: Clark Boardman Company, Ltd., 1991b.
Gottlieb, L., Margolis, C., and Schoenbaum, S. Clinical Practice Guidelines at an HMO: Development and Implementation in a Quality Improvement Model. Quality Review Bulletin 16:80-86, 1990.
Granneman, T. Priority Setting: A Sensible Approach to Medicaid Policy? Inquiry 28:300-305, 1991.
Green, L. Dissemination Strategies for Consumers. Paper prepared for the Conference to Develop a Research Agenda for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, conducted by the Foundation for Health Services Research and the Alpha Center, Arlington, Va., April 14-16, 1991.
Greenfield, S. The State of Outcomes Research: Are We on Target? New England Journal of Medicine 320:1142-1143, 1989.
Greenfield, S. The Effect of Local Physician Participation in Guideline Development on Patient Outcome and Adherence to the Guidelines: A Controlled Prospective Trial. Unpublished paper, New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass., December 1991.
Grossman, J. Emerging Medical Quality Management Support Systems for Hospitals. In: Health Care Quality Management for the 21st Century. J. Couch, ed. Tampa, Fla.: American College of Physician Executives, 1991.
Gschwend, R. Commentary: Medical Specialty Societies and the Development of Practice Policies. Quality Review Bulletin 16:58-59, 1990.
Gunnar, R., Passamani, E., Bourdillon, P., et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. ACC/AHA Task Force Report. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16:249-292, 1990.
Hadorn, D. Defining Basic Health Benefits Using Clinical Guidelines: A Model Proposal for Discussion. Paper prepared for the conference on ''Creating a Fair and Reasonable Basic Benefit Plan Using Clinical Guidelines," sponsored by the California Public Employees' Retirement System's Health Benefits Advisory Council, Sacramento, Calif., April 24-26, 1991a.
Hadorn, D. Necessary-Care Guidelines: Using an Explicit Standard of Proof to Define Health Care Needs . Paper prepared for the conference on "Creating a Fair and Reasonable Basic Benefit Plan Using Clinical Guidelines," sponsored by the California Public Employees' Retirement System's Health Benefits Advisory Council, Sacramento, Calif., April 24-26, 1991b.
Hadorn, D.C. Setting Health Care Priorities in Oregon: Cost-Effectiveness Meets the Rule of Rescue. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:2218-2225, 1991c.
Hadorn, D., and Brook, R. The Health Care Resource Allocation Debate. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:3328-3331, 1991.
Hall, M. The Malpractice Standard under Health Care Cost Containment. Law, Medicine and Health Care 17(4):347-355, 1989.
Hall, M. The Legal Implications of Medical Practice Guidelines: An Evaluation of the AMA Report [American Medical Association's General Counsel's Office Report on the Impact of Parameters of Care or Practice Guidelines on the Potential Liability of Physicians, Medical Societies and Payers]. Unpublished paper prepared at the request of the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC), January 1990.
Hall, M. The Defensive Effect of Medical Practice Policies in Malpractice Litigation. Law and Contemporary Problems 54:199-245, 1991.
Hammond, W. Health Level 7: An Application Standard for Electronic Medical Data Exchange. Topics in Health Record Management: Standards for Clinical Information Processing 11(4):59-66, 1991.
Hammons, T. The Use and Contribution of Practice Guidelines. Background paper prepared for the Conference to Develop a Research Agenda for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, conducted by the Foundation for Health Services Research and the Alpha Center, Arlington, Va., April 14-16, 1991.
Harvard Medical Practice Study. Patients, Lawyers and Doctors. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Medical School, 1990.
Hattwick, M.A., Hart, R.J., and Weiss, S. Using the Information Tool to Improve Preventive Medical Care. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, November 1981, pp. 182-186.
Havighurst, C. Practice Guidelines and the Law. Unpublished memorandum to G.T. Hammons, Physician Payment Review Commission, January 16, 1990a.
Havighurst, C. Practice Guidelines for Medical Care: The Policy Rationale. St. Louis University Law Journal 34:777-819, 1990b.
Havighurst, C. Practice Guidelines as Legal Standards Governing Physician Practice. Law and Contemporary Problems 54:87-117, Spring 1991a.
Havighurst, C. Why Preserve Private Health Care Financing? Paper prepared for conference on American Health Policy: Critical Issues for Reform, sponsored by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research in Washington, D.C., October 3-4, 1991b.
Havighurst, C., and Metzloff, T.S. 1232--—A Late Entry into the Race for Malpractice Reform. Law and Contemporary Problems 54:179-197, 1991.
Hayward, R.S., Steinberg, E.P., Ford, D.E., et al. Preventive Care Guidelines: 1991. In: Common Screening Tests. D.M. Eddy, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1991.
HCFA (Health Care Financing Administration). Medicare Hospital Mortality Information: 1986 and Annually Thereafter. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987-1991.
Hedges, L.V., and Olkin, I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, 1985.
Helvestine, W. Legal Implications of Utilization Review. In: Institute of Medicine. Controlling Costs and Changing Patient Care? The Role of Utilization Management. B.H. Gray and M.J. Field, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989, pp. 169-204.
Hillman, A. Disclosing Information and Treating Patients as Customers: A Review of Selected Issues. HMO Practice 5:37-41, 1991.
Hinterbuchner, L. Letter to the Editor. ACP Observer 11:5 November 1991.
Hirshfield, E. Economic Considerations in Treatment Decisions and the Standard of Care in Medical Malpractice Litigation. Journal of the American Medical Association 264:2004-2012, 1990a.
Hirshfield, E. Practice Parameters and the Malpractice Liability of Physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:1556-1562, 1990b.
Holzer, J. The Advent of Clinical Standards for Professional Liability. Quality Review Bulletin 16:71-79, 1990.
Hoogwerf, B. Diabetes Form 2.1: TYPE Specification. Minneapolis, Minn.: InterStudy, 1989.
Hripcsak, G., Clayton, T., Pryor, T., et al. The Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applicatio>ns in Medical Care. R. Miller, ed. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990, pp. 200-204.
IMCARE (Internal Medicine Center to Advance Research and Education). Medical Practice Guidelines Workshop: Issues for Internal Medicine. Washington, D.C.: IMCARE, 1990.
IMCARE. IMCARE News & Reviews. The Internist 32:43, 1991.
InterQual, Inc. The ISD-A Review System. Chicago, Ill.: InterQual, Inc., 1987.
InterStudy. An Introduction to InterStudy's Outcomes Management System. Minneapolis, Minn.: InterStudy, 1991.
IOM (Institute of Medicine). Assessing Medical Technologies. Council on Health Care Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985.
IOM. Medical Technology Assessment Directory. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988.
IOM. Controlling Costs and Changing Patient Care? The Role of Utilization Management. B. Gray and M. Field, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989a.
IOM. Effectiveness Initiative: Setting Priorities for Clinical Conditions. K. Lohr and R. Rettig, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989b.
IOM. Acute Myocardial Infarction: Setting Priorities for Effectiveness Research. P. Mattingly and K. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990a.
IOM. Breast Cancer: Setting Priorities for Effectiveness Research. K.N. Lohr, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990b.
IOM. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program. M.J. Field and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990c.
IOM. Consensus Development at the NIH: Improving the Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990d.
IOM. Effectiveness and Outcomes in Health Care: Proceedings of an Invitational Conference. K.A. Heithoff and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990e.
IOM. Hip Fracture: Setting Priorities for Effectiveness Research. K.A. Heithoff and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990f.
IOM. Improving Consensus Development for Health Technology Assessment: An International Perspective. C. Goodman and S.R. Baratz, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990g.
IOM. Medical Innovation at the Crossroads. Vol. 1. Modern Methods of Clinical Investigation. A. Gelijns, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990h.
IOM. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance, 2 vols. K.N. Lohr, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990i.
IOM. National Priorities for the Assessment of Clinical Conditions and Medical Technologies: Report of a Pilot Study. M.E. Lara and C. Goodman, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990j.
IOM. The Artificial Heart: Prototypes, Policies, and Patients. J.R. Hogness and M. VanAntwerp, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991a.
IOM. The Computer-based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care. R. Dick and E.B. Steen, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991b.
IOM. Information Services for Health Services Researchers: A Report to the National Library of Medicine. J. Harris-Wehling and L. Morris, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991c.
IOM. Kidney Failure and the Federal Government. R.A. Rettig and N.G. Levinsky, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991d.
IOM. Setting Priorities for Health Technology Assessment: A Model Process. M.S. Donaldson and H.C. Sox, Jr., eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992.
Jacoby, I. Biomedical Technology Information Dissemination and the NIH Consensus Development Process. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 5(2):245-261, 1983.
Jacoby, I. The Consensus Development Program of the National Institutes of Health: Current Practices and Historical Perspectives. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1:420-432, 1985.
Javitt, C., and Ware, J. Cataract Form 1.1: TyPE Specification. Minneapolis, Minn.: InterStudy, 1990.
Jencks, S.F., Williams, D.K., and Kay, T.L. Assessing Hospital Associated Deaths from Discharge Data. The Role of Length of Stay and Comorbidities. Journal of the American Medical Association 260:2240-2246, 1988a.
Jencks, S.F., Daley, J., Draper, D., et al. Interpreting Hospital Mortality Data. The Role of Clinical Risk Adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association 260:3159-3163, 1988b.
Jennison, K. Total Quality Management-Fad or Paradigmatic Shift? In: Health Care Quality Management for the 21st Century. J. Couch, ed. Tampa, Fla.: American College of Physician Executives, 1991.
Jonsen, A., and Toulmin, S. The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1988.
Kahan, J., Kanouse, D., and Winkler, J. Stylistic Variations in National Institutes of Health Consensus Statements, 1979-1983. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4:289-304, 1988.
Kahn, K.L., Roth, C.P., Fink, A., et al. Indications for Selected Medical and Surgical Procedures: A Literature Review and Ratings of Appropriateness. Colonoscopy. R-3204/5-CWF/HF/HCFA/PT/RWJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corporation, 1986.
Kanouse, D., and Jacoby, I. When Does Information Change Practitioners' Behavior? International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4:27-33, 1988.
Kanouse, D., Brook, R., Winkler, J., et al. Changing Medical Practice Through Technology Assessment: An Evaluation of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Program. R-3452-NIH. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corporation, 1989.
Kaplan, S., and Ware, J. The Patient's Role in Health Care and Quality Assessment. In: Providing Quality Care: The Challenge to Clinicians. N. Goldfield and D. Nash, eds. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1989, pp. 25-68.
Kapp, M. Enforcing Patient Preferences. Journal of the American Medical Association 261:1935-1938, 1989.
Kapp, M. Health Care Risk Management: The Challenge of Measuring Costs and Benefits. Quality Review Bulletin 16:166-169, 1990.
Kassirer, J.P. Our Stubborn Quest for Diagnostic Certainty. New England Journal of Medicine 320:1489-1491, 1989.
Kellie, S., and Kelly, J. Medicare Peer Review Organization Preprocedure Review Criteria: An Analysis of Criteria for Three Procedures. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1265-1270, 1991.
Kelly, J., and Swartwout, J. Commentary: Development of Practice Parameters by Physician Organizations. Quality Review Bulletin 16:54-57, 1990.
Kent, C. Technology Assessment: A Stronger Federal Role? Medicine and Health Perspectives December 16, 1991 (n.p.).
Kinney, E., and Wilder, M. Medical Standard Setting in the Current Malpractice
Environment: Problems and Possibilities. University of California Davis Law Review 22:421-450, 1989.
Kirklin, J.W., Akins, C.W., Blackstone, E.H., et al. Guidelines and Indications for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17:543-589, 1991.
Kosecoff, J., Kanouse, D., Rogers, W., et al. Effects of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Program on Physician Practice. Journal of the American Medical Association 258:2708-2713, 1987.
Kosterlitz, J. Cookbook Medicine. National Journal, March 9, 1991, pp. 574-577.
Krakauer, H. The Uniform Clinical Data Set. In: Effectiveness and Outcomes in Health Care. K.A. Heithoff and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990.
Krakauer, H., and Bailey, R.C. Epidemiologic Oversight of the Medical Care Provided to Medicare Beneficiaries. Statistics in Medicine 10:521-540, 1991.
Kritchevsky, S.B., and Simmons, B.P. Continuous Quality Improvement: Concepts and Applications for Physician Care. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:1817-1823, 1991.
L'Abbe, K.A., Detsky, A.S., and O'Rourke, K. Meta-Analysis in Clinical Research. Annals of Internal Medicine 107:224-233, 1987.
Langsley, D. Medical Competence and Performance Assessment: A New Era. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:977-980, 1991.
Leape, L. Practice Guidelines and Standards: An Overview. Quality Review Bulletin 16:42-49, 1990.
Littenberg, B., Garber, A.M., and Sox, Jr., H.C. The Resting Electrocardiogram as a Screening Test: A Clinical Analysis. Common Screening Tests. D.M. Eddy, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1991.
Little, L. Swedish Practice Guidelines Failed, Group Told. American Medical News June 8, 1990, p. 4.
Lo, B. Unanswered Questions About DNR Orders. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1874-1875, 1991.
Localio, A., Lawthers, A., Brennan, T., et al. Relation Between Malpractice Claims and Adverse Events Due to Negligence: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III. New England Journal of Medicine 325:245-251, 1991.
Lohr, K.N. Outcome Measurement: Concepts and Questions. Inquiry 25:37-50, 1988.
Lohr, K.N. guest ed. Advances in Health Status Assessment. Proceedings of a Conference. Medical Care 27(3, Suppl.):S1-S294, 1989.
Lohr, K.N., guest ed. Advances in Health Status Assessment: Fostering the Application of Health Status Measures in Clinical Settings. Medical Care 30 (Supplement), 1992 (forthcoming).
Lohr, K.N., and Harris-Wehling, J. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance. I. A Recapitulation of the Study and a Definition of Quality of Care. Quality Review Bulletin 17:6-9, 1991.
Lohr, K.N., and Ware, Jr., J.E., guest eds. Proceedings of the Advances in Health Assessment Conference. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40 (Suppl.):S1-S193, 1987.
Lohr, K.N., Brook, R.H., Kamberg, C.J., et al. Use of Medical Care in the Rand Health Insurance Experiment. Diagnosis- and Service-Specific Analyses in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Medical Care 24(Sept. Suppl.):S1-S87, 1986.
Lomas, J. Words Without Action: The Production, Dissemination, and Impact of Consensus Recommendations. Annual Review of Public Health 12:41-65, 1991.
Lomas, J., and Haynes, R.B. A Taxonomy and Critical Review of Tested Strategies for the Application of Clinical Practice Recommendations: From "Official" to "Individual" Clinical Policy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4(4 Suppl.):77-94, 1988.
Lomas, J., Anderson, K., Dominck-Pierre, et al., Do Practice Guidelines Guide Practice? New England Journal of Medicine 321:1306-1311, 1989.
Lomas, J., Enkin, M., Anderson, G.M., et al. Opinion Leaders vs Audit and Feedback to Implement Practice Guidelines. Delivery after Previous Cesarean Section. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:2202-2207, 1991.
Luce, B.R., Weschler, J.M., and Underwood, C. The Use of Quality-of-Life Measures in the Private Sector. In: Quality of Life and Technology Assessment. F. Mosteller and J. Falotico-Taylor, eds. Council on Health Care Technology Monograph. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
Lundsgaarde, H., Fischer, P., and Steele, D. Human Problems in Computerized Medicine. Publications in Anthropology, 13, Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, 1981.
Macchiaroli, J. Medical Malpractice Screening Panels: Proposed Model Legislation to Cure Judicial Ills. George Washington Law Review 58(2):181-261, 1990.
Margolis, C., Gottlieb, L., Barak, N., and Pearson, S. Development of Tools for Algorithmic Analysis of Practice Guidelines . Paper prepared for the Institute of Medicine Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Washington, D.C., 1991.
Maryland Hospital Association, Quality Indicator Project. Guidebook for Quality Indicator Data. A Continuous Improvement Model. Lutherville, Md.: The Maryland Hospital Association, 1990.
Mazur, D. Why the Goals of Informed Consent Are Not Realized: Treatise on Informed Consent for the Primary Care Physician. Journal of General Internal Medicine 3:370-380, 1988.
McCall, N., Rice, T., and Sangl, J. Consumer Knowledge of Medicare and Supplemental Health Insurance Benefits. Health Services Research 20:633-657, 1986.
McCormick, B. Defense Lawyers Raise Questions About Maine Parameters Project. American Medical News, May 6, 1991, pp. 1, 27-28.
McCullough, L. An Ethical Model for Improving the Patient-Physician Relationship. Inquiry 25:454-468, 1988.
McDonald, C.J. Computer Reminders, the Quality of Care and the Nonperfectability of Man. New England Journal of Medicine 295:1351-1355, 1976.
McDonald, C.J., Hui, S., Smith, D., et. al. Reminders to Physicians from an Introspective Computer Medical Record . Annals of Internal Medicine 100:130-138, 1984.
McDonald, C.J., Blevins, L., Tierney, W.M., et al. The Regenstrief Medical Records. MD Computing 5:34-37, 1988.
McDonald, C.J., Martin, D., and Overhage, J. Standards for the Electronic Trans
fer of Clinical Data: Progress and Promise. Topics in Health Record Management: Standards for Clinical Information Processing 11(4):1-14, 1991.
McDowell, I., and Newell, C. Measuring Health. A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
McGinn, P. Practice Standards Leading to Premium Reductions. American Medical News, December 2, 1988, p. 1, 28.
McGuire, L. A Long Run for a Short Jump: Understanding Clinical Guidelines. Annals of Internal Medicine 113:705-708, 1990.
McPherson, K., Wennberg, J.E., Hovind, O.B., et al. Small-Area Variation in the Use of Common Surgical Procedures: An International Comparison of New England, England, and Norway. New England Journal of Medicine 307:1310-1314, 1982.
Megargle, R. Role of ASTM in Computer Information Standards for Medicine. Topics in Health Record Management: Standards for Clinical Information Processing 11(4):17-26, 1991.
Miike, L. Medical Practice Guidelines and Tort Liability: Review and Comment of the Analysis by the Office of General Counsel, American Medical Association [the American Medical Association's General Counsel's Office Report on the Impact of Parameters of Care or Practice Guidelines on the Potential Liability of Physicians, Medical Societies and Payers]. Unpublished paper prepared at the request of the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC), December 1989.
Miller, F. Informed Consent for the Man on the Clapham Omnibus: An English Cure for "The American Disease"? Western New England Law Review 9(1):169-190, 1987.
Miller, F. Practice Guidelines and Medical Malpractice Liability. Paper commissioned for the Institute of Medicine Study of Clinical Practice Guidelines. April 1991.
Mills, D.H., and Lindgren, O. Impact of Liability Litigation on Quality of Care. In: Health Care Quality Management for the 21st Century. J. Couch, ed. Tampa, Fla.: American College of Physician Executives, 1991.
Mor, V. Cancer Patients' Quality of Life over the Disease Course: Lessons from the Real World. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40:535-544, 1987.
Morlock, L., Lindgren, O., and Mills, D. Malpractice, Clinical Risk Management, and Quality Assessment. In: Providing Quality Care: The Challenge to Clinicians. N. Goldfield and D. Nash, eds. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1989.
Morreim, E. Stratified Scarcity: Redefining the Standard of Care. Law, Medicine and Health Care 17:356-367, 1989.
Morris, L. Introduction to the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Guidelines. In: Common Diagnostic Tests: Use and Interpretation. H. Sox, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1987, pp. 331-374.
Mosteller, F., and Falotico-Taylor, J., eds. Quality of Life and Technology Assessment. Council on Health Care Technology Monograph. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
Mullan, F., and Jacoby, I. The Town Meeting for Technology: The Maturation of Consensus Conferences. Journal of the American Medical Association 254:1068-1072, 1985.
Mulley, Jr., A.G. Assessing Patients' Utilities: Can the Ends Justify the Means? Medical Care 27(3, Suppl.):S269-S281, 1989.
Mulley, Jr., A.G. Finding Common Ground. HMQ [Health Management Quarterly] 13(2):16-19, 1991.
Mulrow, C.D. The Medical Review Article: State of the Science. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:485-488, 1987.
Nash D., ed. Clinical Outcomes: Managing Patients and the Total Cost of Care. Doylestown, Pa.: Health Sciences Institute, 1990a.
Nash, D. Overcoming Resistance in Developing a Quality Focus. Clinical Outcomes 1(2):2-3, 1990b.
National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals. Benefits Watch Survey. Washington, D.C.: The Association, May 1991.
National Council on Patient Information and Education. Educational Resources. In: Talk About Prescriptions Month. Washington, D.C.: The Council, October 1991, pp. 12-17.
National Research Council. Improving Risk Communication. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
Newman, T.B., Browner, W.S., and Hulley, S.B. The Case Against Childhood Cholesterol Screening. Journal of the American Medical Association 264:3039-3043, 1990.
Neugebauer, E., Troidl, H., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Eypasch, E., and Bullinger, M. Quality-of-Life Assessment in Surgery: Results of the Meran Consensus Development Conference. Journal of Theoretical Surgery 6:123-137, 1991.
New York Business Group on Health. Risk-Related Health Insurance: Incentives for Healthy Lifestyles. Discussion Paper Series 10(Supp. 1), May 1990.
NIH (National Institutes of Health) Consensus Conference. Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 264:3189-3193, 1990.
Nuckolls, J. Practicing Physician Considerations. Medical Practice Guidelines Workshop: Issues for Internal Medicine. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the Internal Medicine Center to Advance Research and Education, Washington, D.C., June 8-9, 1990, pp. 58-63.
O'Donnell, M. Battle of the Clotbusters. British Medical Journal 302:1259-1261, 1991.
O'Leary, D. Accreditation in the Quality Improvement Mold-A Vision for Tomorrow. Quality Review Bulletin 17:72-77, 1991.
OMAR (Office of Medical Applications of Research), National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the Selection and Management of Consensus Development Conferences. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.
OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Medical Technologies. OTA-H-75. Washington, D.C., 1978.
OTA. Preventive Health Services for Medicare Beneficiaries: Policy and Research Issues. Special Report. OTA-H-416. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
Oxman, A.D., and Guyatt, G.H. Guidelines for Reading Literature Reviews. Canadian Medical Association Journal 138:697-703, 1988.
Park, R.E., Fink, A., Brook, R.H., et al. Physician Ratings of Appropriate Indica
tions for Six Medical and Surgical Procedures. R-3280-/CWF/HF/PMT/RWJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corporation, 1986.
Patrick, D.L., and Erickson, P. What Constitutes Quality of Life? Concepts and Definitions. Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Care 4:103-127, 1988.
Payne, S.M. Identifying and Managing Inappropriate Hospital Utilization: A Policy Synthesis. Health Services Research 22:710-769, 1987.
Pellegrino, E. Rationing Health Care: The Ethics of Medical Gate-keeping. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 2:23-45, 1986.
Perry, S. The NIH Consensus Development Program: A Decade Later. New England Journal of Medicine 317:485-488, 1987.
Perry, S. Consensus Development: An Historical Note. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4:481-488, 1988.
Pestotnik, S., Evans, R., Burke, J., et al. Therapeutic Antibiotic Monitoring: Surveillance Using a Computerized Expert System. American Journal of Medicine 88:43-48, 1990.
Phelps, C., and Parente, S. Priority Setting in Medical Technology and Medical Practice Assessment. Medical Care 28:703-723, 1990.
Pierce, Jr., E. The Development of Anesthesia Guidelines and Standards. Quality Review Bulletin 16:61-64, 1990.
Povar, G. Clinical Guidelines: Addressing the Ethical Dimensions. Paper commissioned for the Institute of Medicine Study of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Washington, D.C., April 1991.
PPRC (Physician Payment Review Commission). Annual Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: 1988, 1989, 1990.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Summing Up: The Ethical and Legal Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: The Commission, pp. 21, 67, 69, 77-78, 1983.
Project Hope. A Study of the Preadmission Review Process. Prepared for the Prospective Payment Assessment Commission, Chevy Chase, Md., November 1987.
QI/TQM [Quality Improvement/Total Quality Management]. Vol. 1, no. 1. Atlanta, Ga.: American Health Consultants, Inc., July 1991.
QRC [Quality Resource Center] Update. Profile. Three Hospital Projects Aim for Quality Improvement. Washington, D.C.: Washington Business Group on Health, Summer 1991, p. 4.
Quality Connection. News from the National Demonstration Project on Quality Improvement in Health Care. Brookline, Mass.: National Demonstration Project, c/o Harvard Community Health Plan, 1991-.
Quality Exchange. A Newsletter on Quality of Care Issues from The Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1991-.
Redelmeier, D., and Tversky, A. Discrepancy Between Medical Decisions for Individual Patients and for Groups. New England Journal of Medicine 322:1162-1164, 1990.
Reiser, R. A Commentary on the Rationale of the Diet-Heart Statement of the American Heart Association. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40:654-658, 1984.
Resnicow, K., Berenson, G., Shea, S., et al. Commentary: The Case Against "The Case Against Childhood Cholesterol Screening." Journal of the American Medical Association 265:3003-3005, 1991.
Rettig, R. Origins of the Medicare Kidney Disease Entitlement. In: Biomedical Politics. K. Hanna, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991a.
Rettig, R. Technology Assessment: An Update. Investigative Radiology 26:165-173, 1991b.
Robb, J. Health Insurance Rating Reform: Who Should Carry the Burden? Presentation at the conference on Incentive Systems and Risk-Rated Health Insurance, sponsored by Park Nicollet Medical Foundation and MedCenters, Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 28, 1991.
Robinson, M. Annotated Directory of Medical Practice Guidelines. Report on Medical Guidelines and Outcomes Research. March 1991.
Roper, W., and Hackbarth, G. HCFA's Agenda for Promoting High-Quality Care. Health Affairs 7:91-98, 1988.
Roper, W., Winkenwerder, W., Hackbarth, G., and Krakauer, H. Effectiveness in Health Care: An Initiative to Evaluate and Improve Medical Practice. New England Journal of Medicine 319:1197-1202, 1988.
Rovner, S. Back to Basics of Baby Care. Washington Post Health, December 17/ 24, 1991, p. 9.
Russell, L. Is Prevention Better Than Cure? Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1986.
Sacks, H.S., Berrier, J., Reitman, O., Ancoma-Berk, V.A., and Chalmers, T.C. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. New England Journal of Medicine 316:450-455, 1987.
Schoenbaum, S. Consensus and the Quality Improvement Cycle. Medical Practice Guidelines Workshop: Issues for Internal Medicine. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the Internal Medicine Center to Advance Research and Education. Washington, D.C., June 8-9, 1990, pp. 100-106.
Schroeder, S. Strategies for Reducing Medical Costs by Changing Physicians' Behavior: Efficacy and Impact on Quality of Care. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 3:39-50, 1987.
Schulman, S. Clinical Practice Guidelines and Malpractice Law: An Evolving Standard of Care. Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal 46:97-106, 1991.
Silberman, C.E. From the Patient's Bed. HMQ [Health Management Quarterly] 13(2):12-15, 1991.
Simmons, J. C. Developing Medical Practice Guidelines: IMCARE's Workshop. Special Report. The Internist 31(7):14-16, 1990.
Sipress, A. Cigarettes, Other Habits, Can Cost Someone a Job: Concerned About the Price of Health Insurance, Companies Seek to Control Employee Behavior. Washington Post Health, April 30, 1991, p. 7.
Siu, A., and Mittman, B. Implementing the Findings from Effectiveness and Outcomes Research. Paper prepared for the Conference to Develop a Research Agenda for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, conducted by the Foundation for Health Services Research and Alpha Center, Arlington, Virginia, April 14-16, 1991.
Smith, G. Maine's Liability Demonstration Project---Relating Liability to Practice Parameters. In: AMA State Health Legislation Report, Winter 1990, pp. 1-5.
Solomon, D.H., Brook, R.H., Fink, A., et al. Indications for Selected Medical and Surgical Procedures: A Literature Review and Ratings of Appropriateness. Cholecystectomy. R-3204/3-CWF/HF/HCFA/PMT/RWJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corporation, 1986.
Sommer, A., Weiner, J., and Gamble, L. Developing Specialitywide Standards of Practice: The Experience of Ophthalmology. Quality Review Bulletin 16:65-70, 1990.
Soumerai, S.B., and Avorn, J. Principles of Education Outreach (''Academic Detailing") to Improve Clinical Decision Making. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:549-556, 1990.
Sox, Jr., H.C., ed. Common Diagnostic Tests: Use and Interpretation. Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians, 1987; 2d ed., 1990.
Spilker, B., ed. Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials. New York, N.Y.: Raven Press, 1990.
Stocker, M. Quality Assurance in an IPA. HMO Practice 3(5):1883-1887, 1989.
Tarlov, A.R., Ware, Jr., J.E., Greenfield, S., et al. The Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 262:925-930, 1989.
Terry, P. A Dangerous Innovation. Health Action Managers, February 25, 1991, pp. 1, 8-9.
Thacker, S.B. Meta-Analysis: A Quantitative Approach to Research Integration. Journal of the American Medical Association 259:1685-1689, 1988.
Thompson, R.S., Tapling, S., Carter, A.P., et al. A Risk Based Breast Cancer Screening Program. HMO Practice 2:177-191, September-October 1988.
Tierney, W., Miller, M., and McDonald, C. Informing Physicians of Test Charges Reduces Outpatient Test Ordering. New England Journal of Medicine 322:1499-1504, 1990.
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. Medical Malpractice. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
USPSTF (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force). Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.
Utilization Review Newsletter. PROs Develop Uniform Surgical Criteria. April 26, 1991a, p. 3.
Utilization Review Newsletter. Quality Management Programs Get Only 1% of Most Hospital Budgets. October 3, 1991b, p. 1.
Veatch, R. Should Basic Care Get Priority? Doubts About Rationing the Oregon Way. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 1:188-206, 1991.
Walton, M. The Deming Management Method. New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1986.
Weinstein, M., and Stason, B. Foundations of Cost-effectiveness Analysis for Health and Medical Practices. New England Journal of Medicine 296:716-721, 1977.
Weinstein, M., Read, J., MacKay, D., et al. Cost-Effective Choice of Antimicrobial Therapy for Serious Infections. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1:351-363, 1986.
Welch, H.G., Meehan, K., and Goodnough, L. Prudent Strategies for Elective
Red Blood Cell Transfusion. Draft background paper for the American College of Physicians Clinical Efficacy Assessment Project, Philadelphia, Pa., September 1, 1991.
Wenger, N., Mattson, M., Furberg, C., and Elinson, J., eds. Assessment of Quality of Life in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Therapies. New York: LeJacq Publishing Inc., 1984.
Wennberg, J. Dealing with Medical Practice Variations: A Proposal for Action. Health Affairs 3:6-32, 1984.
Wennberg, J. What is Outcomes Research? In: Institute of Medicine, Medical Innovation at the Crossroads. Vol. 1, Modern Methods of Clinical Investigation. A. Gelijns, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990.
Wennberg, J. Unwanted Variations in the Rules of Practice. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1306, 1991.
Wennberg, J., and Gittelsohn, A. Small Area Variations in Health Care Delivery. Science 142:1102-1108, 1973.
Wennberg, J., and Gittelsohn, A. Variations in Medical Care Among Small Areas. Scientific American 246:120-134, 1982.
Wennberg, J., Mulley, A., Hanley, D., et al. An Assessment of Prostatectomy for Benign Urinary Tract Obstruction. Journal of the American Medical Association 259:3027-3030, 1988.
Wennberg, J., Roos, N., Sola, L., et al. Use of Claims Data Systems to Evaluate Health Care Outcomes. Mortality and Reoperation Following Prostatectomy. Journal of the American Medical Association 257:933-936, 1987.
White, L., and Ball, J. Special Article: Integrating Practice Guidelines with Financial Incentives. Quality Review Bulletin 16:50-53, 1990.
Williamson, J. Medical Quality Management Systems in Perspective. In: Health Care Quality Management for the 21st Century. J. Couch, ed. Tampa, Fla.: American College of Physician Executives, 1991.
Winslow, C.M., Solomon, D.H., Chassin M.R., et al. The Appropriateness of Carotid Endarterectomy. New England Journal of Medicine 318:721-727, 1988a.
Winslow, C.M., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M.R., et al. The Appropriateness of Performing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Journal of the American Medical Association 260:505-509, 1988b.
Winslow, C.M. The Role of Guidelines in Achieving Rational Health Care Management. The Internist 31:14-16, 1990.
Woolf, S. Interim Manual for Clinical Practice Guideline Development: A Protocol for Expert Panels Convened by the Office of the Forum for Quality and Effectiveness in Health Care. Internal document, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, October, 1990a.
Woolf, S. Practice Guidelines: A New Reality in Medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine 150:1811-1818, 1990b.
Woolf, S. Practice Guidelines (To the Editor). Journal of the American Medical Association 263:3021, 1990c.
Wortman, P., and Vinokur, A. Evaluation of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Process, Phase I: Final Report. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1982.
Wortman, P., Vinokur, A., and Sechrest, L. Do Consensus Conferences Work? A Process Evaluation of the NIH Consensus Development Program. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 13:469-498, 1988.
Young, L. Utilization Review and Control Mechanisms: From the Blue Shield Perspective. Inquiry 2:5-15, 1965.
