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APPENDIX D SY NOPSI S OF TH E PHYS I OL OGI CA L H AZARD OF SE L E CTE D COMBUSTI ON PROD UCTS TA B LE D- 1 . TO LE R A N C E TO SE LECTED COMBUSTION PRODUCTS Hazardous Levels for Times Indicated Combustion l 1-2 8 Products M i nutes Hour Hours Hours Heat (â¢f) 284 212 150 1 20 Oxyge n (%) 6 11 14 15 Carbon Dioxide (ppm) 5 0 , 000 4 0 , 000 3 5 , 000 3 2, 000 C arbon Monoxide (ppm) 3 , 000 1 , 600 800 100 Sulphur Dioxide (ppm) 400 150 50 8 Nit rogen Dioxide (ppm) 240 100 50 30 Hydrogen C hlor ide (ppm) 1 , 000 1 , 000 40 7 Hydrogen Cy anide (ppm) 200 100 50 2 NOTE : Data from Tab l e 1 in C . H. Yu i l l , " Py s iological Effects of Products of Combu stio n , " A m e r ican Soc iety of Safety E ngineers Journal 1 9 (1974) : 36-42. Autho r notes that tab le Is substantially that set forth in A . J . Pryor and C. H . ll i l l , Mass Fire Life H azard, OC D Work Unit 253 7A F inal report (San Anto n io , Texas : Southwest R esearch Institute , 1968) , and that there is cons i derable variation among i n vest igators as to what level of a partic ular gas does constitute a l ife haz ard. 1 67
... 0) 00 T A B LE D - 2 . TOX ICOLOGY OF SOM E HIG H LY TOXIC F m E C ASES--C oncentration (ppm) 760 m m , 2 5 â¢c Gas L T V ':· Dangerous 0. 5 to 1 h r . F atal 0 . 5 to 1 h r . Effects co 50 1 , 500-2 , 000 ( 1 h r . ) 4 , 000 Combines with heoglobin in blood to fo r m c arboh e m o gl obin thereby prevening 0 2 t r ansport. CO is a c hemical asphyxiant. NO n . a . 1 00 - 1 5 0 400-800 Forms nitrous and nitric ac ids in presence of N0 5 0 and H 0 In respiratorv tract. N itrates 2 � ft fo m me emoglobin whil� the nitrates l ead to edema of the lungs. The l atter are more dangerous . � HC 1 5 1 , 000- 2 , 000 (dangerous 4 , 350 Neutral izes tissue alkali i n uppe r respirato ry z m fo r br ief exposure) trac t . C auses death due to edema or spasm C/) of larynx and upper respiratory tract . )> z 0 IJI C1 1 50 (sbort exposure) 1 , 0 0 0 (br ief Hydrolyzes to nascent 0 and HC 1 in 2 2 c exposure) respi ratory tract. z "" m 0 . 1 1 2. 5 25 (0 . 5 hour) ::0 COC1 Hydrolyzes to HC1 and CO at bronchioles and C/) 2 alveol i of the lungs . Pulmonary edema and asphyxiation. HF 3 50- 250 (br ief exposure) U lceration of mucous memb ranes, chem ical pneumonia. COF n . a . -- Hydrolyzes to HF and CO. Sim ilar to COC 1 ⢠2 2 H S 10 400-700 800- 1 , 000 (high I r ritant ; combines with alkal is in skin to 2 concentrations form Na S ; pulmonary edema at high 2 Instantly fatal) concentrations . Asphyxiant ; paralysis of respiratory center.
HC N 10 4 00 - 7 00 1 00-200 Protoplumic polson. Combines with euymes ueociated with c el lular oxldatloo. Death occurs through uphyxiation. NH 50 2 , 500-6 , 500 5 , 000-1, 000 r ap idly Pulmonary edema. 3 (0 . 5 hour) fatal) NOTE : Data from Table VI in J . P. Wagner , "Survey of Toxic Spec ies E vo l ved in the Pyro lysis and C ombustion of Po lyme r s , " F ire Research Abstracts and Reviews 1 4 (1 9 72) : 1-23 baaed on : )> Effects of C h ronic Exposure to Low Leve l s of C arbon Monoxide on Human Health, National :a Academy of Sc iences Publ ic ation 1 73 5 (Wash i ngton , D. C . : NAS , 1 969) ; Stand a rd Book No. 309- 01 7 3 5 - 1 . m z !2 L. T. Fal rhal l , Industrial Toxicolo gy , Williams and Wilkin s , C o . , Znd ed ⢠⢠1 95 7 . X 0 M . B . Jacobs , Analytical C hemistry of Industrial Po i sons , Hazards and So l vents, Vo l . I, I nter sc ienc e , 1 944) ; ( a l s o 1 967). F . A. Patty , I ndustrial Hygiene and Toxicology . V ol 1 , Ge ne ral P rinci l e s o f I nd u s t rial Hygi ne p and Toxi c o l ogy . Wile y , 1 9 5 8 , Vol . Z , Toxi c ol o g y , Wile y , 1 9 6 7 . E . R . Plunkett, Handbook o f Indu str ial Toxicology (New York : C he m ical Publ i shing Company , Inc . , 1 966). N. I . Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 3 rd ed. ( New York : R he inho l d , 1 96 8) . ⢠Lower threshho l d value ; time-we ighted average conce ntrations fo r a 7 or 8-hour period. - C» (Q