Mines and Bunkers: Volume 10, Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials (1980)

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APPE N D I X G EVA LUAT ING TH E HAZA R D O F TOX IC F U M ES AN D SMOK E : Selected Exam pl es of Various Meth ods 

M I N E S AND BU N K E R S Example o f Analytical Method E x cerpt f rom I . N. E i nhorn, et a/. , "Physiological and Tox ico l og i ca l Aspects of Smoke Prod u ced D u r i ng the Combust i on of Po lyme r i c Materials," P roce ed i ngs of the N S F / R A N N Con ference on F i re R esearch (Wash i ngton , D. C. UTEC-M S E 74·083. F RC/U U -29, June 2 1 , 1 974 . , p. 1 99 Tas k 6 - Effect of Fire Retardants on Smoke and Degradation Products ( E xcerpt) To da te, the major con ce r n of those engaged in the development of f i re ret a rdant mate r i a l s has been the red u ction of the ign ition tendency and f lame propagation. Thus, it has been poss ible to meet code and regu latory req u i rements rega rd i ng flame spread. However, it is our o p i n ion that th e tota l haza rd resu l t i ng fro m i ncomplete combu stion may actu a l l y h ave been i ncreased . A study of seve ral recent f i res, i n wh ich fi re-retarded p l astics were i n vol ved has i nd i cated that smoke devel opment and the prod uction of cop i o us amounts of tox i c decomposition products have resu l ted i n bod i l y i nj u ry or loss of l i fe long before the spread of f i re has reached those i nd i viduals trapped in the con f l agrat ion . The Mettler Thermoanalyzer has been u sed to conduct expe r i ments on the e f fects of e n v i ronment, heat i ng rate , and % f i re retardant i n urethanes. F igure 9 shows dy n am i c T G A curves at d i fferent brom ine f i re- retardant concent rations w ith rigid-urethane foa m . 100 .... , .... Z. 3 011110MONOPrt. �IINAT( ,} TillS 10 �� , .. .. ,, . , - - o• M Alit 10 " .._, � T � - _ .. . .. A• - i <I( 70 f. ...·.' ..._ - ·· · � •z• • - Alit :a .. ." � ' ... .... _ ,. . .. Alii 10 w .. 50 ....c:t..- � "' · .... � .. � " w •o �"" ,�-.... 1: .. 30 ... z ... u zo ,.-�, "' lt' ,,� 10•c I MINVT£ 0 'f.}'l 0 100 zoo JOO .fOO 500 T£111P [ItATUII £ • "C J q u rf' <J . r f f P r t o f f' i rt> Re t a rd a n t C o n c e n t r a t i on on The rma l D e g r a d a t i o n [ Note : TGA = therm a l g � avimetric analysi s ] 1 80 

APPE N D I X G Example of Biol ogical Meth od E xcerpt from R . E . R e i nke and C. F . R e i nh ardt, " F i res, Tox icity, and Pl as· t i cs," Modern Plastics, 50 ( 1 97 3 ) : 94·5, 97 ·8. Table Y: Toalclty re.ulte hm ....•.._lion producls of polymers ..._.. Pert t: Series ol 1 5-mln. expoaurea uaing 3 g. of foamed matertata. 30 g. of ell other melertela. PyrOiyaia temperatura• up lo 1 314 ' F. ( 1 2) . 11a1erta1 Mortellly tor lftioea Polystyr- rigid loam (A or Bl 01 1 0 Phenolic rigid loam 015 Wood-wool cement board 115 Acrylic: rigid lheet 415 Wood (cedar) 51 5 Fire-retardant plywood 515 Melamine laminate 515 POlyvinyl chlOride rigid shHI 515 Polyureth- rigid loam 515 Part 2: Series of exposures ( 1 3) : No. 1 . 6-hr. expoaure, 4. 7 t o 5.5-g. sample. No. 2. 6-hr. axpoaure. 5. 7 to 6.6-g. sample. No. 3. 1 0.min. exposure. 2.o-g. sample. Mortality lor rata• No. 1, 3t2' F. No. 2. 412' F. No. 3, 1 040' F. Polyurethane A 014 1 14 01 2 Polyurethane B 0/ 4 1 14 012 Po l yur e t h a ne C 0/ 4 01 4 012 N eop re ne 0/4 t /4 01 2 Rubber latex 0/ 4 4/4 0/2 Po l yv i ny l c h lor i de 2/ 4 1 /2 Part 3: Series o f 30- m t n exposu res. 5 - g . samples ( 1 4 ) . Mortality lor rate• ---- --- - 572' F. 752' F. 932' F. 1 1 12' F. P ol y s t y r e n e A 01 1 2 01 1 2 01 1 8 t1112 Polystyrene B o r C 0 / 24 0 / 24 25/42 24 / 24 4 other PS 0/ 48 0/ 4 8 4 8 / 48 48 1 4 8 Ex p a nd ed cork 01 1 2 5/ 1 8 1 2/ 1 2 1 21 1 2 Rubber 01 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 2/ 1 2 Wool 21 1 2 121 12 1 21 1 2 1 21 1 2 Pine wood 31 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 21 1 2 Fe l t 61 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 2/ 1 2 Leather 1 21 1 2 121 12 1 7/ 1 8 11112 Part 4 : Se r ies o f 30-m i n . expos u re s . 5 - g . s a m p l e s ( 1 4 ) Mortality lor rate• 392' F. 572' F . 752' F . 932' F. 1 1 12' F. ---- ---- - - - - - - - · - Po l ye t h yl e n e 01 1 2 0/ 1 2 1 21 1 2 121 12 12112 Fir 01 1 2 1 31 1 8 1 21 1 2 1 2/ 1 2 12112 PVC 01 1 2 1 01 1 2 11112 12112 1 21 1 2 C e l l u lo i d 1 21 1 2 121 1 2 12112 1 21 1 2 121 12 a - M I C I or r a t s e a p o u · d to producll r e \u l t . n � l r O "" p1rolvS•S 1emoer•1vre1 l n d • C IIId ' ' Oiool fll .,, I I D i e s h o w r i ! • O of n v tn thr r 0 1 m o r t • I I I • � • 1 0 n u rn b e r l a i) O I I d A l l llfnP.,IIures , , ., . D e t n � o n v e t 1 1 d to . , 1 81 

M I N E S AND BU N K E R S References from Rein ke and Reinhardt 1 2. K. K i shatan i , J. F ac. E ngr. Un iv. of Tokyo ( B ) 2 1 . 1 ( 1 97 1 ) . 1 3. J . A . Zapp, J r . , Arch , E n v i ron . , Health 4, N o . 3. 335 ( 1 962) . 1 4. H . Th . Hoffmann and H . Oettel . , Mode rn Plastics 46. 94 ( Oct. 1 9691 . Example of "Combined Analytical and Biological Method E xcerpt from G . K i mmerle, "Aspects and Methodo loty for the E val uation of Tox ico l og i ca l Paremeters D ur i ng F ire E x posure , " Journal of Fire and Flammability­ /Combustion Technology 1 ( 1 974 ) : 4-5 1 T.tW 5 r. Toaicorv of tfti i'V'Oilflll ,.,�,. or hi/,;,«,.,..,,.,. F- m ,., Tftll Milt EquM VolufM (JOO by 10 to 5 mmJ ( 12/ Number or For• T-p co HCN O.tl\1 $empll ......<Mnt ·c ppm ppm CO H., Out ol 20 No 500 1 , 1 00 1 50 43.5 0 550 3,000 1 50 ll.t 13 2 Yft 550 1 ,600 1 30 43.3 0 600 2.000 1 50 52.3 t 3 Yft eoo 1 ,200 75 32.1 0 4 v.. 500 470 25 1 7 .6 0 eoo 1 .230 1 00 44 .7 3 5 Yft 500 500 45 21.6 0 550 1 ,300 1 20 4 7 .6 11 6" v.. 500 130 55 27.8 0 eoo 1 ,670 1 25 48.5 •s..,.te of pOiyltoeyenwrete fCNtn reinforced _,,,,. foamed .... �M�Ieu. TN�• Q ToaicitV of ,.. I'V'O/Iflol ''odut:ll ot lf;,id ll«lf.,Ufltl Fo.nr m 1110 r..,,. .,..; tft EtiUM _.,., ( 1 . 2 G,_, Ht IOO mm l ( 12/ '-onC*'t trat•on tn Air Number of F"e Temp co HCN Omllt Semple Retaodlnt ·c ppm ppm CO H., Out ot 20 No 400 1 .000 50 33.6 0 450 2 .800 1 50 51 . 2 19 2 v.. 350 1 . 1 00 50 23.7 0 400 3.500 1 50 39 . 2 15 3 v.. 350 800 50 19.4 0 400 2.500 1 50 39 . 2 14 4 v.. 300 4s6 '10 1 7 .0 0 3150 1 .4 70 45 42.6 4 5 VII 300 300 10 1 2 .5 0 400 2. 1 50 1 50 52 .6 12 Ftrst occu uence o f mo ' " " ' '�' bv -ol u nw sso• 1 n d 600" c IOfnllo mts none 11 600" C by -oghl 35d'. 4011* , 1nd 450" C 1 2 K i mmerle, U n p u b l ished resu l ts 1 972-1 973. Bayer A G . l ns t i t u t f u r Tox i k o l og i e , Werk Wup· per t a l , Germ a n y . 1 82 

APPEN D I X G Most of the mortal i ties can be rel ated to the comb ined action of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyan ide , but in the case of sample 5, other to x ic gases must have ca used a more impo rtant effect. Example of Epi demiological Method E x cerpt from B . A. Z i k r i a , et a/. , "Smoke and Carbon Monoxide P oiso n i ng in F ire V i ct i ms," Journal of Trauma, 12 ( 1 97 2) : 64 1 ·5 II 1 TABLE I TABLE Bum !ti<Jrlolil11, '""' Yor" Cilll (/IIJI cuod / 1167 ) - N••pirolorii ii\I!Oia.mttl\1 '" 157 A u1op111d ·- ·- -- V t r h >ru . -- Total \lktiMa UO ""._..., v ..... Jll ��un1nl PIST l l h ts-.rw.ul����� PBST l l ar , , Ta�) <S."tfti Ti..) _ M sT _ " _ _ _ , ca- � N o. c.,_ '" Coat _ _ _ S o po a 1 r _ m k _ iao i_ o aa _ _ e _ _a _ _ - _ _ �- c .... t'cr <:cat 9!l � -�· -;; c ... Prr Cut < I � ior 2S:l .lJ 18,; 00 I 1I phyaia only > 12 hr 158 :10 7l 23 I Rnp . trac t patho l o1y II �.9 :.!11 3d . 9 Not k a., ,. n 93 17 54 17 Dotb 20 10 8 I 1.4 ;liei ther 55 l' 9 J 39 M I To tal i lcJO'O 100 311 1 00 Total -�� 72 100 0 TA I:! I. E I l l TABU: I V lth pJralory Trarl Path o/ngy 1 11 60 A u tupswl Co rbcm Mo11urld• Poi10P1i111 115 A vlopttld '" Vi,·tl rn l , wit A D1o1A Ouvrri111 UPidtr II Hr BS�I � Vic h m • "" 'A 66 A l l r t b u / 1 01\ 1 i PtAvcr >9\orvbr __::•::__ = I UXJ.'I ) _ (a .. n . ) ·�n,< BST ll ·- - · - - - --- --- --- Labora tory determ i - :130) (70. 3 ) T r a c hrobro n - IJ 4 1 '7 0 � (5 ) 8 ( 12 days) nation c h i t is Usually lrthal > 50% 45 2� . 3 I'rn wnonia/ 31 i 4 5'7 0 9 (8 ) 22 ( 2 1 d3ys ) Signi fi�ant 1 1%-t!l"To 64 :u . e pnrumon i tis 21 1 1 .4 No con t ri b u t io n 0% · 1 0"'. Pulmonary/ 22 67% 1 7 (16 ) 5 (� days) d i a � nutliia 14 7 II Cliaicol rdrma/coo - only j!Cs tion N o iotli�ation H 2'l . l Lung abscrss I C)':C 0 (0) I (46 days) Other• 9 3t 'i;, 5 (4 } � C22 d a y a ) Total 165 100.0 • Ernphyarms, emp)·rm a , hron c h i ec t aois, li lJ r o ­ s i • . p u l monary embo l u s . TA U L E \' Ca rb1>1t .1/ul\o n dt l'oi101\i119 71 A u/opJtld '" � l'� e l • m • wiiA DtaiA Oa��o r ri " ' o,.., II Hr lcarbooyh- r P C ------- �� � � L • lw r a t ory d e t e rm i - ' (4 ) (5 . 5 ) n u t in n u.uol l y l e t h l .. > 50% 0 0.0 S i &o i li c 3 n t 1 1 %-19% I lA S o c o n t r i b u t io n Oo/.,-10% 3 �.1 C l i n ieal dia1noei• � 5.5 only � o i nd t c a t i o n 6� 89 . 0 72 1 00 . 0 [ PBST = postburn survival time) 1 83 

M I N E S A N D BU N K ER S Another E xample of Epidemiol ogical Method E xcerpt f rom R . M. F r i strom, "Smoke I nj ury Stud i es," Proceed ings of the N S F / R A N N Conferen ce on F i re Research , J u ne 2 1 , 1 97 4 . pp. 62·73. TABLE 1 CARBON MONOXIDE AND CORONAR Y VASCULAR DISEASE AS CAUSES OF DEATH 107 FIRE FATAL I T I E S CAUSE N UM B E R PERCENT CO A LO N E 4B 45� CO + CORONA R Y DISE ASE 35 33% CO + B U R N 5 CO RONARY DISEASE ALONE 2 B U R N ALONE 15 1 4� U NCE R T A I N 2 TABLE 2 CARBOX Y H E MOG LOB I N AND BLOOD ALCOHOL CAS ES AGE 1 1 AND OVE R B LOOD ALCOHOL COH B� COH B� COHB� gml 1 00m 1 > 40 20·40 < 20 TOTAL � NON E 22 3 10 35 (44�1 < 0 05 0 2 (3%1 0.05-0. 1 5 13 0 14 ( 1 �1 0. 1 6-0 25 11 4 19 ( 24�1 > 0 25 1 1 9 ( 1 1%1 53 9 17 79 ( 1 �1 CASES UND E R AGE 1 B ( N O ALCOHOL P R E S E N T I .1L ..L � ..11.. TOTAL A L L C ASE S 76 11 20 1 07 1 84 

TABLE 3 F ACTORS R ESPONSI B L E F OR F A I L U R E TO ESCAPE F ROM F I R E S AT T E M PT TO ESCA P E I UNDETE RMINED I R E ASON F O R F A I L U R E TO E SC AP E I YES I NO TOTAL % CARBON MONO X I D E ALON E 23 6 3 32 29.9!1. CARBON MONO X I D E + ALCOHOL 31 6 0 37 34.8% ALCOHOL ALONE 3 0 0 3 2.8% BURN I I NC L RESPI RATO R Y ! 5 0 0 5 4 . 7% )> � � CORONARY OCCLUSION 2 1 0 3 2 8% m z c I N F ANT 1 12 0 13 1 2 1% X 0 I NVALID 1 3 0 4 3 . 7% E XPLOSION 0 3 0 3 2.8% CLOT H I NG F I R ES I G E N E R A L L Y SUICIDES! 2 3 0 5 4 . 7% SUICI D E 0 1 0 1 0 9% CAR ACC I D E N T 0 0 1 1 0.9% 6B 35 4 107 1 6 3 6'1 1 32 7 " , 1 1 3 7 '\ 1 ... CD 0'1 \