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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

Index

A

Accuracy of data, 1, 2, 7, 13

Census Bureau and Customs Service, 10–11, 17, 84, 85, 87, 103, 104, 106, 111, 112, 201–207

data collection and quality, 25, 29, 65, 70–72, 87, 106, 111, 112, 199, 201–207, 214–215, 219

international trade and services, 17, 19, 20, 28, 29, 98, 116, 150, 151, 153, 154, 157, 164, 165–166, 201–207, 214–215, 216, 221, 223, 224

merchandise trade, 10–11, 25, 64–65, 84, 85, 90, 106, 111, 194, 199, 200, 201–207, 221–224, 226

Advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113

Affiliates' transactions, see Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms;

U.S. affiliates of foreign firms

Aggregation/disaggregation, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 215, 224

Agricultural trade, 11, 79, 99, 112, 191, 201, 202, 206, 224

Air transport, 21, 94, 139, 141–145, 153, 208

American Economic Association, 66

Annual Company Organization Survey, 256

Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), 12, 55, 79, 106, 112, 253–254, 256, 257

Annual Survey of Selected Industries, 57

Antitrust, 36–37, 43, 193

dumping, 43, 64, 193

Architecture, 133–134, 152

Automated Broker Interface, 85–86, 89, 91, 105

Automated Commercial Systems, 108

Automatic Export Reporting Program (AERP), 84, 89, 108

Automation, see Computers and computer science

B

Balance-of-payments accounts, 3–4, 5, 6, 13, 20, 24, 25, 28, 33–45, 49, 71, 72, 98, 117, 121–123, 124, 132, 134–137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148, 152, 153, 154–155, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 169, 170, 181

Balance-of-Payments Manual, 45, 49-50, 149, 158

Bank for International Settlements, 10, 49, 170

Banking services, 117, 121, 123, 146–

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

149, 157, 162-164, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 215

see also Capital flows;

Federal Reserve System;

Financial services

Bank of Mexico, 146

Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, 169

Bilateral trade and trade agreements, 3, 4, 41, 68, 79, 247, 248

with Canada, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 104, 211, 213–214, 215, 247, 248

export/import data, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 95, 100, 104, 111

intermediate inputs, 49

with Japan, 64, 94–95, 100

price indexes, 209

Bills of lading, 84

Budgets of statistical agencies, 2, 24, 25, 26–27

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 12, 35, 72–73

budget of, 26–27, 165

capital flows, 9, 16, 33–34, 65, 157, 159–168, 171, 215–216

computer use, 142

confidentiality restrictions, 117, 215–216

coordination with Census Bureau, 9, 12, 16, 112, 116, 155, 161, 208–209

coordination with other agencies, 146, 164, 173

foreign affiliates, 12–13, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155, 164–166, 179, 181

foreign direct investments, other, 34, 36, 43, 58, 66, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155, 157, 159–162, 164–166

input-output tables, 6, 7, 42, 48–49, 56

merchandise trade, 16, 53, 61, 98, 112, 193, 208

NIPA, 35, 59

service sector trade, 12, 33, 57, 65, 66, 114, 115–116, 120–155, 213–214

Bureau of Export Administration, 82

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

employment data, 55, 59

merchandise sector, 53, 55

price data, 53, 59, 68, 79, 209

service sector, 57

Business, professional, and technical services, 57, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133–134, 135, 152, 159, 170

Business Council on the Reduction of Paperwork, 125, 132

C

Canada, 209, 211, 251

bilateral agreements with, see under Bilateral trade and trade agreements

Census Bureau data, 85, 93–94, 104, 145, 209, 247

export statistics, compared with U.S., 221–224

freight and pipeline transport, 139–140, 203, 213–214

service trade, 213–214

statistics exchange, 85, 93–94, 145, 199, 213–214, 224, 246, 247, 248

travel and tourism, 145–146

Canvass of data users international services transactions and capital flows, 211–216

interview protocol, 217–220

invitation for written comments, 216–217

merchandise trade data, 190–211

methods used in, 187–190

Capital accounts, 20, 25, 159

Capital flows, 16, 65, 156–173, 193

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 9, 16, 33–34, 65, 157, 159–168, 171, 215–216

data collection, general, 2, 5, 13–14, 33–34, 65, 156, 158–164, 171, 215–216

data user evaluations, 211, 214–216

Department of the Treasury, 9–10, 16–17, 65, 157, 158, 159, 164, 167, 168–170, 214, 215

errors and error analysis, 20, 156, 170–171, 214–215

Federal Reserve System, 16–17, 34, 157–158, 162–164, 215

flow-of-funds accounts, 16–17, 73, 157

foreign affiliates, state-level data, 215–216

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

surveys, general, 160–161, 171

technological innovations and, 10, 13, 26, 166, 172

see also Currency flow and exchange;

Portfolio transactions;

Securities transactions

CD-ROMs, 55, 78, 91, 92, 195–196, 199, 200, 251

Census Bureau, 10–11, 58, 72–73, 188, 190

budget of, 26–27, 55

Canada, trade statistics, 85, 93–94, 104, 209, 247

classification systems, 52, 54–55

computer use, 12, 78, 84–93, 100, 105–109, 113, 195–196, 199, 200, 256

continuous independent review system, 11, 100–102, 111–112

coordination, general, 12, 112

coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 9, 12, 16, 112, 116, 155, 161, 208–209

coordination with Customs Service, 7–8, 10–11, 33, 55, 82–84, 86, 99, 104–105

coordination with DOE via EIA, 11, 79, 112

coordination with USDA, 11, 112, 201, 202

databases, 12, 78, 84–93

data timeliness, 10, 16, 84, 95, 111, 198–199

errors and error analysis, 11, 87–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 201–207, 228, 237–238, 239

freight, 137, 138, 139, 140

merchandise trade, 11–12, 15–16, 33, 52, 54–55, 57, 61, 67, 78, 79, 82–113, 191, 192, 193, 195–209, 228, 237–238, 239, 242–243, 245–257

quinquennial survey, international trade data, 6, 57, 61

service sector, 9, 12, 16, 57–58, 61, 112, 116, 155

SSEL, 9, 116, 162, 209, 256

Chase Manhattan Bank, 20

Classification and classification systems, 3–4, 45, 49–51

Census Bureau, 52, 54–55

concordances, 48, 52

data user evaluations, 98

domestic versus international trade, general, 5, 46–52

exchange relationships, general, 177–179

exports, 53–55

financial transactions, 14

foreign direct investment, 5, 48, 160

foreign firm/affiliate, 39, 44–45, 58–59, 161

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, 48, 49, 52, 58, 67, 78, 89–90, 191–192, 196, 197, 207

IMF, international transactions, 45

intermediate inputs, 48–49, 56

merchandise, general, 5, 6, 48, 52, 53–55, 77–78, 89–90, 117, 196, 204–205, 207–208

residence status, 34, 181, 184

securities transactions, 168

service sector, 5, 9, 48, 56–58, 115, 117, 152, 212

SIC, 5, 6, 48, 53–56, 57, 61, 189, 192, 195, 200

standardization, general, 6, 50, 61

Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated, 196, 202

time series data, 196

UN systems, 44–45, 50, 52, 53, 58, 149, 152

Coalition of Service Industries, 213, 214

Comparability of data

Census Bureau and Customs Service, 7, 113, 201–202

international trade and services, 4–5, 24–25, 28, 46–62, 213, 221–224, 257

merchandise trade, 47–48, 52–56, 67, 94–95, 199, 201–202

need for, 46–50

COMPRO, 54, 61, 79, 91–92, 197

Computers and computer science, 21, 100, 105–109

Automated Broker Interface, 85–86, 89, 91, 105

Automated Commercial Systems, 108

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 142

CD-ROMs, 55, 78, 91, 92, 195–196, 199, 200, 251

Census Bureau, 12, 78, 84–93, 100,

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

105-109, 113, 195-196, 199, 200, 256

cost factors, 107, 108–109

Customs Service, 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 105, 107–109

data conversion to electronic format, 68

data standards, 12

machine-readable data, 55, 68, 71, 78, 84–85, 91, 99, 104–105, 113, 253

microcomputers, 91, 92, 93

merchandise trade, data automation, 53, 78, 84–93, 100, 105–109, 113

semiconductors, 64

services, 142

see also Databases

Concordances, classification systems, 48, 52

Confidentiality, 256–257

Bureau of Economic Analysis, data, 117, 215–216

export documents, 95

foreign direct investment, 161

Construction and engineering, 133–134, 152

Continuous independent review system, 11, 100–102, 111–112

Costs and cost-effectiveness versus accuracy, 70–71

automation, 107, 108–109

COMPRO database use, 91–92

data user, cost-sharing by, 17, 27, 69–70

data user perspective, 195, 198, 207

foreign direct investment by U.S., financial services, 23

freight, 137, 139, 203, 221, 223, 224

globalization of markets, 22

medical services, 149

portfolio transactions, monitoring, 10

sharing, data users, 17, 27, 69–70

statistical data and programs, 1, 15, 25–27, 68, 69–70, 73, 99, 102, 107, 247–248, 249, 251–253, 254

student's cost of living, 150

technological innovations, 21

Council of Economic Advisers, 2, 27

Cross-border trade, 3, 5, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42–43, 48, 56, 114, 115, 116, 134, 153, 169, 170, 178, 180, 182, 184, 212, 213–214

Currency flow and exchange, 22, 26, 35, 59, 148, 157, 158, 166, 169, 170–171

Eurodollars, 10

U.S. dollars, 22, 35, 64

Current accounts, 20, 25, 65, 72, 124–125, 157, 159

Current Industrial Reports, 54

Customs Service

computer use, 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 105, 107–109

coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 146

coordination with Census Bureau, 7–8, 10–11, 33, 55, 82–84, 86, 88, 99, 100, 104–105

documentation, trade, 8, 67, 82, 87

enforcement activities, 95, 99, 102–103

merchandise trade, 77–78, 82–84, 86, 88, 93, 99, 100, 102–103, 104–105, 107–108

port audits, 102–103, 104

tariffs, 47, 68, 95, 104–105

D

Data analysis, 1, 2, 14–17, 63–73

by users, 68, 192–195

see also Errors and error analysis;

Seasonal adjustments;

Time-series analysis;

“data analysis” under specific subject terms

Databases

Census Bureau, 12, 78, 84–93

COMPRO, 54, 61, 79, 91–92, 197

continuous independent review system, 11, 100–102, 111–112

management, 6, 99, 103

NTDB, 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200

Data collection, general, 19, 217–218

Canada, statistics exchange, 85, 93–94, 145, 199, 213–214, 224, 246, 247, 248

capital flows, 2, 5, 13–14, 33–34, 65, 156, 158–164, 171, 215–216

data analysis interface with, 1, 2, 14–17, 63, 65

data entry, 86–89, 100–102

domestic versus international trade, 5, 46

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

errors, 6, 87–90

foreign direct investment, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 34, 36, 43, 58, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155

historical perspectives, 1, 49, 167

merchandise trade, 2, 10–12, 33, 67, 77–99, 107, 221–224

portfolio transactions, 13, 33–34, 156, 162–164, 167, 172, 173

service sector, 8–9, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–155

see also Census Bureau;

Customs Service;

Documentation;

Surveys;

Timeliness of data

Data entry, 86–89, 100–102

Data quality profiles, 14–15, 17, 70–72, 73, 95–97

Data users, 11, 16, 73

advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113

canvass of, 187–220

Commerce Department, 213

conferences of, 70, 188–190

cost of data, perspective of, 195, 198, 207

cost-sharing by, 17, 27, 69–70

evaluations by, 25, 66, 67–70, 98, 103, 111, 112–113, 187–220

Federal Reserve, 191, 194, 200, 210,

ITA, 191, 203, 205

ITC, 200, 202, 205, 206

USDA, 191, 201, 206

Department of Agriculture (USDA), 11, 79, 112

coordination with Census Bureau, 11, 112, 201, 202

data users in, 191, 201, 206

Department of Commerce, 54, 56

data users in, 213

merchandise trade, 78

NTDB, 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200

see also Bureau of Economic Analysis;

Census Bureau;

Customs Service;

International Trade Administration

Department of Education, 150

Department of Energy, EIA, 11, 79, 112

Department of the Treasury, 72–73

capital flows, 9–10, 16–17, 65, 157, 158, 159, 164, 167, 168–170, 214, 215

coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 164

coordination with Federal Reserve, 16, 73, 154, 162–164

portfolio investments, 34, 162–164, 167

securities transactions, 147–148, 154, 167, 168

service sector trade, 12

TIC forms, 34, 157, 162–164, 166, 167–170, 171, 172, 214, 215

see also Customs Service;

Internal Revenue Service

Department of Transportation, 145

Deregulation, see Regulation/deregulation

Disaggregation, see Aggregation/disaggregation

Documentation, customs, 8, 67, 82, 84–87, 95, 98–99

bills of lading, 84

electronic, 107–109, 113

exports, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 95, 98–99, 100, 203, 250–253

filers, standards, 2, 6, 10, 103–104

freight carriers, 137

imports, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 98–99, 208

port audits, 102–103, 104

shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254

see also Confidentiality

Domestic trade data international data, comparability with, 4–5, 24–25, 46–62

SIC, 5, 6, 48, 53–56, 57, 61, 189, 192, 195, 200

Double-entry accounting, 25–26

Dumping, 43, 64, 193

Dun and Bradstreet, 88

E

Educational services, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 150, 153–154

Employment and unemployment, 3, 22, 64

BLS, 55, 59

domestic versus international data, 5, 25, 47

foreign firms and affiliates, 23, 24, 36, 41, 42, 58

merchandise sector, 55–56, 193–194

service sector, 57

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 11, 79, 112

Errors and error analysis, 7, 106

capital flows, 20, 156, 170–171, 214–215

Census Bureau, 11, 87–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 201–207, 228, 237–238, 239

cost versus accuracy, 70–71

currency holdings, 170–171

data collection, 6, 87–90

data entry, 86–89, 100–102

data quality profiles, 14–15, 17, 70–72, 73, 95–97

double-entry accounting, 25–26

exports, underreporting, 6, 7–8, 10, 64–65, 93–95, 102–103, 106, 111

export statistics, other countries, 221–224

imputation procedures, 88, 89, 90, 97, 104

merchandise trade, 15, 64–65, 87–90, 93–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 196, 201–207

sampling, errors in, 71, 118, 144–145, 150–151, 252

sampling for error analysis, 88–89, 101, 113

seasonal adjustments, 226–236

service sector, 118, 143–145, 150–155

time series data, 196

Eurobonds, 163, 167

Eurodollars, 10

European Communities, 21, 95, 100, 211, 248

Statistical Office, 28, 50

Exports, 39, 79, 193, 194, 203, 221–224, 250

aggregation/disaggregation, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 215, 224

agricultural, 99

AERP, 84, 89, 108

bilateral agreements on data, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 95, 100, 104, 111

classification, 53–55

documentation, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 95, 98–99, 100, 203, 250–253

documentation, electronic filing, 107–109, 113

employment, capital, and other establishment data, 55–56

foreign investment and, 36, 39, 42, 178, 180–181

port audits, 102–103

price data, 52–53, 209

shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254

state-level data, 191

statistics, U.S. versus foreign sources, 221–224

underreporting, 6, 7–8, 10, 64–65, 93–95, 102–103

see also Merchandise trade

Exports from Manufacturing Establishments, 204

F

Federal government

budgets, 2, 24, 25, 26–27

data users in, 191, 194, 197, 199–200, 212–213, 214

statistical agencies, 1, 2, 14, 25–27

U.S. Trade Representative, 79, 212–213, 214

see also Bureau of Economic Analysis;

Census Bureau;

Customs Service;

Department of the Treasury;

Interagency coordination;

Laws, specific federal;

other specific departments and agencies

Federal Reserve System

capital flows, 16–17, 34, 157–158, 162–164, 215

coordination with Treasury Department, 16, 73, 154, 162–164

currency exchange and foreign interest rates, 59

data users in, 191, 194, 200, 210,

merchandise trade, 78, 191, 194, 200, 210,

portfolio investments, 34, 162–163, 171

service sector trade, 12, 154

Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 9–10, 164, 166, 167, 215

Financial Assets and Liabilities, 158

Financial intermediaries, 10, 156, 164, 169

Financial markets, see Capital flows;

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

Portfolio transactions;

Securities transactions

Financial services, 21–22, 23, 48, 57, 65, 117, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 146–149, 153–154, 157, 159, 212

see also Banking services;

Capital flows

Flow-of-funds accounts, 16–17, 73, 157–158

Flow of Funds Accounts, 158

Foreign affiliates, general, 3–4, 5, 6, 39–45, 58, 160–161, 177–181, 184–186

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 12–13, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155, 164–166, 179, 181

classification, 39, 44–45, 58–59, 161

employment issues, 23, 24, 36, 41, 42, 58

financing arrangements, 24

intermediate inputs, 36, 40, 42, 48–49, 56

service sector, 3–4, 12–13, 49, 114, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155

Foreign affiliates in U.S., 5, 58, 177–181, 185–186

employment, 42

service sector, 123–125, 152

Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms, 3–4, 6, 21–22, 23–24, 33–45, 114, 115, 116, 120–125, 160, 161, 177–186, 214–215

see also U.S. affiliates of foreign firms

Foreign direct investment, general, 9–10, 22, 23, 33–45, 58–59, 158–159, 164–165, 173

Bureau of Economic Analysis data analysis, 66, 159–162, 164–166

Bureau of Economic Analysis data collection, 34, 36, 43, 58, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155

classification of, 5, 48, 160

confidentiality, 161

exports and, 36, 39, 42, 178, 180–181

financial services, cost of, 23

partnerships, limited, 165

productivity and, 41

research on, 173

service sector, 123-125, 134

see also Portfolio transactions

Foreign Direct Investment and International Financial Data Improvements Act, 9, 161

Foreign direct investment by U.S., 58–59, 160, 161, 164–165, 173

Bureau of Economic Analysis data analysis, 66, 157

classification of, 5, 48

currency exchange and, 148

financial services for, 23

Foreign direct investment in U.S., 160, 161, 165–166, 173, 215–216

classification of, 5, 48

historical perspective, 64

real estate, 165

Free trade areas, 7, 21, 43

Freight, 69, 95, 121, 134–140, 153, 192, 221, 223

air, 139, 208

bills of lading, 84

Canada/U.S., 139–140, 203, 213–214

Census Bureau data, 137, 138, 139, 140

insurance, 137, 221, 224

maritime transport, 134, 137–139

shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254

see also Traditional Services

Futures trading, 167–168

G

General Accounting Office, 101

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 41, 114, 214

Gold, 66, 158, 162

Great Lakes, 139

H

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, 48, 49, 52, 54, 67, 78, 89–90, 191–192, 196, 197, 207

Heteroskedasticity of data, 230, 242, 243

Historical perspectives, 64

data collection, 1, 49, 167

data users/government relations, 69

international economic environment, 21–22

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

merchandise trade, 64, 77, 239, 243

seasonal adjustments, 239

Homoskedasticity of data, 242

I

Immigration and Naturalization Service, 141

Imports, 39, 79, 193, 250

aggregation/disaggregation, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 224

bilateral agreements on data, 8, 21, 85, 93–94, 95, 100, 104, 111

documentation, 8, 67, 82–84, 87, 98–99, 208, 250

versus domestic products, 46–47, 53–55

employment, capital, and other establishment data, 55–56

foreign investment and, 36, 36, 39, 180–181

freight costs, 137, 139, 203, 221, 223, 224

price data, 17, 52–53, 59, 62, 209

see also Merchandise trade;

Protectionism

Imputation procedures, 88, 89, 90, 97, 104

Inflation, 22, 66

Input-output tables, 6, 7, 42, 48–49, 56

Insurance services, 48, 56, 57, 116, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 137, 152, 221, 224

Intellectual property, 7, 22, 115

Interagency Committee on Measurement of Real Output, 53

Interagency coordination, 7–8, 9, 12, 66, 100, 208–209

automated export system, 108–109

financial services data, 154

NTDB, 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200

see also listings beginning “coordination” under specific federal agencies

Interest and interest rates, 59, 64, 157

Intermediate inputs, 6, 16, 23, 36, 40, 42, 48–49, 56

local-content rules, 4, 40, 186

Internal Revenue Service, 102, 103

coordination with Bureau of Economic Analysis, 173

currency holdings, 170

service sector, 57

International agreements

data standards, 6, 14, 61, 62

financial transaction data, 14

see also Bilateral trade and trade agreements;

Multilateral agreements;

Trade agreements

International Financial Data Improvements Act, 9, 161

International Financial Statistics, 223

International Investment and Trade in Services Survey Act, 125, 158, 160

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 10, 20, 45, 49–40, 82, 149, 158, 170, 171, 202, 214, 223

International organizations, 82

OECD, 49, 50, 82, 195

World Bank, 49, 82

see also United Nations

International Trade Administration (ITA), 193, 216

COMPRO, 54, 61, 79, 91–92, 197

data users in, 191, 203, 205

International Trade Commission (ITC), 52, 79, 82, 193, 194

data users in, 200, 202, 205, 206

merchandise trade, 78

Intracompany trade, 7, 23, 35, 36, 43, 110, 120, 122, 169

Investment, see Capital flows;

Foreign direct investment

J

Japan, 64, 94–95, 100, 216

bilateral agreements with, 64, 94–95, 100

export statistics compared with U.S., 121–124

securities transactions, 168

service industry, foreign affiliates, 125

Journal of Commerce, 79

L

Laws, specific federal

Foreign Direct Investment and International Financial Data Improvements Act, 9, 161

International Investment and Trade

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

in Services Survey Act, 125, 158, 160

Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, 42, 59, 114, 116–117

Tariff and Trade Act, 114, 116, 125

Limitations of data, 113, 150–154, 164–172

Loans, 148

interest on, 59, 64, 157

reporting on, 163, 167

see also Interest and interest rates

Local-content rules, 4, 40, 186

M

Machine-readable data, 55, 68, 71, 78, 84–85, 91, 99, 104–105, 113, 253

CD-ROMs, 55, 78, 91, 92, 195–196, 199, 200, 251

Managerial techniques and services, 22, 35, 41, 104–105

databases, 6, 99, 103

intracorporate service charges, 122

trade deficit and, 42

Maritime transport, 134, 137–139

Marketing strategies, 192, 193

Massachusetts Institute for Social and Economic Research, 204

Medical services, 116, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 149, 153–154

Merchandise trade, 3, 10–12, 52–56, 58, 77–113

BLS, 53, 55

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 16, 53, 61, 98, 112, 193, 208

Census Bureau, 11–12, 15–16, 33, 52, 54–55, 57, 61, 67, 78, 79, 82–113, 191, 192, 193, 195–209, 228, 237–238, 239, 242–243, 245–257

classification, 5, 6, 48, 52, 53–55, 77–78, 89–90, 117, 196, 204–205, 207–208

Customs Service, 77–78, 82–84, 86, 88, 93, 99, 100, 102–103, 104–105, 107–108

data automation, 53, 78, 84–93, 100, 105–109, 113

data collection, 2, 10–12, 33, 67, 77–99, 107, 221–224

data collection/analysis interface, 15–16

data users evaluation, 190–211

employment, 55–56, 193–194

error analysis, 15, 64–65, 87–90, 93–99, 100–102, 106–107, 111–113, 196, 201–207

Federal Reserve, 78, 191, 194, 200, 210,

historical perspectives, 64, 77, 239, 243

monthly trade balance, 78, 80–81, 91, 95–97, 99, 106, 110, 112

sampling, 88–89, 100, 101, 109–110, 113, 245–257

seasonal adjustments, 17, 68, 97, 112, 197, 225–244

state-level data, 55, 67–68, 191, 194, 200, 202, 203, 204–205

surveys, general, 12, 55, 109–110, 113, 253–257

timeliness of data, 191, 198–200, 250

time series analysis, 46–47, 52, 79, 82, 97, 196–197

trade deficit, 93–95;

see also Trade deficit

see also Exports;

Freight;

Imports;

Variability of data

Methodology

advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113

aggregation/disaggregation, data, 5, 49, 78, 161–162, 202, 215, 224

current study, 19–21, 28–29, 187–190

imputation procedures, 88, 89, 90, 97, 104

standardization of, 61

of statistical agencies, 66–67

see also Data analysis;

Data collection;

Errors and error analysis;

Sampling;

Surveys

Mexico, 21, 95, 100

freight, 140

travel and tourism, 146

Microcomputers, 91, 92, 93

Multidisciplinary approach

advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113

study methodology, 19–21, 28–29, 187–190

see also Interagency coordination

Multilateral trade agreements, 3, 4, 21, 79

GATT, 41, 114, 214

intermediate inputs, 49

regional agreements, 4, 22, 43

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

Multinational companies, see Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms;

Foreign direct investment

N

National Bureau of Economic Research, 188–190

National Governors' Association, 67

National income and products accounts (NIPA), 35, 59

Nationality, see Residence status

National Trade Data Bank (NTDB), 59–62, 78, 82, 117, 197, 200

National Trade Facilitation Council, 109

Nonresidence status, 26, 34, 148, 169

see also Residence status

Nonvessel operating commercial carriers, 95

North American Free Trade Area, 43

O

Office of Management and Budget, 26, 125–126

Oil, 11, 112

Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, 42, 59, 114, 116–117

Organizational factors, 23, 105

advisory bodies, 17, 70, 73, 112–113

data set integration, 1

data users, cost-sharing by, 17, 27, 69–70

data users/government relations, 69

financial institutions, 148

partnerships, limited, 165

service sector, 9, 117–118

see also Interagency coordination;

Managerial techniques and services

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 49, 50, 82, 195

Origin of Movement, 203

Ownership of enterprise, 68

foreign affiliates, 44, 161

residence status, 14, 184

P

Partnerships, limited, 165

Piers Import/Export Reporting Service, 79, 191, 192, 195, 199, 209

errors, 201

Policy issues, general, 14

data users/government relations, 69, 187–220

international coordination, 2–3

Portfolio transactions, 6, 9–10, 14, 24

cost of monitoring, 10

data collection, 13, 33–34, 156, 162–164, 167, 172, 173

data collection/analysis interface, 16–17, 73, 173

defined, 159

Federal Reserve, 34, 162–163, 171

foreign affiliate, ownership defined, 44

incomes on, 171–172

Treasury Department, 34, 162–164, 167

trends, 22

Ports

audits, 102–103

freight, 137–138, 139, 203

Prices and price supports, 3, 26

BLS, 53, 59, 68, 79, 209

dumping, 43, 64, 193

exports/imports, 17, 52–53, 59, 62, 209

financial transactions, 17

inflation, 22, 66

medical services, 149

securities transactions, fees, 147–148, 153–154

trade valuation, 43, 53, 94, 213–214

Private services, unaffiliated, 119–120, 125–134, 152

Production and productivity, 3, 5, 6, 67, 210

foreign direct investment and, 41

globalization of markets and, 22

Protectionism, 37, 41, 68, 193, 210

intermediate inputs, 56

local-content rules, 4, 40, 106

tariffs, 47, 68, 95, 104–105, 196, 202, 210

Q

Quality control, 10–11, 14–15, 17, 27, 29, 66–67, 70–72, 73, 87–90, 95–97, 98, 99–113, 214–215

see also Errors and error analysis

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

R

Rail transport, 139–140

Real estate, 165

Regional agreements, 4, 22, 43

Regulation/deregulation, 2

financial transactions, 21–22

securities, 166

see also Standards

Relevance of data, 1, 2, 17

data collection and quality, 66, 67, 148, 188

international trade and services, 28–29, 63

Research

on foreign direct investment, 173

on sampling, 251–253

by statistical agencies, general, 66–67, 72–73

see also Data users

Residence status, 14, 26, 34, 37, 41, 68, 134, 147, 148, 153, 158, 160, 166, 169, 181, 184

S

Sampling

cutoff, 245–248

of enterprises and establishments, 253–257

error analysis via, 88–89, 101, 113

errors in, 71, 118, 144–145, 150–151, 252

freight carriage, ports, 137–138

merchandise trade, 88–89, 100, 101, 109–110, 113, 245–257

probability, 248–253

travel, 144–145, 153

Seasonal adjustments, 17, 68, 97, 112, 197, 225–245

Securities transactions, 153–154, 166–168, 171, 172, 173

electronic, 13, 166, 172

fees, 147–148, 153–154

foreign affiliates, ownership defined, 44

international agreements on data, 14

TIC forms, 34, 157, 162–164, 166, 167, 172, 214, 215

see also Portfolio transactions

Semiconductors, 64

Service sector trade, 2, 5, 6, 8–9, 12, 33, 43, 16, 65, 114–155

BLS, 57

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 12, 33, 57, 65, 66, 114, 115–116, 120–155, 213–214

Canada, 213–214

Census Bureau, 9, 12, 16, 57–58, 61, 112, 116, 155

classification, 5, 9, 48, 56–58, 115, 117, 152, 212

cross-border transactions, 115, 134, 169

data automation, 142

data collection, general, 8–9, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–155

data user evaluations, 211–214

domestic versus international data, 56–58

employment issues, 57

error analysis, 118, 143–145, 150–155

Federal Reserve, 12, 154

foreign affiliates, 3–4, 12–13, 49, 114, 115, 118, 120–125, 134, 154–155

foreign direct investment, general, 123–125, 134

foreign unaffiliated, 125–150, 155

organizational factors, 9, 117–118

surveys, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–125, 132–134, 141–142, 149, 151, 152, 212–213

technological innovation, general, 9, 35, 117–118

timeliness of data, 212–213

see also specific service industries

Shipper's export declarations, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 95, 99, 103, 108, 109, 203, 204, 208, 246, 247, 253, 254

Shipping, see Freight

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), 5, 6, 48, 53–56, 57, 61, 189, 192, 195, 200

concordances involving, 52

Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), 52, 53, 58

Standards

data filers, 2, 6, 10, 103–104

electronic data, 12

financial transactions, 14, 173

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

international, 6, 14

local-content rules, 4

see also Classification and classification systems

Standard Statistical Establishment List (SSEL), 9, 116, 162, 209, 256

State-level data

capital flows, 215–216

merchandise sector, 55, 67–68, 191, 194, 200, 202, 203, 204–205

Statistical discrepancies

export statistics, 223–224

study on, 171

see also Errors and error analysis

Statistics Canada, 85, 93–94, 145

Stocks and shares, see Securities transactions

Students, see Educational services

Survey of Air Travelers Departing the United States, 141–144

Survey of Current Business, 117, 123, 150, 162

Surveys

annual, 12, 57, 58, 79, 80, 106–107, 115–116, 120, 121–122, 123, 124, 125, 133, 160, 161, 253–254, 256

Annual Survey of Selected Industries, 57

ASM, 12, 55, 79, 106, 112, 253–254, 256, 257

benchmark, 57, 58, 115, 120–125, 160, 167, 171, 181

capital flows, 160–161, 171

data user needs, 67, 98, 187–220

merchandise trade, 12, 55, 109–110, 113, 253–257

monthly, 11, 15–16, 78, 79, 80–81, 84, 91, 92, 95–97, 99, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 162, 163, 253, 254–255, 257

quarterly, 58, 79, 99, 115, 120, 122, 123, 124–125, 160, 161, 162, 163, 253

quinquennial, 6, 57, 61, 79

response bias, 71

service sector trade, 12–13, 65, 115–118, 120–125, 132–134, 141–142, 149, 151, 152, 212–213

see also Sampling

System of national accounts (U.N.), 44–45, 50, 149, 152

T

Tariff and Trade Act, 114, 116, 165

Tariffs, 47, 68, 95, 104–105, 210

Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated, 196, 202

Taxes, 17, 36–37, 73, 166, 167

trade valuation and, 43

see also Internal Revenue Service

Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program, 102

Technological innovation

capital flows, 10, 13, 26, 166, 172

intellectual property, 22

international trade and, general, 2, 21, 22, 24, 42

merchandise classification, 207–208

service sector, 9, 35, 117–118

see also Computers and computer science

Telecommunications services, 9, 13, 21, 22, 48, 56, 57, 87, 116, 118, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 166, 172

Timeliness of data, 1, 7, 8, 13, 17

Census Bureau and Customs Service, 10–11, 16, 84, 85, 87, 95, 97, 103, 111, 112, 198–199

data collection and quality, 25, 29, 87, 107, 111, 198–200, 219, 249

international trade and services, 151, 164, 212–213, 216

merchandise trade, 10–11, 84, 85, 95, 107, 111, 191, 198–200, 201, 205, 250

Time-series analysis, 16, 68

domestic versus foreign markets, 46–47

merchandise trade, 46–47, 52, 79, 82, 97, 196–197

seasonal adjustments, 17, 68, 97, 112, 197, 225–245

Tourism, see Travel and tourism

Trade agreements, 3, 4, 22, 24

see also Bilateral trade and trade agreements;

Multilateral agreements

Trade associations, 66, 82, 109, 213, 214

Trade deficit, 4, 19, 40–41, 65, 93–95, 184, 224, 230

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1992. Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1865.
×

Trade valuation, 43, 53, 94, 213–214

Traditional services (shipping and tourism), 116, 120, 121, 134–146, 153

see also Freight;

Travel and tourism

Transportation, see Freight

Travel and tourism, 140–146, 153, 213

air, 139, 141–145, 153

Canada/U.S., 121, 145–146

see also Traditional services

Travel and Tourism Administration, 141–144

Treasury Bulletin, 163

Treasury International Capital (TIC)

forms, 34, 157, 162–164, 166, 167–170, 171, 172, 214, 215

U

Uncertainty, see Errors and error analysis

United Kingdom, 168

export statistics compared with U.S., 221–224

United Nations, 49, 50, 195

central product classification system, 50

SITC, 52, 53, 58

see also System of national accounts

United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 21

U.S. affiliates of foreign firms, 3–4, 13, 23–24, 33–45, 116, 120–125, 135, 151, 152, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 172, 177–186

see also Foreign affiliates of U.S. firms

U.S. Commodity Exports and Imports as Related to Output, 54

U.S. Industrial Outlook, 54

U.S. Trade Representative, 79, 212–213, 214

Usefulness of data, 2, 7

data collection and quality, 65, 173, 198, 218

international trade and services, 19, 20, 25, 28–29, 46, 63, 151

merchandise trade, 15–16, 64–65

V

Variability of data, in seasonally adjusted merchandise trade balances , 28, 29, 95–97, 225–244

Voorburg Group, 50

W

West Germany, export statistics compared with U.S., 221–224

Working Group on the Quality of Economic Statistics, 19

World Bank, 49, 82

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Behind the Numbers: U.S. Trade in the World Economy Get This Book
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America's international economic decisions rest to a large degree on the information available to policymakers. Yet the quality of international trade and financial data is in serious doubt. This book reveals how our systems for collecting and analyzing trade data have fallen behind the times—and presents recommendations for new approaches to accuracy and usefulness of these economic data.

The volume traces the burgeoning use of international economic data by public and private analysts at a time when the United States is becoming increasingly integrated into the world economy. It also points out problems of capturing new transactions, comparing data from different sources, limited access to the data, and more. This is the first volume to review all three types of U.S. international data—merchandise trade, international services transactions, and capital flows. Highlights include:

  • Specific steps for U.S. agencies to take.
  • Special analyses on improving the accuracy of merchandise trade data, filling data gaps on the fast-growing international services transactions, and understanding structural changes in world capital markets.
  • Comments, complaints, and suggestions from an original survey of more than 100 key users of trade data.

This practical volume will be invaluable to policymakers, government officials, business executives, economists, statisticians, and researchers.

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