Index
A
Abuse of information, 19, 20, 24, 25, 114-116, 158-160
Access to databanks, 18-19, 93-94, 123
Accreditation of laboratories, 16, 17, 100-103, 105-108, 145, 162
Admissibility of DNA evidence, 20-23, 52, 131-146
Allele frequency, 10-13, 14, 48, 62, 74-75, 77-79, 81-86, 91, 92-93, 122, 123
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes, 42
American Association of Blood Banks, 102
American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, 102
American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, 17, 72, 100, 102-103, 105-106, 107
American Society of Human Genetics, 72, 101-102
American Type Culture Collection, 91
Amplification methods, 40-43, 63-65, 69
Andrews v. State, 138-139
Anomalous bands, 58-59
Appellate opinions, 139-141
Argentina disappearance cases, 86
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 126
ASO (allele-specific oligonucleotide) probes, 42
Automated fingerprint identification systems, 17-18, 111, 113, 117 , 157
Automation,
see Computer technology
Autosomes, 33
B
Band shifting, 54, 60-61, 140-141
Bayesian theory, 85
Bias in laboratory analysis, 53
Blind testing,
see Proficiency testing
databank samples, 113, 117, 118, 125-126, 143
Blood banks, 84
Blood groups, 10, 27, 32, 43, 44, 88
Blot dotting,
see Reverse dot hybridization
Buccal swabs, 118
Bureau of Justice Assistance, 103
C
Caldwell v. State, 140-141
California Association of Crime Laboratory Directors, 88, 89
Carryover contamination, 58-59, 66-67
Ceiling frequencies, 13, 82-83, 84, 90-93
Ceiling principle, 13, 14, 25, 82-85, 92, 93, 158
Census categories, 12
Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humaine, 91
Certification of personnel, 16, 98, 100, 145, 153
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act, 17, 102, 107
Cobey v. State, 136
College of American Pathologists, 101-102, 107
Commonwealth v. Curnin, 141
Computer technology, 44, 48-49, 60, 61;
see also Networks
for databanks, 18, 113-114, 117, 123, 125
Confidence limits, 9, 14-15, 75-76, 92
Confidentiality,
see Privacy issues
Consequentialist ethical analysis, 24-25, 154, 156-157, 158
Constitutional issues, 20, 131, 143, 153
Contamination, 20, 52, 55, 131, 134
in PCR procedures, 65-67, 68, 70
in RFLP procedures, 58-59
Control primers, 70
Controls, in testing, 55, 57-58
for laboratory proficiency, 62-63
Convicted-felon DNA databanks, 17-20, 86-87, 111-129, 142-143, 155, 159, 160, 161
Cooperative services, 153
Coriell Institute of Medical Research, 91
Cost-benefit analysis,
see Economics
Credit-rating services, 18, 114
Criminal profile, 17-20, 86-87, 111-129, 142-143, 155, 159, 160
D
allele frequency, 10, 74-75, 85-86, 91, 122, 124, 125
criminal profile, 17-20, 86-87, 111-129, 142-143, 155, 159, 160
and legal proceedings, 135, 139, 140, 141
privacy issues, 14, 17-20, 24-25, 32, 86-87, 113-116, 121-122, 155 -156, 158-160
samples, 112-113, 116-123, 125-126, 143
sequence variability, 44
see also Automated fingerprint identification systems;
Cell repositories;
Computer technology;
Networks
Defense counsels, 146, 147, 160, 161
Defense laboratories, 123
Demography,
see Ethnic groups; Subpopulations
Department of Defense, 125-126
Department of Health and Human Services, 17, 107, 108
see also National Institutes of Health
Department of Justice, 17, 107, 108
see also Bureau of Justice Assistance;
Federal Bureau of
Investigation; National Institute of Justice
Dermatoglyphics,
see Fingerprinting
Diagnostic DNA testing,
see Disease testing
Diallelic RFLP systems, 4, 35, 36, 45, 46
artifacts, 54
match criteria, 53
Digestion procedures, 36-37, 38, 54
and anomalous results, 58-59
in PCR analysis, 68-69
in Southern blot preparation, 57
Digital DNA typing, 43-44
Digitizing pen, 60
Diploid genome, 2
Disclosure of information, 18-19, 24, 114-115, 132, 148
Discrimination issues, 114, 160
Disease testing, 3, 6, 48, 52, 69, 79
accreditation programs, 101-102
privacy issues, 18-19, 114-115, 116
use of fingerprints, 29
''DNA fingerprinting," 4, 28
DNA Proficiency Testing Act, 103
Documentation of laboratory procedures, 59, 99, 105, 148
Dot blotting, 42
Drug testing, 126
Due process, 153
E
Economics of DNA testing, 48-49, 148-149, 153-154
and profile databanks, 113, 117-118, 120
Electrophoresis, 36
in RFLP procedures, 37, 38, 57, 60
Employment discrimination, 114, 160
Endonuclease,
see Restriction enzymes
Enzyme markers, 44
Epstein-Barr virus, 90
Error rates of laboratories, 14, 15, 88-89, 94
Ethical issues, 24-25, 154-158
Ethnic groups, 9, 11-15, 25, 48, 75, 79-85, 91, 158
Evidence samples, 17, 23, 44, 87, 131-132
contamination of, 55, 59, 65-66, 134
in databanks, 112-113, 121, 125
see also Admissibility;
Rules of evidence
Exclusion of suspects, 75, 88, 135, 154, 156
Expert testimony, 21-23, 132-133, 145-149, 153
External molecular-weight standards, 59-60
F
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 1, 71-72, 103-104, 116, 153
DNA testing methods, 15, 28, 97
Forensic Science Research and Training Center, 104
Federal regulation, 101, 107-108
Federal Rules of Evidence, 21-23, 132, 136-139, 153
Fingerprinting, 17-18, 111-113, 120, 121-122, 125, 155, 157, 161
compared to DNA typing, 29-31, 111-113, 117-118
see also Automated fingerprint identification systems
"Floating bins,"; 86
Forensic Science Research and Training Center, 104
Fourth Amendment issues, 20, 131
Fragment measurements, 59-61
Frequency calculations, 4-5, 9-15, 44-48, 74-86, 90-93
and databanks, 124
and legal proceedings, 141
Frequency theories, 85
G
Genetic disorders,
see Disease testing
Genetics Society of America, 72
Genotypes, 32
Governor's Select Committee on DNA Typing, New York, 103
Grandparentage86
Guidelines for a Quality Assurance Program for DNA RFLP Analysis, 98-99
H
Haploid genome, 3
Hardy-Weinberg ratios, 4-5, 11, 45, 78, 81-81, 91, 139, 141
Helpfulness standard of evidence, 21-23, 132, 136-137
Heterogeneity of population, 82, 92
frequency calculation of, 11, 45, 48, 78
HLA (human leukocyte antigens), 10, 27, 32, 44, 68, 70, 114
Homicide, 19, 112, 118-120, 143
Homogeneity of populations, 12, 14, 84
frequency calculation of, 11, 45, 48, 78, 79
and PCR analysis, 68
Human genome project,
see Genetic mapping
Human leukocyte antigens,
see HLA
Hybridization, 37, 38, 40, 42, 48
Hypervariable systems, see VNTR
I
Immortalized cell lines, 14, 90-91
Individual identification, 9, 28, 43-44, 74-75, 89-90, 113
Information networks,
see Networks
Inspections of laboratories, 106
Internal molecular-weight standards, 60-61
International technology exchange, 25-26, 162-163
Interstate commerce, and laboratory accreditation, 108
Isotopic labeling, 37-38
J
Jury presentations, 14, 20-23, 25, 89, 132, 136-137, 146, 147, 160 -161
Juveniles, 148
K
Kelly v. Texas, 140
Kits, for PCR analysis, 68, 69
L
Laboratories, 8, 15, 18-19, 20, 28, 53-55, 97, 101, 105, 112, 116, 161, 162
error rates, 14, 15, 88-89, 94
and legal proceedings, 133, 135, 140-141, 145, 148
licensing, 100-101
protocols, 8, 53-55, 105, 112, 133, 135, 140-141, 145, 148
regulation of, 15, 16-17, 97-108, 162
see also Match criteria;
Proficiency testing; Technicians
Laboratory Accreditation Board, American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, 17, 102-103, 105-106, 107
Latent fingerprints, 17-18, 111-113
Leakage between samples, 59
Licensing of laboratories, 100-101
Likelihood ratios, 85
Linkage equilibrium, 36, 78, 81, 91
M
Match criteria, 53-54
and PCR analysis, 43
and RFLP analysis, 61-63
Medical accreditation programs, 101-102
Medical diagnostics,
see Disease testing
Membrane transfer, 37, 38, 42, 58-59
Military personnel, 125-126
Minisatellite repeat codings, 93
Minority groups,
see Ethnic groups
Missing persons, 121
Misuse of information, 19, 20, 24, 114-116, 158-160
Mitochondrial DNA, 86
Molecular-weight standards, 59-61
Monomorphic probes, 60
Multiallelic systems,
see VNTR
Multilocus probes, 4, 10, 14-15, 40, 56
Multiple sources in sample, 52, 58, 59, 65-66, 88, 158
Multiplex amplification, 42
Multiplication rule, 5, 10-15, 76-79, 82-83, 89, 92, 145
N
National Committee on Forensic DNA Typing, 8-9, 14, 16, 70-72, 84, 99
National Institute of Justice, 17, 71, 100, 108
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 71, 99, 116-117
National Institutes of Health, 17, 71, 90, 107
National Science Foundation, 71
Networks, 113-114, 116-117, 123, 125, 126-128, 153;
see also Computer technology;
Databanks
New York v. Neysmith, 88
Nonisotopic labeling, 37-38, 40
see also Oligonucleotides
O
Organizations,
see Professional organizations
P
Paternity determination, 20, 85, 86, 102, 132, 142, 155, 158
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis, 5-6, 7, 40-44, 63-70, 85 , 114, 132, 144
People v. Castro,135
Perpetrator populations, 13, 85
Phenotype, 32
Pipettes, 67
Polymerase chain reaction,
see PCR analysis
Polymorphism,
see FRLP analysis;
VNTR
Population frequencies, 9-15, 21, 44-48, 53, 74-85, 90-93, 157
and databanks, 124
and legal proceedings, 133, 135, 136, 139, 142, 145
Privacy issues, 14, 17-20, 24-25, 32, 86-87, 113-116, 121-122, 148 , 152, 153, 155-156, 158-160
for databanks, 18-19, 86-87, 113-116, 121-122, 143, 158-160
Private laboratories, 15, 18-19, 20, 97, 101, 162
Probability,
see Frequency calculations
Probative value, of DNA evidence, 22, 52, 134, 136-137
compared to fingerprints, 112
see also ASO probes;
Monomorphic probes;
Multiocus probes;
Singlelocus probes
Product rule,
see Multiplication rule
Professional organizations, 16-17, 26, 63, 100, 105-106, 148
Proficiency testing, 14, 15, 16-17, 55, 62-63, 88-89, 94, 99, 103-108
Proprietary data, 93-94, 148, 162
Prosecutors, 25, 146-147, 160, 161
Protective orders, 23, 93-94, 148
Protocols, 8, 53-55, 72, 105, 112
Publication issues, 56, 93, 137, 138, 144, 162
Public laboratories, 15, 20, 28, 97, 116, 162
Public opinion, 25, 28, 107, 160
Q
Quality assurance, 15-17, 32, 97-109, 134, 153
Quantitative analysis
of pattern images, 53
see also Frequency calculations
R
Racial groups,
see Ethnic groups
Radiocactive isotopes,
see Isotopic labeling
Rape, 19-20, 65-66, 112, 118-120, 143
Recidivists, 19, 86, 118-120, 121, 143
Red-cell enzymes, 27
Reference samples, 14-15, 83-84, 90-91
Regional networks, 126-128, 153
Regulation, 15, 16-17, 97-98, 100-108, 153-154, 162
of commercial kits, 69
Relatives, 14, 25, 86-87, 121, 143
Reliability of testing methods, 51-52, 71, 88, 97, 106, 133-137, 156
Reproducibility of results, 85-86, 116-117, 135
Restriction digestion,
see Digestion procedures
Restriction enzymes, 3, 4, 34-38, 54, 57
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms,
see RFLP analysis
Reverse dot hybridization, 42, 67, 68
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis, 3-4, 34 , 35, 36-40, 56-63, 85, 98-99
and databanks, 19, 114, 116, 118
State law coverage, 52, 131-132
see also Diallelic RFLP systems;
Southern blots
Rights of accused, 24-25, 154-157, 159
Rule 702, 20, 22, 132, 136-137
Rules of evidence, 20-23, 52, 132, 136-139, 141-142, 145, 153
S
Samples, 17-20, 36, 44, 53, 58-59, 60
contamination of, 20, 52, 55, 59, 65-67, 68, 134
in databanks, 116-123
leakage, 59
mixed sources of, 52, 58, 59, 65-66, 88, 158
reference, 14-15, 83-84, 90-91
storage, 18-19, 20, 90, 114-115, 117, 122, 159
Security of information, 18, 19, 24-25, 113-116, 123
Semen, 19, 27, 28, 36, 65-66, 112, 120
Serial repists, 120
see also Blood groups Serum protein, 27, 32
Sex chromosomes, 33
Sex offenses, 19-20, 65-66, 118-120, 143
Single-band patterns, 58
Single-locus probes, 4, 5, 15, 23, 37, 38-40, 48, 52, 56, 57
Societies,
see Professional organizations
Software
for databanks, 14, 18, 87, 117, 125, 128
for fragment measurement, 61
Soldiers, 125-126
compared to PCR, 69-70
validity as evidence, 23, 52, 131, 142
Spencer v. Commonwealth, 139
Sperm, 65-66
Standardization of methods, 8, 15-17, 26
and databanks, 112, 116-117, 126-128
and quality assurance, 97-109
see also Molecular-weight standards
"Star activity,"; 57
State Justice Institute, 71-72
State laboratories, 20, 28, 108, 116
State regulation, 100-101, 108
of databanks, 115-116, 120, 124-125, 126-128, 142-143
State rules of evidence, 20, 21, 52, 132, 141-142
State v. Despain138
State v. Pennell, 139
State v. Schwartz, 135-136
Statistical analysis,
see Frequency calculations
Statistical disclosure, 18-19, 114-115
Subpopulations, 10-15, 48, 76, 77-85
Suspect samples, 20, 36, 53, 59
in databanks, 17-20, 86-87, 111-129, 142-143, 155, 159, 160
T
Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis and Methods, 16, 98-99, 104 , 106, 116-117
Technicians, 15, 16, 17, 25-26, 66, 97, 100
Technological advancement, 15, 55, 70-71, 143-145, 153
Technology transfer, 71
Thermocyclers, 64
Trade secrets, 93-94, 148, 162
Training, 15, 16, 17, 25-26, 96, 104, 108, 125, 153
U
UNC (uracil N-glycolase enzyme), 67
Unidentified bodies, 121, 125, 126, 158
United States v. Jakobetz, 138
United States v. Porter, 138
United States v. Yee, 138
Uracil N-glycolase enzyme,
see UNC
Urban areas, 25
V
Vaginal fluids, 65-66
Validity of methods, 51-52, 140, 145
statistical, 75, 76-79, 90, 134, 140
Variable number tandem repeat,
see VNTR
Victim samples, 121
VNTR (variable number tandem repeat), 4, 34-40, 45-48
and multiplication rule, 11-12