National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1976. Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18696.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1976. Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18696.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1976. Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18696.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1976. Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18696.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1976. Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18696.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1976. Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18696.
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Urea and Other Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES . Commission on Natural Resources National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, D.C. 1976 NAS-NAE APR 2 3 1976 LIBRARY

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard to appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This study was supported by the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and by contributions from several industrial concerns to the general support of the Committee on Animal Nutrition. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data National Research Council. Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources. Urea and other nonprotein nitrogen compounds in animal nutrition. Bibliography: p. 97. 1. Urea as feed. 2. Nitrogen in animal nutrition. 3. Proteins in animal nutrition. I. Title. II. Title: Nonprotein nitrogen compounds in animal nutrition. SF98.U7N37 1976 636.08'52 76-8240 ISBN 0-309-02444-7 Available from Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America Order from 77 76 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 i National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22161 Order No.

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES SYLVAN H. WITTWER, Michigan State University, Chairman MARION CLAWSON, Resources for the Future, Inc. JAMES H. COPP, Texas A&M University WILLIAM P. FLATT, University of Georgia ROBERT P. HANSON, University of Wisconsin CLIFFORD M. HARDIN, Ralston Purina Company c. P. IDYLL, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FRANK H. KAUFERT, University of Minnesota CARL H. KRIEGER, Campbell Institute for Food Research A. CARL LEOPOLD, University of Nebraska ROY L. LOVVORN, U.S. Department of Agriculture THOMAS C. NELSON, U.S. Department of Agriculture CHARLES E. PALM, Cornell University JOHN A. PINO, The Rockefeller Foundation GLENN w. SAL is BURY, University of Illinois GUSTAV A. SWANSON, Colorado State University D. WYNNE THORNE, Logan, Utah PHILIP ROSS, Execu five Secretary SELMA p. BARON, Staff Assistant ili

COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION TONY j. CUNHA, California State Polytechnic University, Chairman JOHN P. BOWLAND, University of Alberta CHARLES w. DEYOE, Kansas State University WILLIAM H. HALE, University of Arizona JOHN E. HALVER.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service EDWARDC.NABER, Ohio State University ROBERT R. OLTJEN, U.S. Department of Agriculture LORIS H. SCHULTZ, University of Wisconsin RICHARD G. WARNER, Cornell University SUBCOMMITTEE ON NONPROTEIN NITROGEN IN ANIMAL NUTRITION CARL E. COPPOCK, Cornell University,Co-Chairman ALLEN D. TILLMAN, The Rockefeller Foundation, Co-Chairman WISE BURROUGHS, Iowa State University WILLIAM R. FEATHERSTON, Purdue University UPSON s. GARRIGUS, University of Illinois E. E. HATFIELD, University of Illinois ROBERT R. OLTJEN, U.S. Department of Agriculture

Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 MECHANISM OF NPN UTILIZATION IN THE RUMINANT 3 Ammonia as a Common Denominator, 4 Ammonia Production in the Rumen, 5 Ammonia Metabolism by Rumen Microorganisms, 6 Quantity of Microbial Protein Synthesized in the Rumen, 8; Quality of Microbial Protein Synthesized in the Rumen, 10 Ammonia Metabolism in the Host Animal, 13 Ammonia Toxicity, 13 Summary and Conclusions, 15 3 USE OF UREA AS A PROTEIN REPLACEMENT FOR RUMINANTS 17 Host Needs for Protein, 17 Dietary Factors Affecting Microbial Protein Synthesis, 20 Nitrogen, 20; Source of Energy, 21; Sources of Carbon Skeletons, 23; Dietary Sulfur and Other Minerals, 23; Other Factors, 24 Feeding Procedures to Improve Urea Use, 25 Adaptation, 25; Level and Frequency of Feeding, 25; Thorough Mixing, 26; Addition at Ensiling, 26; Liquid Supplements, 27; Anabolic Agents, 28 Summary and Conclusions, 28 vi

4 USE OF OTHER NPN PRODUCTS FOR PROTEIN REPLACEMENT 30 Urea-Carbohydrate Combinations, 30 Ammoniated Products, 31 Ammonium Salts, 32; Ammoniated Molasses, 32; Ammoniated Rice Hulls, 33; Ammoniated Beet Pulp and Citrus Pulp, 34 Biuret, 34 Cyanuric Acid, 36 Summary and Conclusions, 37 5 FEEDING UREA-CONTAINING DIETS TO BEEF CATTLE, DAIRY CATTLE, SHEEP, AND GOATS 38 Beef Cattle, 38 Sub maintenance and Low-Energy Beef Cattle Diets, 39; Medium- Energy Beef Cattle Diets, 46; High-Energy Beef Cattle Diets, 50; Summary and Conclusions, 55 Dairy Cattle, 57 Urea in Diets for Young Dairy Calves, 57; Urea in Diets for Heifers, 60; Urea in Diets for Lactating Cows, 62; Urea and Corn Silage, 64; Other Additives Compared to Urea for Corn at Ensiling, 70; Urea Additions to Barley at Ensiling, 71; Urea in Liquid Supplements for Dairy Cattle, 72; Sulfur and Other Mineral Supplementation of Urea Diets, 73; New Products Containing Urea, 74; Relationship of Rumen Ammonia Level to NPN Use, 75; Effect of Urea on the Health of Dairy Cattle, 77; Urea Plus Nitrate, 80; Summary and Conclusions, 80 Sheep, 81 Dietary Levels of Urea, 82; Protein Quality, 84; Effect of Dietary Urea on Utilization of Other Ingredients, 85; Adaptation to Urea- Containing Diets, 86; Summary and Conclusions, 86 Goats, 86 6 CONSIDERATIONS ON THE USE OF NPN COMPOUNDS BY NONRUMINANT SPECIES 88 Poultry, 89 Swine, 91 Horses, 92 Summary and Conclusions, 93 7 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 95 REFERENCES 97 VII

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