National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2014. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18710.
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Identtifying g andd Redu ucing Environ nmental He ealth Risks off Chemmicals s in Our O So ociety WO ORKSHOP SUMMARY S Rob bert Pool and Erin Rusch, Rapporteurs Round dtable on Env vironmental Health H Science es, Research h, and Medicin ne Board on Population He ealth and Pub blic Health Prractice

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (HHSN26300033), The Kresge Foundation, Colgate-Palmolive Company, ExxonMobil Foundation, and Royal Dutch Shell. The views presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the activity. This summary is based on the proceedings of a workshop that was sponsored by the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. It is prepared in the form of a workshop summary by and in the name of the rapporteurs as an individually authored document. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-30115-2 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-30115-7 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu. Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2014. Identifying and reducing environmental health risks of chemicals in our society: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

The National Acadeemy of Sciencces is a privatte, nonprofit, self-perpetuatiing society y of distinguish hed scholars enngaged in scienntific and enginneering researcch, dedicatted to the furth herance of scieence and technnology and to their use for tthe generall welfare. Upoon the authority y of the charteer granted to it by the Congreess in 1863, the Academ my has a man ndate that reqquires it to addvise the fedeeral governmment on scienttific and techniccal matters. Drr. Ralph J. Ciceerone is presideent of the National N Acadeemy of Sciencees. The National Acadeemy of Engin neering was eestablished in 1964, under tthe charterr of the Natioonal Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstan nding engineerss. It is autonomo ous in its adminnistration and iin the selectionn of its memmbers, sharing with the National Academyy of Sciences tthe responsibillity for adv vising the federral governmentt. The Nationall Academy of Engineering allso sponsors engineering g programs aim med at meetinng national neeeds, encouragges educatiion and researcch, and recogn nizes the superrior achievemeents of engineeers. Dr. C. D. D Mote, Jr., iss president of the t National Accademy of Enggineering. The Institute of Med dicine was estaablished in 19770 by the Natioonal Academy of Sciencees to secure th he services of eminent membbers of approppriate professioons in the examination e of policy matterrs pertaining too the health off the public. T The Institutte acts under th he responsibilitty given to the National Acaddemy of Sciencces by its congressional c charter c to be an n adviser to thee federal goverrnment and, uppon its ownn initiative, to identify i issues of medical carre, research, annd education. D Dr. Harvey y V. Fineberg is president of thet Institute off Medicine. The Na ational Resea w organizedd by the Natioonal Academy of arch Council was Sciencees in 1916 to associate the broad b communnity of sciencee and technoloogy with th he Academy’s purposes of fu urthering know wledge and advvising the fedeeral governnment. Function ning in accordance with geneeral policies determined by tthe Academ my, the Counccil has becomee the principall operating ageency of both tthe National Academy of o Sciences an nd the Nationaal Academy off Engineering in providiing services to t the govern nment, the puublic, and thee scientific aand engineeering communiities. The Coun ncil is administtered jointly byy both Academ mies and thee Institute of Medicine. M Dr. Ralph R J. Ciceroone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., aare chair an nd vice chair, respectively, r of the National Research Counncil. w www.nationall-academies.o org .

PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS OF CHEMICALS IN OUR SOCIETY1 DENNIS J. DEVLIN, ExxonMobil Corporation, Irving, TX LYNN R. GOLDMAN, George Washington University, Washington, DC WILLIAM E. HALPERIN, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ AL MCGARTLAND, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC SUSAN L. SANTOS, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ KIMBERLY THIGPEN TART, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ HAROLD ZENICK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. v

ROUNDTABLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, RESEARCH, AND MEDICINE1 FRANK LOY (Chair), Washington, DC LYNN R. GOLDMAN (Vice-Chair), George Washington University, Washington, DC HENRY A. ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison JOHN M. BALBUS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD JAMES K. BARTRAM, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill FAIYAZ BHOJANI, Royal Dutch Shell, The Hague, Netherlands LINDA S. BIRNBAUM, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC LUZ CLAUDIO, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY DENNIS J. DEVLIN, ExxonMobil Corporation, Irving, TX RICHARD A. FENSKE, University of Washington, Seattle DAVID D. FUKUZAWA, The Kresge Foundation, Troy, MI LUIZ A. GALVÃO, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC BERNARD D. GOLDSTEIN, University of Pittsburgh, PA RICHARD J. JACKSON, University of California, Los Angeles SUZETTE M. KIMBALL, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA JAY LEMERY, University of Colorado, Denver ANDREW MAGUIRE, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC LINDA A. MCCAULEY, Emory University, Atlanta, GA AL MCGARTLAND, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC DAVID M. MICHAELS, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC CANICE NOLAN, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium CHRISTOPHER J. PORTIER, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 1 Institute of Medicine forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. vii

PAUL SANDIFER, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC SUSAN L. SANTOS, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA G. DAVID TILMAN, University of Minnesota, St. Paul PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ NSEDU OBOT WITHERSPOON, Children’s Environmental Health Network, Washington, DC HAROLD ZENICK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC IOM Staff KATHLEEN STRATTON, Study Director (from September 2013) ERIN RUSCH, Associate Program Officer HOPE HARE, Administrative Assistant ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Director, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice viii

Reviewers This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary: Johanna T. Dwyer, Tufts Medical Center Jay Lemery, University of Colorado School of Medicine Patricia Verduin, Colgate-Palmolive Company Lauren Zeise, California Environmental Protection Agency Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by Mark R. Cullen, Stanford University. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the institution. ix

Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Organization of the Summary, 2 Key Themes, 3 2 THE CHALLENGE: CHEMICALS IN TODAY’S SOCIETY 5 The Challenge, 6 The Public Health Approach to Industrial Chemical Assessments, 12 National Conversation on Public Health and Chemical Exposures, 19 References, 23 3 CURRENT REGULATORY APPROACHES TO DEALING WITH INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 25 The Toxic Substances Control Act, 25 The European Commission Approach, 38 Discussion, 42 References, 49 4 MODELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND EXPOSURE SCIENCE 51 Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment, 51 Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy, 57 Advancing the Next Generation of Risk Assessment, 61 The Design and Evaluation of Safer Chemical Substitutions: A Framework to Inform Government and Industry Decisions, 67 Discussion, 69 References, 71 5 APPROACHES TO PRIORITIZING CHEMICALS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT 73 Developing Models to Prioritize Chemicals for Target Testing, 73 Approaches to Priority Setting in California, 79 Assessing and Prioritizing Risks in Canada, 84 American Chemistry Council Views on Chemical Prioritization, 92 Discussion, 96 References, 99 xi

xii CONTENTS 6 CURRENT EFFORTS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHEMICALS IN OUR SOCIETY 101 Case Study: Sustainability and Green Programs at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 101 Case Study: Johnson & Johnson, 104 Case Study: Dow Chemical Company, 108 Case Study: American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute, 112 Case Study: Substitute It Now and GreenScreen, 116 Case Study: Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute, 120 Case Study: Bullitt Center, 123 Discussion, 127 Reference, 129 7 REFLECTIONS ON THE WORKSHOP AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 131 APPENDIXES A GLOSSARY 137 B AGENDA 149 C SPEAKER BIOSKETCHES 157

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On November 7-8, 2013, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine held a workshop to discuss approaches related to identifying and reducing potential environmental public health risks to new and existing industrial chemicals present in society. Industrial chemicals include chemicals used in industrial processes or commercial products, not including those found in food, pesticides, or pharmaceuticals.

Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society is a summary and synthesis of the presentations and discussions that took place during the two days of the workshop. The workshop examined successes and areas for improvement within current regulatory programs for assessing industrial chemical safety, frameworks for chemical prioritization to inform targeted testing and risk management strategies, concepts of sustainability and green chemistry that support the design and use of safer alternatives, and efforts to reduce the risk of chemicals in our society.

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