Review of the Styrene Assessment in the National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens (2014)

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Appendix C Review of the Literature Search Used in the National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens In support of the assessment of styrene, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by using substance- specific terms (the substance name, major synonyms, and major metabolites) and topic-specific terms (see Table C-1). The results underwent a first level of review, during which titles and abstracts were screened for relevance. In a sec- ond level of review, the full text of references were reviewed for their relevance and substance. In the second level of review, 986 references were considered. Seventy additional references were recommended to NTP by an expert panel (Phillips et al. 2008 a,b). In total, 551 references were cited in the final back- ground document (NTP 2008). The date on which the searches were run and the specific search strings used for each database were not provided to the commit- tee. The committee found that providing more detail on the search strategies and the inclusion and exclusion criteria would have improved transparency of the methods that NTP used to identify and evaluate relevant literature related to styrene exposure. Similar observations about clear and concise descriptions of literature searches have been made by previous committees of the National Academies (IOM 2011; NRC 2011, 2014), and approaches that ensure greater transparency in literature search and review are being initiated by the US Envi- ronmental Protection Agency’s Integrated Risk Information System (EPA 2013) and NTP’s Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP 2013). The final background document for styrene (NTP 2008) summarizes the literature up to the date of the peer review of the background document (July 2008), and the substance profile (NTP 2011) summarizes literature up to the date of the peer review by the Board of Scientific Counselors (February 2009) (Bucher et al. 2013). (See Figure 1-1 for a schematic of the 12th Report on Car- cinogens process.) After peer review, both the background document and the substance profile were updated to reflect peer-review and public comments. NTP periodically reviewed the scientific literature up to the release of the 12th Report on Carcinogens (June 2011) “for any new studies that would warrant a re-review of the NTP’s preliminary recommendations to the [Health and Human Services] Secretary” (Bucher 2013). 165 

166 TABLE C-1 Topic-Specific Search Terms Used in the National Toxicology Program’s Literature Searches Human Cancer Animal Tumors Genotoxicity ADME/Mechanisms MeSH terms MeSH terms MeSH terms MeSH terms Case reports Adenocarcinoma Aneuploidy Absorption Case–control studies Adenoma Cell transformation, neoplastic Biotransformation Cohort studies Carcinogens Chromosome aberrations Metabolism Epidemiology Carcinoma Cytogenic analysis Pharmacokinetics Epidemiologic studies Neoplasms DNA adducts Cytochrome P-450 enzyme Mortality Precancerous condition DNA damage system Neoplasms Sarcoma DNA repair Occupational exposure Animals Germ-line mutation Text words Prospective studies Micronuclei Activation Retrospective studies Text words Mutagens Bioactivation Manpower Cancer Mutagenesis Clearance Foci Mutation Detoxif* Text words Malignan* Oncogenes Distribution Case-referent Mice Polyploidy Excretion Cancer Oncogenic* Sister-chromatid exchange Kinetics Carcinogenic Rats SOS response Mechanism Epidemiolog* Tumor Metabolite Tumor Tumorigenic* Text words Workers Chromosom* Clastogen* Genetic toxicology Strand break Unscheduled DNA synthesis *The asterisk, sometimes referred to as a wild card, represents a truncation and is used to find all terms that begin with the given text string. Abbreviations: ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; MeSH, medical subject headings. Source: Bucher 2013. 

Appendix C 167 REFERENCES Bucher, J.R. 2013. Follow-up Questions. Material submitted by the NAS Committee on Review of the Formaldehyde Assessment in the NTP 12th RoC and the NAS Com- mittee on Review of the Styrene Assessment in the NTP 12th RoC, April 2, 2013. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2013. Part 1. Status of Implementation of Recommendations. Materials Submitted to the National Research Council, by In- tegrated Risk Information System Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agen- cy, January 30, 2013 [online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/iris/pdfs/IRIS%20 Program%20Materials%20to%20NRC_Part%201.pdf [accessed Jan. 13, 2014]. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. NRC (National Research Council). 2011. Review of the Environmental Protection Agen- cy’s Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde. Washington, DC: National Acade- mies Press. NRC (National Research Council). 2014. Review of EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2008. Report on Carcinogens Background Docu- ment for Styrene, September 29, 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC [online]. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/NTP/roc/twelfth/2010/Final BDs/Styrene_Final_508.pdf [accessed Aug. 14, 2013]. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2011. Styrene. Pp. 383-392 in Report on Carcino- gens, 12th Ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicol- ogy Program, Research Triangle Park, NC [online]. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih. gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Styrene.pdf [accessed Aug. 14, 2013]. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2013. Draft OHAT Approach for Systematic Re- view and Evidence Integration for Literature-Based Health Assessments. U.S. De- partment of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, National In- stitute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of National Toxicology Program, Office of Hazard Assessment and Translation, February 2013 [online]. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/NTP/OHAT/EvaluationProcess/DraftOHATAp proach_February2013.pdf [accessed Jan. 13, 2014]. Phillips, D., S. Snedeker, S. Eustis, M. Stone, P. Infante, E.M. Ward, G. Matanoski, G.S. Yost, S.S. Que Hee, L. Zeise, and T.J. Smith. 2008. Part A – Peer Review of the Draft Background Document on Styrene. Styrene Expert Panel Report [online]. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/NTP/roc/twelfth/2008/ExpertPanelMtgs/Styrene_ PanelReportPartA_508.pdf [accessed July 17, 2013]. Phillips, D., S. Snedeker, S. Eustis, M. Stone, P. Infante, E.M. Ward, G. Matanoski, G.S. Yost, S.S. Que Hee, L. Zeise, and T.J. Smith. 2008. Part B – Recommendation for Listing Status for Styrene and Scientific Justification for the Recommendation. Styrene Expert Panel Report [online]. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/NTP/ roc/twelfth/2008/ExpertPanelMtgs/Styrene_PanelReportPartB_508.pdf [accessed July 17, 2013].