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Index 269 Radiation threshold dosage Genetic effects, 243 Exposure, 244 Occupation exposure, 243 Permissible limits, 243 Radiation-water hydrolysis relationships, 231 Radioactive aerosols Hemispheric distribution, 19 Radioactive by-products Antimony-125, 203 Land runoff, 203 Radioactive concentrations in oceans, 121 Radioactive contaminants Nuclear detonations, 162 Radioactive dating techniques, 119 Radioactive debris (See also Radioactive fallout) Attachment processes, 13 Characteristics, 10 Irregular particles, 13 Melted environmental material, 12 Natural aerosols, 11 Stratospheric depletion, 19 Stratospheric dust, 11 Unmelted environmental material, 12 Volatilized material, 12 Zodiacal dust, 11 Radioactive decay, 90 Radioactive discharges United Kingdom, 255 Radioactive fallout Atmospheric debris, 241 Air bursts, 10,12 Argon-95, 12 Barium-140,12 Zirconium-95,12 Coral island surface bursts, 10,12, 13 (See also Table 4), 14 Heterogeneous droplets, 14 Excess, 79 Bay of Biscay, 79 Mediterranean Sea, 79 Extrapolation, 71 Fish eggs development, 226 Geochemical analysis over oceans, 78 Induced radioactivities, 22 Land observations, 71 Marine biota sorption, 226 Nuclear weapons tests, 19 Particle size distribution, 10 (See also Table 4), 14 PIutonium-238, 11 Shallow water nuclide deposition, 79 Vertical profile, 79 Stratospheric lateral distribution, 19 Studies, 42 Tower bursts, 10 Worldwide, 241, 251 Radioactive isotopes, 90 Radioactive materials in sea Chemicals, 246 Concentration calculations, 108 Continuous fixed source, 106 Continuous moving sources, 106 Finite sources, 118 Instantaneous sources, 106, 107 Radially symmetrical distribution, 107 Rate of introduction, 246 Seabed deposition, 246 Radioactive mixing rate data, 121 Radioactive particulate debris, 241 Radioactive spatial distribution Vertical advection, 92 Vertical diffusion, 92 Radioactive species Dispersion, 137 Model studies, 137 Radioactive tracing techniques, 119 Oceanic physical processes, 119 Radioactive tracers Accumulation by plankton, 38 Radioactive tungsten-plant interaction, 162 Radioactive wastes discharges Hydraulic models, 133 Worldwide fallout characteristics, 253 Radioactive waste disposal, 35, 249, 253 (See also Nuclear waste disposal) Asia, 257 Atlantic Ocean coastal waters, 245 Edible marine products effects, 246 Gulf of Mexico, 245 Sea operations, 245 Solids, 257 Study programs, 248 United Kingdom, 257 Windscale, 253 Worldwide operations, 248 Radioactive wastes Harbor dredging, 242 Radioactivity Acceptable to man, 248 Accidents, 241 Commercial fisheries problems, 242 Concentration in seawater, 248 Discharges in sand, 156 Fission-product, 6 Future sources, 6 In fish, 38 Marine environment, 204 Zirconium-95/Niobium-95 ratio, 204 Isotopic dilution, 249 Natural, 7 Ocean, 137 Residence times, 120 Scavenging, 22 Sewage treatment plants, 38 Undersaturation, 138 Radioactivity-recreation problems, 242 Radiocarbon in Pacific Ocean Deep water, 74 Downward mixing tracers, 74 Seasonal characteristics, 75 Surface water, 74 Vertical profiles, 74 Radiochemical analysis Baltic Sea, 71 Black Sea, 71 Box models, 119 Oceans, 119 Radioecology, 200 Marine environment, 200 Radioisotopes Biological concentration factors, 205 Diffusion processes, 38 Encapsulated, 7 Mixing processes, 38 Tracers, 38 Radionuclide accumulation by man, 215 Consumption standards for man, 248 Radionuclide deposition Ocean layers Fecal pellets, 184 Strontium-90, worldwide, 19 (See also Table 8), 21 Radionuclide flux Columbia River, 207 Radionuclide ingestion Fish, 228 Rainbow trout, 228 (See also Table 4), 229 Radionuclide migration, 153 Radionuclide production Strontium-90, worldwide (Table 7), 19 Radionuclide sorption Glacial clay in seawater, 157 Radionuclide specific activity, 207 Radionuclide transport Biological mechanisms, 184 Calculations, 180, 183 Radionuclide uptake in man Marine food, 215 Radionuclides (Table 2), 8 Aerosols, 77 Artificial, 75 Biological transport, 173 Gravity effect, 183 Carbon-14, 7 Cesium-137 in silt, 255 Chemical characteristics, 163 Concentration in sea, 246 Concentration ratios, 202 Concentrations, 227 (S«?0/soTable2), 8 Columbia River (Table 15), 29 Critical path approach, 4 Sea, 8,18 Strontium-90, 3 Yttrium-90, 3 Daily intake rate, 248 Deep water contamination, 29 Diffusion, 153 Dilution in sea, 247 Discharge wastes, 253 Distribution (Table 6), 8 Biological transport, 161 Sea, 42 Effects on man, 4 Equilibria, 151 Biological turnover rates, 165 Marine organisms relationships, 165 Hydrogen-3, 7 Land runoff, 163 Marine environment, 1, 167, 232 Marine sediments, 77
270 Index Natural mixing dilution, 1, 247 Ocean contamination, 241 Oceanic depths Cesium-137,2 Strontium-90, 2 Open ocean, 77 Plaice eggs, 234 Shellfish Oysters, 256 Solid earth, 7 Sorption, 226 Sources, 7, 162 Specific activity, 163 Surface adsorption, 190 Thermocline relationships, 78 Vertical distribution, 184 Zinc-65 in seaweed, 255 Zooplankton, 174 Radionuclides absorption Laboratory-natural relationships, 230 Radionuclides activities Ultrafiltrates (Table 5), 17 Radionuclides distribution patterns Phytoplankton absorption, 174 Zooplankton absorption, 174 Radionuclides fractionation Estuarine variations, 163 Near-shore variations, 163 Radionuclides in fish Columbia River, 228 Internal radiation dosage in man, 252 Iron-55,252 Neutron activation fallout, 252 Nuclear explosion fallout, 25 2 Phosphorus-32, 228 Strontium-90, 251, 252 Whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), 228 Zinc-65, 228 Radionuclides in marine organisms Isotope dilution, 163 Radionuclides in oceans Data deficiencies, 78 Horizontal distribution, 78 Subsurface concentration maxima, 78 Vertical distribution, 78 Radionuclides in seawater, 90, 137 Chemical species Biosphere, 137 Inorganic particles, 137 Organic particles, 137 Chromosome aberrations, 227 Fractionation, 72 Gamma spectrometry testing, 77 Gaseous precursors, 71 Geochemical cycles, 78 Mitotic activity, 227 Occurrence, 77 Potassium-40, 229 Solubility, 78 Strontium-90, 42, 226 Tabulated analysis (Table 21), 75 Yttrium-90, 226 Radionuclides in sediments Clinch River, 149 Radionuclides transport times, 183 (See also Table 6), 182 Radiosensitivity-temperature effects, 230 Reaction products Plutonium metal, 34 Reactivity in ocean Solid phases Calcareous exoskeletal material, 143 Opaline exoskeletal material, 143 Organic detritus, 143 Reactor effluent isotopes (Table 13), 28 Reactor effluents Hanford plant, 228 Reactors (See also Nuclear reactors) Chronic waste discharges, 241 Civilian propulsion, 29 Cooling systems Single pass, 25 Dual purpose, 25 Hanford, 2, 25 (See also Table 13, 14), 28 Naval propulsion, 25 Plutonium production, 25 References (See end of each chapter) Refractory fission products, 12 Coral surface bursts, 13 Reprocessing plants Bradwell Power Station (Table 3), 256 Chemical, 31 Dounreay, Scotland, 31, 242 Hanford, 249 Columbia River, 77, 157 Irish Sea, 77 Low-level wastes, 31 Marcoule, France, 31 Petten, Netherlands, 254 Radionuclides at Windscale, 77 Studsvik, Sweden, 254 Trombay, India, 254 Windscale Discharge rates (Table 18), 32 Irish Sea, 157 Low-level wastes, 31 Radionuclides in sediments, 154 England, 3, 234, 242, 250 (See a/so Table 18), 32 Residence times-mixed layer depths rela- tionships, 120 Rivers Deltas, 157 Discharge in ocean, 141 Precipitation processes, 189 Rhone River Water discharge, 31, 32 Water mixing, 25, 142 Seawater mixing, 141 Shallow seawater precipitates, 190 Rongelap Atoll Contaminated seafood diet, 252 SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power), 30 SNAP-8, 30 SNAP-9A, 34 Plutonium-238, deposition (Table 21), 35 SNAP-10A, 30 SNAP components Corrosion tests, 32 SNAP isotope devices, 32 SNAP systems Aerospace applications (Table 20), 33 Oceanic applications (Table 19), 33 Salinity profiles World oceans, 97 Sea dynamics-radionuclides interaction, 163 Sea-land radiation dosage comparisons, 252 Seafood Consumption by man (Table 1), 241 Radiation contamination, 246 Seasonal variation contamination Atlantic Ocean, 54 Seawater Density determination, 92 Temperature-salinity relationships, 92 Radioactive contaminants, 249 Radioactivity concentration, 248 Specific activity calculation, 248 Radionuclide model, 159 Samples collections Large-volume sampler, 125 Techniques, 125 KCFC resin-cesium-137 extraction, 124 Sediment equilibrium, 151 Seaweed contamination, 250 Sediment accumulation, 155 Continental shelf, 155 Deposition rates Adriatic Sea, 155 Deep-ocean floor, 155 Deposition rates Beaches, 156 Ligurian Sea, 155 Radionuclide assimilation, 155 Sediment contamination, 242 Sediment mixing Biological activity, 154 Currents, 153 Wave action, 153 Sediment movement Estuaries, 156 Particles, 147, 153, 159 River deltas, 157 Submarine canyons, 157 Suspensions, 157 Sediment-water interface, 153 Sedimentation-gravity relationships, 193 Sediments (See also Marine sediments) Adsorption, 190 Anoxic conditions (Table 2), 152 Biological conditions, 149 Black Sea, 152 Calcium-45 uptake, 152 Carbonate content, 148 Cation exchange capacities, 148 Concentration factors, 191 Concretions, 148 Dissolved oxygen, 142 Epiphyton content, 191
Index 271 Gas production, 155 Hydrogen sulfide formation, 142 Irish Sea, 148 Iron content, 148 Longshore current transport, 156 Oxygenated conditions (Table 2), 152 Physicochemical conditions, 149 Radionuclides (See also Table 2), 8 Concentration, 159 Content, 28, 147 Deposition in San Francisco Bay, 157 Migration, 153 Transport, 155 Uptake experiments, 189 Scavengers, 3, 157 Sorbed radionuclides distribution (Table 1), 149 Sorption capacity, 3,157 Sorption-desorption processes, 151 Sorption processes, 149 Waterborne pollutants removal, 159 Sewage treatment plants, 38 Shallow water food fish Radionuclide concentration, 194 Shear diffusion Calculations, 114 Cape Kennedy, offshore region, 115 Critical time determinations, 114,118 Shear effect Current relationships, 112,113 Model study, 113 Somatic exposure Gastrointestinal tract, 250 Sorption capacity, 147, 148 Sorption sequence, 148 Species abundance-marine foraminifera populations, 214 Species interactions Food chains, 206 Mediated by exometabolites, 205 Mediated by food, 205 Recycling adsorbed elements, 206 Regeneration of nutrients, 205 Species interacting-fceding cycles relation- ships, 206 Specific activity approach, 4, 215 (See also Activity concentration) Stable elements Concentration factors, 207 Standard man, 248 Radionuclides dosages, 248 Stratosphere Deposition values, 19 Dust, 11 Half-residence time, polar regions, 19 Nuclear debris, 7,19 Global distribution, 19 PUn on in m-2.ix distribution, 19 Radionuclides removal, 19 Stratospheric mixing, 20 Strontium-90 Atlantic Ocean, 43 Concentration profiles Eastern Pacific Ocean (Table 11), 61 Pacific Ocean mixing, 54 Western Pacific Ocean (Table 12), 62 Deposition on land Spring peak, 48 Depth profiles, 51 Fallout Seasonal meteorological phenomena, 48 Stratosphere-troposphere interchange, 48 Indian Ocean, 43 Inventories in oceans (Table 17), 72 Interlaboratory analyses, 43 Mean annual concentration Surface waters of seas (Table 5), 49 Mean concentrations Atlantic Ocean deep water (Table 13), 62 Atlantic Ocean profiles, equator (Table 10), 56 Northern Hemisphere (Table 9), 52 Southern Hemisphere (Table 10), 58 Caribbean Sea deep water (Table 13), 62 Pacific Ocean deep water (Table 14), 66 Ocean depth contamination, 51 Pacific Ocean, 43 Surface concentrations (Table 16), 71 Surface water contamination, 43 Water tracer, 43 Strontium titanate Dissolution rates, 34 Structural elements, 186 Depth relationships, 184 Distribution patterns, 170 Regeneration rates, 171,172 Submarine aquifers Discharges, 154 Submarine canyons, 157 Subsurface-surface nuclear detonation rela- tionships, 162 Sulfide-rich waters Black Sea, 142 Surface currents World oceans, 100 Surface layers Biological transport, 175 Surface zone-near-shore zone relationships, 129 Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (See SNAP) TLD (See Thermoluminescent dosimeter) Temperature-salinity relationships, 93 World oceans (Table 2), 94 Testing programs (See also Nuclear testing programs) Atmospheric nuclear weapons, 7 Texas salt marsh Element distribution in sediments, 189 (See also Table 8), 188 Thermal tolerance of fish, 230 Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) Accuracy, 230 Hanford (Columbia River) measurements, 230 Limitations, 230 Ravenglass mud flats, 235 Windscale area, 230, 234 Thermonuclear explosions, 22 (See also Nuclear testing programs) Transition elements, 186 Trace elements Behavior variations, 208 Coprecipitation, 189 Filter feeders, 193 Transport mechanisms, 178 Vertical distribution, 184 Tracer elements-oyster concentrations, 192 Tritiated seawater, 227 Tritium Concentrations in seawater, 48 Experiments Data deficit, 217 In oceans Cosmic interaction, 72 Decrease-depth relationships, 73 Global inventory, 72 Natural-artificial radionuclides, 72 Precipitation Northern Hemisphere, 73 Stratospheric vapor, 72, 73 Tropospheric transfer, 73 Profile studies, 73 Strontium-90 analyses, 73 Tracer studies, 217 Trophic levels, 206 Exploitation, 214 Food for man, 215, 217 Troposphere Half-residence time, 19 Turbulence in sea Horizontal scale, 106 Turnover rates Nitrogen, 171 Phosphorus, 171 Underwater explosions, 15 Bomb debris-seawater interaction, 16 Chemical, 38 Debris solubility, 17 Deep burst, 15 Hazard to man, 20 Nuclear detonations, 162 Underwater human communities, 242 United Kingdom Medical Research Council Contamination levels, 243 United Nations Worldwide radiation dosage calculations, 252 United States Atomic Energy Commission, 20 Plowshare Program, 241 Testing Programs, 20 United States Federal Radiation Council Contamination levels, 243 Upper mixed layers Diurnal migration of zooplankton, 175
272 Index Upwelling-radionuclides relationships, 163 Volatile fission products, 12,13 Wastes (See Nuclear wastes) Waste effluents in estuaries, 131 Water mass definition Atlantic Bottom Water, 79 Atlantic Intermediate Water, 79 North Atlantic Deep Water, 79 Western Pacific Ocean surface water Strontium-90 annual concentrations (Table 2), 46 Windscale (See Reprocessing plants) Evaluation studies Acceptable dosage-contamination rela- tionships, 250 Discharge rates, 250 Safety factors, 250 Waste disposal Gamma dose on mud flats, 253 Ruthenium-106, 253 World Ocean Mixed layer, 143 Residence time of elements, 143 X-radiation in fish, 231 Zodiacal dust, 11 Zooplankton Biomass-concentration factors relation- ships, 175 (See afro Table 4), 175 Biomass conversion (Table 5), 179 Concentration factors, 178 Deep water vertical distribution, 175 Feeding rates, 177 Radionuclide uptake, 179 Vertical diurnal migration, 174, 176,186 (See also Table 7), 186 Vertical transport calculations (Table 7), 186
