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INTRODUCTION In many areas of the world, primate populations have been declining as a consequence of deforestation, expanding agriculture, urbanization, market hunting, and commercial exploitation. Several countries have established quotas that limit the number of monkeys that can be exported; others have entirely prohibited export. For example, in 1973 the government of India reduced the annual export of rhesus monkeys worldwide from 50, 000 to 30, 000 and indicated that further reductions might be imposed. Several years earlier, Thailand set a limit of 500 animals per year. Colombia and Peru have joined Brazil in prohibiting export of primates except under special permit. It can be anticipated as dealers respond by moving into new areas, that other countries will follow the example of those just cited. The net effect of all these factors has been to create serious shortages of rhesus macaques, squirrel monkeys, marmosets, night monkeys, and several other species essential for biomedical programs. It is not the purpose of this report to review or justify the role of non- human primates in biomedical programs. Their major contributions and unique functions in studies of physiology and immunology, infectious disease, cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, alco- holism and drug abuse, behavior, and a host of other biomedical problems, as well as their essential role in the testing of biologies and the production of vaccines, are thoroughly established. Definitions In order to examine the situation in detail, it is essential to recognize the precise way in which certain key terms are to be used. Usage --in the general sense to indicate the numbers of animals involved in experimental, testing, or teaching procedures. It is not a synonym of the more limited terms acquisitions, inventories, or sacrificed. Turnover--percent annual turnover as a consequence of imports, as estimated by the following equations. 1. Percent Annual Turnover of inventory = 1/2 (imports + deaths of imports)/average daily inventory 2. Percent Annual Turnover of total volume = 1/2 (imports + deaths of imports)/total acquisitions + inventory carryover from previous years In both equations the multiplier 1/2 is used as a way of averaging annual imports and annual deaths. Breeding Colony--a self-sustaining unit in which breeding stock is replaced through internal recruitment, as distinguished from production centers in which breeding stock is replaced by the importation of additional wild-caught animals. 1
Yieldâgross yield, the total number of infants produced in a breeding colony or center, as distinguished from net yield, which is determined by subtracting from the gross yield the number of infant deaths and the number of surviving infants, if any, retained for replacement of breeding stock. Primates--refers here only to nonhuman primates. In certain cases more than one common name, or more than one scientific name, are in current use for a given species. Some synonyms are indicated by footnotes in Appendix I. Additional examples include the following: 1. The long-tailed macaque, Macaca fascicularis, is frequently re- ferred to as the cynomolgus or crab-eating macaque; M. irus is a synonym. 2. The stumptail macaque, M. arctoides, has also been called M. speciosa. 3. Two commonly used names for Cercopithecus aethiops are vervet and African green monkey. 4. Night monkeys, Aotus trivirgatus, are frequently called owl mon- keys or douroucoulis. 5. Marmoset, as here used, includes the tamarins also.