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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17 (2014)

Chapter: 7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Page 423
Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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Suggested Citation:"7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride Acute Exposure Guideline Levels." National Research Council. 2014. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 17. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18796.
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7 Trimethylacetyl Chloride1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels PREFACE Under the authority of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) P.L. 92-463 of 1972, the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guide- line Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL Committee) has been estab- lished to identify, review, and interpret relevant toxicologic and other scientific data and develop AEGLs for high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposure periods ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 hours (h). Three levels—AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3—are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 and 30 min and 1, 4, and 8 h) and are distin- guished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. The three AEGLs are defined as follows: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration (expressed as parts per million or milligrams per cubic meter [ppm or mg/m3]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory 1 This document was prepared by the AEGL Development Team composed of Cheryl Bast (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Heather Carlson-Lynch (SRC, Inc.), Lisa Inger- man (SRC, Inc.), Chemical Manager George Rusch (National Advisory Committee [NAC] on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances), and Ernest V. Falke (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The NAC reviewed and revised the doc- ument and AEGLs as deemed necessary. Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. The NRC committee has concluded that the AEGLs developed in this document are scientifically valid conclusions based on the data reviewed by the NRC and are consistent with the NRC guidelines reports (NRC 1993, 2001). 414

Trimethylacetyl Chloride 415 effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m3) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including sus- ceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m3) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including sus- ceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death. Airborne concentrations below the AEGL-1 represent exposure concentra- tions that could produce mild and progressively increasing but transient and nondisabling odor, taste, and sensory irritation or certain asymptomatic, nonsen- sory effects. With increasing airborne concentrations above each AEGL, there is a progressive increase in the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of effects described for each corresponding AEGL. Although the AEGL values represent threshold concentrations for the general public, including susceptible subpopula- tions, such as infants, children, the elderly, persons with asthma, and those with other illnesses, it is recognized that individuals, subject to idiosyncratic respons- es, could experience the effects described at concentrations below the corre- sponding AEGL. SUMMARY Trimethylacetyl chloride is a clear colorless liquid. It is corrosive and is a moisture-sensitive lachrymator. Trimethylacetyl chloride is used as an interme- diate in the preparation of trialkylacetic acids, which are used in polymers, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, and metal-working fluids. Data were insufficient to derive AEGL-1 values for trimethylacetyl chlo- ride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended. In the absence of appropriate chemical-specific data on trimethylacetyl chloride, the AEGL-3 values were divided by 3 to derive AEGL-2 values. That approach is justified by the steep concentration-response curve. In a mouse irri- tation study, a 30-min exposure to trimethylacetyl chloride at 115 ppm resulted in 25% mortality, and a 1.6 increase in the concentration resulted in a 3-fold increase in mortality (75% mortality at 180 ppm) (Hardy and Kieran, 1992). Rats or mice exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride at 78, 115, 180, and 249 ppm for 30 min to 6 h experienced 0, 25, 75, and 100% mortality, respectively (Eastman Kodak 1992; Hardy and Kieran 1992). An exposure to trimethylacetyl chloride causing no death in rats (78 ppm for 6 h) (Eastman Kodak 1992) was used as the point of departure for the AEGL-3 values. Rough coat, labored breathing, and body weight loss were not- ed at that concentration, and 100% mortality was noted at the next highest con- centration tested (249 ppm for 3.5 h). Values were scaled across time using the equation Cn × t = k, with default values of n = 3 when extrapolating to shorter

416 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels durations and n = 1 when extrapolating to longer durations to derive values pro- tective of human health (NRC 2001). The 30-min value was adopted as the 10- min value because of the added uncertainty of extrapolating a 6-h point of de- parture to a 10-min AEGL-3 value. Two uncertainty factors of 10 were applied; one factor to account for interspecies differences and one factor to account for the absence of information available to describe interindividual variability. Alt- hough clinical signs and pathology from the available data set suggest contact irritation and corrosion (labored breathing, gasping, and corneal opacity in rats, and decreased respiratory rate, lung necrosis, and increased lung weight in mice) and that type of portal-of-entry effect is not expected to vary greatly between species, the available data are not sufficient to conclusively describe the mecha- nism of toxicity. In addition, RD50 (concentration that reduces the respiratory rate by 50%) data suggest that the mouse is more sensitive than the rat (estimat- ed 30-min LC50 value of 101-182 ppm from the mouse RD50 study [Hardy and Kieran 1992]). A modifying factor of 3 was applied to account for the sparse database. Therefore, the total adjustment is 300. The AEGL values for trime- thylacetyl chloride are presented in Table 7-1. 1. INTRODUCTION Trimethylacetyl chloride is a clear colorless liquid (Hardy and Kieran 1992). It is corrosive and is a moisture-sensitive lachrymator (ChemFinder 2007). Trimethylacetyl chloride is used as an intermediate in the preparation of trialkylacetic acids, which are used in polymers, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, and metal-working fluids. The chemical and physical properties of trimethylacetyl chloride are presented in Table 7-2. TABLE 7-2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Trimethylacetyl Chloride Parameter Value References Synonyms Pivaloyl chloride; 2,2-dimethyl-propanoyl chloride ChemFinder 2007 CAS registry no. 3282-30-2 ChemFinder 2007 Chemical formula C5H9ClO ChemFinder 2007 Molecular weight 120.58 ChemFinder 2007 Physical state Clear, colorless liquid Hardy and Kieran 1992 Melting point -56°C ChemFinder 2007 Boiling point 105°C ChemFinder 2007 Flash point 19°C ChemFinder 2007 Density 0.979 ChemFinder 2007 Solubility in water Moisture sensitive ChemFinder 2007 Vapor pressure 27 mm Hg at 20°C ChemFinder 2007 Conversion factors 1 ppm = 4.9 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 = 0.20 ppm

Trimethylacetyl Chloride 417 2. HUMAN TOXICITY DATA No human toxicity data or odor threshold data on trimethylacetyl chlo- ride were found. 3. ANIMAL TOXICITY DATA 3.1. Acute Toxicity Groups of three rats were exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride at 78 ppm for 6 h or at 249 ppm for 3.5 h, followed by a 14-day observation period (East- man Kodak 1992). No further experimental details were provided. Rats in the 249-ppm group exhibited dark eyes, labored breathing, loss of coordination, gasping, and jumping during exposure. All three were prostrate 3 h into expo- sure and dead within 3.5 h of exposure. Corneal opacity was found at death. No mortality was observed at 78 ppm. However, clinical signs including rough coat and labored breathing, and an average weight loss of 8 g in the 14-day follow-up period were observed. In an RD50 irritancy test, groups of four male albino mice were exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride at 0, 115, 180, or 634 ppm (analytic concentrations) for 30 min, followed by a 24-h observation period (Hardy and Kieran 1992). Flow rate was 13 L/min, and the test atmosphere was analyzed by gas chromatog- raphy. The study followed GLP guidelines. An RD50 of 290 ppm was calculated. Mortality occurred at all test concentrations; one of four rats died at 115 ppm, three of four at 180 ppm, and three of four at 634 ppm. Absolute lung weight and relative lung-to-body-weight ratios were increased in a concentration- dependent manner in animals surviving 24 h. Microscopic lung pathology in animals surviving 24 h included vascular congestion, alveolar edema, single cell necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium, alveolar duct necrosis, debris in the alveolar ducts, and generalized necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium. Because the RD50 was also associated with lethality in the test population, it was not used for the de- velopment of AEGL values. An LC50 value of 101-182 ppm for 30 min was es- timated by the study authors. (The benchmark dose modeling failed because the lower limit included zero.) 3.2. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity No data on developmental or reproductive toxicity on trimethylacetyl chloride were found. 3.3. Genotoxicity No genotoxicity data on trimethylacetyl chloride were found.

418 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 3.4. Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity No data on chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity of trimethylacetyl chloride were found. 3.5. Summary Animal toxicity data on trimethylacetyl chloride are sparse. Clinical signs and lung pathology in rats and mice are consistent with severe irritation and cor- rosion. No data on developmental or reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, or chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity were available. 4. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1. Metabolism and Disposition No information concerning the metabolism and disposition of trimethyla- cetyl chloride was found. 4.2. Mechanism of Toxicity Acute inhalation exposure to trimethylacetyl chloride appears to cause irri- tation (Hardy and Kieran 1992; Eastman Kodak 1992). 4.3. Structure-Activity Relationships No information was available on structure-activity relationships relevant to trimethylacetyl chloride. 4.4. Other Relevant Information 4.4.1. Species Variability No information was available on species variability in response to trime- thylacetyl chloride. 4.4.2. Susceptible Populations No information was available on populations sensitive to trimethylacetyl chloride toxicity. However, clinical signs are consistent with irritation. There- fore, effects are not expected to vary widely among individuals.

Trimethylacetyl Chloride 419 4.4.3. Time Scaling The concentration-time relationship for many irritant and systemically act- ing vapors and gases may be described by the equation Cn × t = k, where the exponent n ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (ten Berge et al. 1986). Data on trimethyla- cetyl chloride were inadequate to derive an empirical value for n, so default val- ues of n = 3 when extrapolating to shorter durations and n = 1 when extrapolat- ing to longer durations were used (NRC 2001). 5. DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-1 5.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-1 No human data relevant to development of AEGL-1 values for trimethyla- cetyl chloride were available. 5.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-1 No animal data relevant to development of AEGL-1 values for trimethyla- cetyl chloride were available. 5.3. Derivation of AEGL-1 Values No human or animal data were available for derivation of AEGL-1 values for trimethylacetyl chloride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended. 6. DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-2 6.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-2 No human data relevant to development of AEGL-2 values for trimethyla- cetyl chloride were available. 6.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-2 No mortality was observed in rats exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride at 78 ppm for 6 h. Rough coat, labored breathing, and body weight loss were noted at that concentration (Eastman Kodak 1992). Mortality (100%) was noted at the next highest concentration tested (249 ppm for 3.5 h). No lower concentrations were tested.

420 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 6.3. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values No suitable data that provided a point of departure for deriving AEGL-2 values for trimethylacetyl chloride were available. In the absence of appropriate chemical-specific data, the AEGL-3 values were divided by 3 to estimate AEGL-2 values for trimethylacetyl chloride. That approach is justified by the steep concentration-response curve. In the mouse irritation study, a 30-min ex- posure to trimethylacetyl chloride at 115 ppm resulted in 25% mortality, and 1.6 increase in the concentration resulted in a 3-fold increase in mortality (75% mor- tality at 180 ppm) (Hardy and Kieran 1992). Rats or mice exposed to trimethyla- cetyl chloride at 78, 115, 180, and 249 ppm for 30 min to 6 h experienced 0, 25, 75, and 100% mortality, respectively (Eastman Kodak 1992; Hardy and Kieran 1992). AEGL-2 values for trimethylacetyl chloride are presented in Table 7-3. 7. DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-3 7.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-3 No human data relevant to development of AEGL-3 values for trimethyla- cetyl chloride were available. 7.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-3 No mortality was observed in rats exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride at 78 ppm for 6 h. Rough coat, labored breathing, and body weight loss were noted at that concentration (Eastman Kodak 1992). Mortality (100%) was noted at the next highest concentration tested (249 ppm for 3.5 h). No other concentrations were tested. 7.3. Derivation of AEGL-3 Values The concentration of trimethylacetyl chloride causing no death in rats (78 ppm for 6 h) (Eastman Kodak 1992) was used as the point of departure for the AEGL-3 values. Rough coat, labored breathing, and body weight loss were found at that concentration, and mortality (100%) was noted at the next highest concentration tested (249 ppm for 3.5 h). Two uncertainty factors of 10 were applied; one factor to account for interspecies differences and one factor due to the absence of information available to describe interindividual variability. Alt- hough clinical signs and pathology from the sparse data set suggest contact irri- tation and corrosion (labored breathing, gasping, and corneal opacity in rats, and decreased respiratory rate, lung necrosis, and increased lung weight in mice) and that type of portal-of-entry effect is not expected to vary greatly between spe- cies, the available data are not sufficient to conclusively describe the mechanism of toxicity. In addition, the RD50 data on trimethylacetyl chloride suggest that the mouse is more sensitive than the rat (estimated 30-min LC50 value of 101-

Trimethylacetyl Chloride 421 182 ppm from the mouse RD50 study [Hardy and Kieran 1992]). A modifying factor of 3 was applied to account for the sparse database. Therefore, the total adjustment was 300. Time scaling was performed using the equation Cn × t = k, with default values of n = 3 when extrapolating to shorter durations and n = 1 when extrapo- lating to longer durations to derive values protective of human health (NRC 2001). The 30-min value for trimethylacetyl chloride was adopted as the 10-min value because of the added uncertainty of extrapolating a 6-h point of departure to a 10-min AEGL-3 value. The AEGL-3 values for trimethylacetyl chloride are presented in Table 7- 4, and the calculations are presented in Appendix A. 8. SUMMARY OF AEGLS 8.1. AEGL Values and Toxicity End Points AEGL values for trimethylacetyl chloride are presented in Table 7-5. AEGL-1 values are not recommended due to insufficient data. AEGL-2 values were derived by taking one-third of the AEGL-3 values, and AEGL-3 values were based on an exposure causing no death in rats exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride for 6 h. TABLE 7-3 AEGL-2 Values for Trimethylacetyl Chloride 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.20 ppm 0.20 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.07 ppm (0.98 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.78 mg/m3) (0.49 mg/m3) (0.34 mg/m3) TABLE 7-4 AEGL-3 Values for Trimethylacetyl Chloride 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.60 ppm 0.60 ppm 0.47 ppm 0.30 ppm 0.20 ppm (2.9 mg/m3) (2.9 mg/m3) (2.3 mg/m3) (1.5 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) TABLE 7-5 AEGL Values for Trimethylacetyl Chloride Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa (nondisabling) AEGL-2 0.20 ppm 0.20 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.07 ppm (disabling) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.78 mg/m3) (0.49 mg/m3) (0.34 mg/m3) AEGL-3 0.60 ppm 0.60 ppm 0.47 ppm 0.30 ppm 0.20 ppm (lethal) (2.9 mg/m3) (2.9 mg/m3) (2.3 mg/m3) (1.5 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) a Not recommended. Absence of an AEGL-1 value does not imply that exposures below the AEGL-2 value are without adverse effect.

422 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 8.2. Other Standards and Guidelines There are no other exposure standards or guidelines for trimethylacetyl chloride. 8.3. Data Adequacy and Research Needs There are no human data on trimethylacetyl chloride, and there are no an- imal data relevant to AEGL-1 or AEGL-2 end points. Available toxicity data on trimethylacetyl chloride are limited to unpublished lethality data in groups of three rats exposed to two concentrations for 3.5 or 6 h (Eastman Kodak 1992) and a 30-min RD50 test in mice, in which mortality occurred at all exposure con- centrations (Hardy and Kieran 1992). There are no data on nonlethal toxicity in animals, metabolism, or disposition of trimethylacetyl chloride in humans or animals, or on the mechanism of action of the chemical. Additional research on workplace exposures (if applicable), acute inhalation toxicity in animals, toxico- kinetics, and mechanism of action would enhance confidence in the AEGL val- ues. 9. REFERENCES ChemFinder. 2007. Pivaloyl Chloride (CAS Reg. No. 3282-30-2) [online]. Available: http://www.cambridgesoft.com/ [accessed July 2007]. Eastman Kodak Co. 1992. Initial Submission: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Pivaloyl Chloride in Rats. Submitted to EPA, Washington, DC, by Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY with Cover Letter Dated August 10, 1992. EPA Document No. 88-920005125. Microfiche No. OTS0544099. Hardy, C.J., and P.C. Kieran. 1992. Assessment of the Respiratory Tract Irritancy of Trimethyl Acetyl Chloride in the Mouse. Huntingdon Research Centre, Ltd., Hun- tingdon, Cambridgeshire, England. SLL 206/911521. July 16, 1992. Submitted to EPA, Washington, DC, by Shell Oil Company, Houston, TX with Cover Letter Dated November 12, 1992. EPA Document No. 88-930000053. Microfiche No. OTS0538315. NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Guidelines for Developing Community Emer- gency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Acute Ex- posure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press ten Berge, W.F., A. Zwart, and L.M. Appelman. 1986. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. J. Haz- ard. Mater. 13(3):301-309.

Trimethylacetyl Chloride 423 APPENDIX A DERIVATION OF AEGL VALUES FOR TRIMETHYLACETYL CHLORIDE Derivation of AEGL-1 Values Data are insufficient to derive AEGL-1 values for trimethylacetyl chloride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values Data are insufficient to derive AEGL-2 values for trimethylacetyl chloride. Therefore, AEGL-2 values were derived by taking one-third of the respective AEGL-3 values. That approach is justified by the steep concentration-response for the chemical. 10-min AEGL-2: 0.60 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.20 ppm 30-min AEGL-2: 0.60 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.20 ppm 1-h AEGL-2: 0.47 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.16 ppm 4-h AEGL-2: 0.30 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.10 ppm 8-h AEGL-2: 0.20 ppm ÷ 3 = 0.07 ppm Derivation of AEGL-3 Values Key study: Eastman Kodak Co. 1992. Initial Submission: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Pivaloyl Chloride in Rats. Submitted to EPA, Washington, DC, by Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY with Cover Letter Dated August 10, 1992. EPA Document No. 88-920005125. Microfiche No. OTS0544099. Toxicity end point: No death in rats (78 ppm for 6 h) Time scaling: Cn × t = k (ten Berge et al. 1986), with default values of n = 3 when extrapolating to shorter durations and n = 1 when extrapolating to longer durations to derive values protective of human health (NRC 2001). (78 ppm)3 × 6 h = 2,847,312 ppm-h (78 ppm)1 × 6 h = 468 ppm-h

424 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Uncertainty factors: 10 for interspecies differences 10 for intraspecies variability Modifying factor: 3 for sparse database 10-min AEGL-3: 0.60 ppm (set equal to the 30-min AEGL-3 value) 30-min AEGL-3: C3 × 0.5 h = 2,847,312 ppm-h C3 = 5,694,624 ppm C = 179 ppm 179 ppm ÷ 300 = 0.60 ppm 1-h AEGL-3: C3 × 1 h = 2,847,312 ppm-h C3 = 2,847,312 ppm C = 142 ppm 142 ppm ÷ 300 = 0.47 ppm 4-h AEGL-3: C3 × 4 h = 2,847,312 ppm-h C3 = 718,578 ppm C = 89.3 ppm 89.3 ppm ÷ 300 = 0.30 ppm 8-h AEGL-3: C1 × 8 h = 468 ppm-h C = 58.5 ppm 58.5 ppm ÷ 300 = 0.20 ppm

Trimethylacetyl Chloride 425 APPENDIX B ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR TRIMETHYLACETYL CHLORIDE Derivation Summary AEGL-1 VALUES Data were insufficient to derive AEGL-1 values for trimethylacetyl chlo- ride. Therefore, AEGL-1 values are not recommended for trimethylacetyl chlo- ride. AEGL-2 VALUES 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.20 ppm 0.20 ppm 0.16 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.07 ppm (0.98 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) (0.78 mg/m3) (0.49 mg/m3) (0.34 mg/m3) Data adequacy: Data on trimethylacetyl chloride are sparse. AEGL-2 values were derived by dividing the AEGL-3 values for trimethylacetyl chloride by 3. That approach is supported by the steep concentration-response curve (0% mortality in rats exposed at 78 ppm for 6 h and 100% mortality at 249 ppm for 3.5 h (Eastman Kodak 1992); 25% mortality in mice exposed at 115 ppm and 75% mortality at 180 ppm for 30 min (Hardy and Kieran 1992). AEGL-3 VALUES 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.60 ppm 0.60 ppm 0.47 ppm 0.30 ppm 0.20 ppm (2.9 mg/m3) (2.9 mg/m3) (2.3 mg/m3) (1.5 mg/m3) (0.98 mg/m3) Key reference: Eastman Kodak Co. 1992. Initial Submission: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Pivaloyl Chloride in Rats. Submitted to EPA, Washington, DC, by Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY with Cover Letter Dated August 10, 1992. EPA Document No. 88-920005125. Microfiche No. OTS0544099. Test species/Strain/Number: Rat; strain and sex not specified; 3/group Exposure route/Concentrations/Durations: Inhalation; various concentrations for up to 6 h Effects: 249 ppm for 3.5 h: 3/3 rats died; clinical signs included labored breathing, loss of coordination, gasping, and corneal opacity. 78 ppm for 6 h: No mortality; rough coat, labored breathing, and body weight loss. End point/Concentration/Rationale: No mortality in rats exposed at 78 ppm for 6 h; considered a threshold for lethality. Uncertainty factors/Rationale: Total uncertainty factor of 100. Interspecies: 10, RD50 data suggest that the mouse is more sensitive than the rat (estimated 30-min LC50 value of 101-182 ppm from the mouse RD50 study) (Hardy and Kieran 1992)

426 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Intraspecies: 10 Modifying factor: 3, because of the sparse database. Animal-to-human dosimetric adjustment: None Time scaling: Cn × t = k, with default values of n = 3 when extrapolating to shorter durations and n = 1 when extrapolating to longer durations to derive values protective of human health (NRC 2001). The 30-min value was adopted as the 10-min value because of the added uncertainty of extrapolating the 6-h point of departure to the 10-min AEGL- 3 value. Data adequacy: Sparse data set. Values are considered protective. The 30-min AEGL-3 value is approximately 75-fold lower than the estimated 30-min LC50 of 101-182 ppm from the mouse RD50 study (Hardy and Kieran 1992), and the 4-h AEGL-3 value is approximately 250-fold lower than the 249 ppm that caused 100% mortality in rats exposed to trimethylacetyl chloride for 3.5 h (Eastman Kodak 1992).

Trimeth hylacetyl Chloride 4427 PPENDIX C AP CATEGORY C PLOT FOR TRIMETHYL T LACETYL CH HLORIDE FIGUR RE C-1 Categorry plot of toxiccity data and A AEGL values ffor trimethylaceetyl chloridee.

428 TABLE C-1 Data Used in the Category Plot for Trimethylacetyl Chloride Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Effect AEGL-2 0.20 10 AEGL AEGL-2 0.20 30 AEGL AEGL-2 0.16 60 AEGL AEGL-2 0.10 240 AEGL AEGL-2 0.07 480 AEGL AEGL-3 0.60 10 AEGL AEGL-3 0.60 30 AEGL AEGL-3 0.47 60 AEGL AEGL-3 0.30 240 AEGL AEGL-3 0.20 480 AEGL Eastman Kodak 1992 Rat 1 78 360 2 Rough coat, labored breathing, body weight loss. Eastman Kodak 1992 Rat 1 249 210 3 Mortality 3/3 Hardy and Kieran 1992 Mouse 1 115 30 SL Mortality 1/4 Hardy and Kieran 1992 Mouse 1 180 30 SL Mortality 3/4 Hardy and Kieran 1992 Mouse 1 634 30 SL Mortality 3/4 For category: 0 = no effect, 1 = discomfort, 2 = disabling, SL = some lethality, 3 = lethal

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Extremely hazardous substances can be released accidentally as a result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where these substances are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents.

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 17 identifies, reviews, and interprets relevant toxicologic and other scientific data for selected AEGL documents for acrylonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, cyanogen, epichlorohydrin, ethylene chlorohydrin, toluene, trimethylacetyl chloride, hydrogen bromide, and boron tribromide in order to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for these high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals.

AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three levels - AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 - are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.

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