Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Issues in Controlled Substance Use Papers and Commentary, Conference on Issues In Controlled Substance Use Deborah R. Maloff and Peter K. Levison, Editors i i- *i Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, D.C. l980 APR? 1980 LIBRARY
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consist- ing of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. of Congress Catalog Card Number 80-8l027 -International Standard Book Number 0-309-0304l-2 Available from: Office of Publications National Academy of Sciences 2l0l Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 204l8 Printed in the United States of America
HV5801 .C578 1978c.l Issues in controlled substance use : papers and commentary. Conference on Issues in Controlled Substance Use / COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND HABITUAL BEHAVIOR Gardner Lindzey (Chairman), Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Howard S. Becker, Department of Sociology, Northwestern University Peter Dews, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Harvard University School of Medicine *Troy Duster, Department of Sociology, University of California John L. Falk, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University Daniel X. Freedman, Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago Jerome Jaffe, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons *Denise Kandel, School of Public Health, Columbia University John Kaplan, Stanford University School of Law Louis Lasagna, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Gerald E. McClearn, Director, Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Charles P. O'Brien, Veterans Administration Hospital, Philadelphia Judith Rodin, Department of Psychology, Yale University Stanley Schachter, Department of Psychology, Columbia University Thomas C. Schelling, JFK School of Government, Harvard University iii
Richard Solomon, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Frank Stanton, New York, N.Y. Albert J. Stunkard, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Staff Peter K. Levison, Study Director Arlene Fonaroff, Senior Research Associate **Dean R. Gerstein, Senior Research Associate Deborah R. Maloff, Research Associate Joan Costa, Administrative Secretary Gali Schupp, Administrative Secretary *Joined the committee, May l978 **Joined the staff, November l978 iv
FOREWORD The Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior was organ- ized by the National Research Council in the Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences in l976 under the sponsorship of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. In its first year, the committee studied common pro- cesses in the habitual use of a variety of substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, opiates, and food. This effort culminated in the March l977 Conference on Commonalities in Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior, held at Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia. The year-end report, Common Processes in Habitual Substance Use, includes recommendations for research in biological, psychological, sociocultural, and treatment and prevention aspects of substance use and abuse. In its second year, the committee focused upon some of the issues identified in the first report. Working groups of the committee and staff, with some help from other resources, prepared position papers on four major topics: l. Informal social controls and their influence on substance use; 2. Approaches to data acquisition on factors related to excessive substance use in the general population; 3. Problems of control and intervention in the rehabilitation of overusers; and 4. Animal models as pharmacogenetic tools in substance use research. In June l978, the committee held a Conference on Issues in Con- trolled Substance Use at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behav- ioral Sciences, Stanford, California. At the conference, the four papers prepared by the work group were presented and two discussants were invited to respond to the presentation of each paper. This volume includes the four papers and the comments of the discussants as well as summaries of the general discussion on each paper prepared by committee members who served as reporters. An additional paper, "Smoking as In- duced Behavior," prepared by Thomas Schelling for the work group on data acquisition, is also included. Peter Dews served as conference chair.
CONFERENCE ON ISSUES IN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE USE Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Stanford, California, June 2-3, l978 Howard S. Becker, Department of Sociology, Northwestern University Byron W. Brown, Jr., Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center Richard Bunce, Social Research Group, University of California, Berkeley Peter Dews, Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, Harvard University School of Medicine Marlene Dobkin de Rios, Department of Anthropology, California State University Troy Duster, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley John L. Falk, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University Arlene Fonaroff, National Research Council Bruce Johnson, New York State Office of Drug Abuse Services Ryoko Kakihana, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University John Kaplan, Stanford University School of Law John Kitsuse, Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz Norman Krasnegor, Clinical Behavioral Branch, Division of Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse Peter K. Levison, National Research Council Gardner Lindzey, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences VI
Nathan Maccoby, Institute for Communications Research, Stanford University Deborah Maloff, National Research Council William Meredith, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley Gerald E. McClearn, Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Jim Mintz, Substance Abuse Services, Brentwood V.A. Hospital, Los Angeles Charles P. O'Brien, Drug Dependence Treatment Service, Veterans Administration Hospital Marcia Rosenbaum, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley Stanley Schachter, Department of Psychology, Columbia University Thomas C. Schelling, J.F.K. School of Government, Harvard University Kurt Schlesinger, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Gali Schupp, National Research Council Richard L. Solomon, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania James P. Spradley, Department of Anthropology, Macalester College Irma H. Strantz, Drug Abuse Program, Los Angeles Albert J. Stunkard, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Hospital Milton Terris, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, New York Medical College Norman Zinberg, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University School of Medicine vii
CONTENTS Introduction l /Informal Social Controls and Their Influence on Substance Use Deborah Maloff, Howard S. Becker, Arlene Fonaroff, and Judith Rodin 5 Comments on "Informal Social Controls" John Kitsuse 36 t Substance Use: Context, Meaning, and Informal Control James P. Spradley 37 [. Informal Social Controls: General Conference Discussions Richard L. Solomon 44 ^' v Toward the Acquisition of Data on Controlled Substance Use Peter K. Levison and Albert J. Stunkard 47 Comments on "Toward the Acquisition of Data on Controlled Substance Use" Byron W. Brown, Jr. 65 Better Theories and Methodologiesâ-Then More Data Bruce D. Johnson 70 1 Acquisition of Data on Controlled Substance Use: General Conference Discussion Milton Terris 83 Smoking as Induced Behavior Thomas C. Schelling 86 Redemption of the Overuser: An Appraisal of Plausible Goals and Methods for Changing Substance Use Practices Arlene Fonaroff, John Falk, John Kaplan, and Charles O'Brien 96 viii
, Discussion of "Redemption of the Overuser" Norman Zinberg l27 Comments on "Redemption of the Overuser" Irma H. Strantz l32 Comment on "Redemption of the Overuser" Thomas C. Schelling l37 \s ^ Redemption of the Overuser: General Conference Discussion Deborah Maloff l40 Animal Models as Pharmacogenetic Tools: Some Initial Explorations Into Alcohol Consumption Gerald E. McClearn l42 Response to "Animal Models as Pharmacogenetic Tools" William Meredith l72 uDiscussion of "Animal Models as Pharmacogenetic Tools" Kurt Schlesinger l76 'Animal Models as Pharmacogenetic Tools: General Conference Discussion Charles P. O'Brien l82 ix