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STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century (1992)

Chapter: 5 Technology Management Strategy

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Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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5
Technology Management Strategy

INTRODUCTION

This chapter addresses the second point in the STAR request. It suggests a technology management strategy to realize the potential offered by the technology applications discussed in the previous three chapters. In preparing this strategy, the STAR Committee drew extensively on the report by the STAR Technology Management and Development Planning (TMDP) Subcommittee; the complete report is available as a separate volume. Some of the reports of the systems panels and technology groups also contain discussion and recommendations on issues of technology management. The discussion here draws selectively on these reports, which the STAR Committee interpreted within its own perspective. Interested readers are urged to consult the separate reports for additional detail and, in some instances, different emphases and opinions.

The STAR Committee's suggestions to the Army on technology management are organized here under five headings:

  • a general implementation strategy to move new technology into Army systems;

  • a set of recommended focal values for technology implementation, which apply across the major combat and support functions and can serve as key elements of a strategic focus on advanced technology applications;

  • technology management recommendations specific to each of the high-impact functions discussed in Chapter 2;

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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  • recommendations for enhancing the Army's in-house R&D infrastructure ; and

  • an evaluation of the current Army requirements process as it affects technology management, with recommendations on how to improve it.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Figure 5-1 illustrates how an implementation policy can be used to achieve a strategic focus for technology management. This section begins with a general implementation policy and a general statement of the basis for focal interests. The remainder of the section recommends specific actions to carry out the implementation policy. These implementation actions are summarized in the list on the left side of Figure 5-1.

The next major section, Focal Values, recommends seven aspects of systems that should be emphasized as part of the Army's strategic focus on technology management. The third section, High-Impact Functions, applies the implementation strategy and the focal values to technology management issues within each of the principal combat and support functions discussed in Chapter 2. The focal values and major topics discussed in the third section are listed on the right side of Figure 5-1.

General Statements

Implementation Policy. The STAR Committee recommends that the Army direct most of its available resources toward those technologies and applications that are not receiving sufficient private sector investment to meet anticipated Army interest. The high-payoff technologies identified in Chapter 4 and the high-payoff systems listed in Chapter 2 represent the Committee's nominations for initial lists of such technologies and systems. Furthermore, the Army should, wherever possible, increase its reliance on the private sector for technological progress and products.

After the Army has considered the implementation actions and focal interests recommended below, it will probably revise or delete some of them, while adding others of its own choosing. Although the STAR Committee believes each of its recommendations to be well justified, more important than any specific recommendation is a focused implementation strategy. That strategy must have a clear set of focal interests, and these must be implemented through actions that can be communicated throughout the organization.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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FIGURE 5-1

A focused implementation strategy for technology management.

Basis for Focal Interests. The Army should focus its technology development toward explicit Army system interests as a means of exploiting advanced technology more fully and of transferring new technology more rapidly to the field. These Army focal interests should fit within the larger defense policy architecture of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). They should be explicitly supportable by reference to that architecture.

Some of these focal interests will apply across many systems, like the seven focal values recommended in the next section. Other focal interests will be specific to a systems concept, such as those recom-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

mended in the third section of this chapter. The Army's implementation of technology will progress more rapidly and cost-effectively if those responsible for it can envision an important application requiring that technology. In Army-sponsored research and exploratory development, whether performed at universities or in Army laboratories, a reasonable balance must be struck between unrestricted freedom to explore and the discipline imposed by specific applications.

To have its acquisition funding requirements understood and accepted at higher levels, the Army must articulate its focal interests by reference to the larger priorities set forth by OSD. Two key issues must be addressed with more consistency and depth than has sometimes occurred in the past:

  • Is the Army in fact working on technologies and systems that fit into the wider architecture of OSD priorities?

  • Where the Army is working within that architecture, are the arguments for support being couched in the context of OSD priorities or are they tied solely to Army-specific interests?

Implementation Actions

Nine of the recommendations from the TMDP Subcommittee are presented here as key elements of an implementation strategy for technology management. The TMDP Subcommittee report amplifies the summary account of these implementation elements given here.

  • Commit to using commercial technologies, products, and production capabilities wherever they can be adapted to meet Army needs. The STAR Committee concurs with the argument made by the Defense Science Board and endorsed by the TMDP Subcommittee that the issue here is not essentially one of cost. Rather, DOD will have neither the resources nor the production volume to support on its own an expensive, dynamic infrastructure for advanced technology manufacturing. A commitment to use commercial products lets the Army benefit from market-driven and market-financed technological developments. It also provides timely surge capacity from existing private sector manufacturing facilities; surge capacity will almost certainly be required in future contingency operations, as it was in Desert Storm.

  • Focus the Army's internal technology R&D in areas where strong private sector interest is not anticipated. A special section of this chapter (see below) deals specifically with Army R&D infrastructure;

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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there is additional valuable comment in the TMDP Subcommittee report. These STAR discussions are directed not at what the Army should be researching and developing in-house but at how internal R&D can be managed to achieve long-term results in whatever technological or systems areas are selected.

  • Stimulate university research in technologies important to the Army that are not likely to receive adequate support either from the private sector or through other grant mechanisms.

  • Balance technology funding between the exploration of new concepts made possible by scientific advances and the specific technological applications needed for Army systems. In striking this balance, the Army should consider whether commercially developed technologies and products that meet military needs will be available. To encourage leap-frog technological solutions, innovative research and design must be encouraged. Still, a clear focus on the functional characteristics of a system can help guide this innovation. It is also important to foster an environment of intellectual freedom and challenge in the Army's laboratories and research centers, even while R&D managers are held accountable for productivity.

    Overall, the STAR Committee concludes that a strategic focus on Army interests ought to be maintained. This conclusion is embodied in the general statement on strategic focus.

  • To modernize the current inventory, the Army should pay more attention to the subsystem level. Technology development, operational demonstration, and production proofing can be applied to subsystems; these can be upgraded if the larger system or platform has been designed for change. The TMDP Subcommittee has presented cogent arguments for combining an increased focus on subsystems with new approaches to platform development. This six-point plan could significantly shorten the platform development cycle and reduce costs. The same points were made in the 1984 Defense Science Board Summer Study on upgrading current equipment.

  • Design systems to accommodate change during the design life of a system. As a consequence of both budget constraints and increasing technical complexity, major platforms are likely to have longer generational cycles (as opposed to the development cycle discussed above). To maintain a technological advantage, the Army must be able to modernize without waiting for the next generation of an entire system. However, successful retrofitting of an integrated system requires that it be designed initially for modular replacement of components and subsystems as they are upgraded.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×
  • Seek to become the DOD lead agent for technologies of prime interest to the Army; consider taking on roles in other DOD programs as a means of ensuring DOD activity in areas of broadly useful technology. Technologies for theater-level command and control and for training individuals or units are good examples.

  • Revise Army procedures and practices to provide incentives for entrepreneurial small businesses to contract with the Army. The TMDP Subcommittee has graphically portrayed the alienation of this innovative segment of the private sector from the Army market. To recover the situation, changes are needed in progress payments, cost of competitive procurements, intellectual property rights, and other areas.

  • Improve incentives for the private sector to invest in DOD-unique technologies, applications, and specialized facilities. Profit policies and amortization requirements are examples of areas where the Army could press for changes in legislation or DOD directives.

FOCAL VALUES

As noted in the introduction to Chapter 2, the STAR Committee found a number of key values that were cited repeatedly by the STAR systems panels and technology groups as potential benefits of many emerging technologies or systems concepts. These same characteristics were selected by senior military leaders or advisers as important to the success of the Army in its anticipated future roles. The STAR Committee has selected the seven most pervasive and potentially beneficial of these attributes to recommend as focal values for the Army's technology implementation strategy (Figure 5-2). How technology can contribute to each of these values will, of course, differ from system to system.

Affordability

The STAR Committee believes that the traditional Army Technology Base Program puts far too little emphasis on the application of technology expressly to achieve affordability. Individual short-term product acquisition programs cannot be expected to invest heavily in technology-based affordability initiatives if, because of development cycle timing, the savings attained cannot accrue benefits for that program. The Army should allocate a significant portion of its research, exploratory development, and advanced development resources1 for

1  

These three areas correspond to budget lines 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3a, respectively.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

FIGURE 5-2

These seven technology management values apply across Army  systems and technology development efforts in all mission areas.

a sustained program focus on cost reduction opportunities from advanced technologies. Furthermore, the Army should pursue, through both its own laboratory system and the private sector, a broad investigation of technology options that show potential for major cost reductions.

Several Army laboratories are already leading DOD in this important area of a technology focus on affordability. This effort should be substantially expanded, in light of the budget restrictions anticipated during the next decades.

The Army should consider ways to stimulate industry investment in flexible manufacturing systems. These systems have promise as a means of economical production even at low and fluctuating rates, which is likely to be the pattern of much future defense manufacturing demand. Similar manufacturing technology will be needed in the Army's own facilities, most importantly its depots.

Reliability

More reliable systems can achieve improved performance and reduce costs at the same time (Figure 5-3). In the field, reliability becomes essential to maintaining and exercising technological advantage. While these benefits of more reliable systems are undisputed,

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

the means of improving reliability are not always obvious. The STAR Committee sees a number of technology developments, driven by competition in private sector markets for more reliable products and services, that should be tapped for exploitation by the Army. Two such areas are low-failure electronic and electromechanical systems and improved software producibility.

FIGURE 5-3

Experience with the Navy's Sparrow missile shows that reliability can be increased over a system's lifecycle, even while unit costs are decreased. (SOURCE: China Lake Naval Air Station.)

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×
Low-Failure Electronic and Electromechanical Systems

Production management with the goal of improving product reliability is becoming increasingly important in highly competitive commercial markets, including consumer electronics (televisions, video cassette recorders, and personal computers), automobiles, and other areas where the consumer buys high-tech goods. The technology to improve product reliability includes manufacturing methods, failure-mode sensing techniques, and new materials that wear gradually with observable symptoms (''graceful'' failure) rather than failing all at once (catastrophic failure). In electronics, new semiconductor materials, new device formation techniques, and electronic design automation are all contributing to improved reliability. For applications ranging from micro-devices to large-scale mechanical systems—such as engines and bearings—and structural components, advanced materials can now be designed, produced, and fabricated to address sources of failure inherent in older materials or production methods.

One way for the Army to exploit this "reliability revolution" in the marketplace is to rely more on proven commercial products and components. In other instances the techniques, materials, or methods can be adapted for use in Army-unique products.

Improved Software Producibility

Software engineers have begun to codify software development principles and practices that are essential when computer programs contain millions of lines of code. They already use practices such as structured programming, rapid prototyping, and software reuse, with the aim of helping software performance keep up with advances in computer hardware performance. However, the large software systems made possible by future hardware will require software engineering techniques far more advanced than the current state of the art. In particular, the verification and validation of mammoth software systems present a daunting challenge, for which an integrated software technology program is necessary.

To participate in this evolving field, the Army should institute a programwide focus on software producibility aimed at tracking progress in software development methodologies and applying them to Army systems. The STAR working groups found that considerable research on software tools and environments is being sponsored by DARPA, the Office of Naval Research, and the National Science Foundation. In addition, the DOD Software Engineering Institute and most

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

universities have active software research programs. So do many private companies, including consortia formed by hardware manufacturers. There is an extraordinary level of activity in the private sector, both domestic and foreign, which can the Army can use if it organizes to do so.

Deployability

In a future where the Army must be prepared to respond quickly to sudden contingencies anywhere in the world with forces based primarily in the continental United States, deployability takes on new meanings and new urgency. It introduces new constraints on the formulation of requirements and the design of systems; one can no longer divorce the military effectiveness of a system from the time and manner in which it can be transported halfway around the globe. In addition to long-distance transport into theater, mobility within theater also must be considered. The existence of a modern infrastructure of highways, railroads, and airfields cannot be assumed. In addition to the transport and battle zone mobility of combat troops and their systems, deployability also applies to the logistical support of forces once they are in the field.

Fortunately, the technologies investigated by the STAR panels offer myriad possibilities for enhancing deployability in each of these aspects. More compact systems can be developed, using lighter materials. Equal or greater lethal power can be "packaged" in smaller, lighter systems. New materials, custom designed for specific applications, offer more strength and toughness in lighter, thinner formulations. Smart munitions in small quantities can achieve the same destructive effect as tons of conventionally delivered explosives. The challenge will be to ferret out the best options for a given requirement and test them adequately to make the right choice, within the limited resources available.

Joint Operability

Although multiservice combat operations have been the norm in the past, in future contingencies the complexities of such operations will increase. At a systems level, future Army weapon and information systems will need to work together with the analogous systems of the other services. During Desert Storm the services managed coordinated operation of systems that had been designed for use by each service operating independently. However, to achieve systems that will later work well together, decisions on a multiservice archi-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

tecture and standardized key components will have to be made by each service early in the development cycle of its systems.

Army management of the technology programs must maintain a focus on this joint operability environment. In particular, the Army will need to cooperate closely with the other services on programs for the interoperable systems with high payoff, such as air and ballistic missile defense or C3I/RISTA (command, control, communication, and intelligence or reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition) systems. Specific examples of technology in these areas that will require close cooperation are jamming and IFFN (identification of friend, foe, or neutral). Special consideration must be given to the selection of time and frequency domains, power levels, and interfaces for both voice and data interchange.

Stealth and Counterstealth Capability

In addition to applying low-observable (LO) technologies to its weapon systems and its airborne and ground vehicles, the Army should apply stealth technologies to its logistical support facilities and equipment. The application of stealth technologies to these facilities and equipment can make them much more difficult for the enemy to locate, target, and attack. In the contingency environment of the future, these additional means of protecting logistics bases could become critically important to mission success.

The STAR working groups identified a variety of promising technologies for advanced materials and for the reduction of electronic, optical, and sound signatures. The STAR Committee suggests a managed focus on systems applications to integrate and direct these still-emerging technologies.

The Army is not yet totally prepared to defend itself against stealth weapons. As these technologies become more widely available, countermeasures to them will gain in importance. Particularly in rapid-deployment contingency operations, fixed concentrations of forces and logistic lodgements are likely to be far more vulnerable to the level of stealth technology available to an adversary than they have been in recent operations. At present, U.S. forces enjoy an overwhelming advantage in air superiority and the use of stand-off ground weapons. This important technological advantage could be eroded if an adversary can threaten U.S. forces, even if to only a limited degree.

The detection of unfriendly stealthy systems by means of advanced radar and other sensor technologies appears plausible. The STAR Committee recommends that the Army take the lead in an extensive

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

multiservice program for an integrated approach to the detection of stealthy attack.

Casualty Reduction

The focal value of casualty reduction is intended to apply to a range of overlapping concerns. Foremost among these is the prevention of injury or death to U.S. or friendly forces in combat. But casualty reduction also encompasses prevention or amelioration of (1) lost troop strength from non-life-threatening diseases, noncombat injuries, or inadequate protection in harsh environments; (2) disability, pain, and psychological effects from serious injuries, whether or not combat-related, and from life-threatening diseases; and (3) deaths or injuries sustained by noncombatants caught in the battle zone.

Battlefield medicine and the other health and medical systems concepts described in Chapter 2 are obviously key means to casualty reduction in all these senses. Armor for manned vehicles, ballistic protection for the individual soldier (helmet and special clothing), and unambiguous IFFN also reflect this pervasive value. Less direct, but important nonetheless, are the casualty reduction consequences of training technologies, substitution of unmanned systems for manned systems in hazardous roles, and improvement of soldiers' shelter and rations.

Support Systems Cost Reduction

In close alliance with the values of affordability and reliability, the Army should institute an across-the-hoard technology management goal to reduce support system costs. Reduction in the cost of both the systems themselves and the support manpower they require is essential to the leaner Army of the future. Among the technologies assessed by the STAR working groups that can aid in this cause are low-failure electronics and improvements in the expected lifetime of mechanical systems. Mechanical hardware designed for minimum maintenance can greatly reduce support systems infrastructure and cost. Also, modern methods of reduced cost maintenance are applying technological advances in materials, software engineering, simulation, testing, and manufacturing.

Within the private sector, major programs to put these technologies into practice are under way; the Army can profitably follow the private sector's lead. The Army can also learn from the private sector's successes in technology-intensive systems for large-scale inventory control and distribution.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

With respect to reducing maintenance costs, a goal of "mean time between removals" of components or subsystems must be considered along with the goal of increasing the "mean time between failures." Complex systems, such as integrated electronics suites, tend to have a high incidence of false removals; the time and stockage required for total removals, not just failures, drives maintenance costs. For this reason, reducing maintenance costs must also focus on fault detection and isolation techniques, such as embedded sensors in ''smart materials" or embedded diagnostics in software systems. Improved fault detection and isolation for highly integrated systems can substantially reduce the maintenance burden of fault diagnosis; it should be a key design requirement of such systems.

FOCAL INTERESTS WITHIN THE HIGH-IMPACT FUNCTIONS

The preceding sections of this chapter recommended an implementation strategy for technology management and an initial set of pervasive values on which that strategy could focus. This section applies the strategy and focal values to advanced systems concepts for each of the high-impact functions discussed in Chapter 2.

The STAR Committee recommends that the Army formally designate a group of high-impact functional areas into which most of its technology exploitation effort should be channeled. An illustration is the recent Soldier-as-a-System program. Although this report and the Army Science Board have made recommendations to improve this program, it is nonetheless a good example of a technology focus on an important Army functional area.

Winning the Information War

C3I/RISTA

The emerging technologies assessed by the STAR working groups will make possible future Army C3I/RISTA systems of vastly improved performance. But to achieve this critical capability, the Army must use management methods that accelerate and concentrate the application of the enabling technologies to the uniquely military requirements of C3I/RISTA.

Critical C3I/RISTA applications with uniquely military requirements include:

  • IFFN;

  • advanced multisensor integration;

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×
  • situation assessment and alternative approach evaluation through advanced hardware and software computational techniques;

  • automated remote sensing, both ground based and airborne; and

  • target acquisition in extremely difficult environments.

The Army should also exploit relevant developments in the private sector. For example, the private sector is rapidly moving to an environment in which multimedia communications will be widely networked through new and affordable telecommunications techniques. These commercial information handling systems of the near future will be able to assemble, sort, fuse, and disseminate immense quantities of diverse information in clear and flexible ways. The Army should prepare now to make the fullest and most timely use of these communications developments for next-generation C3I/RISTA.

The private sector will soon be able to explore "what if" scenarios in real time, with sufficient complexity and realism to train, and eventually to aid, managers at all levels of operational decision-making. In the longer term, emerging technology should produce expert systems capable of evaluating trend data in real time, while the consequences of decisions are still nascent and timely changes can still alter operational outcomes for the better. The potential in these decision-support technologies for command-and-control applications is easily imagined. But realization of that potential will require both receptivity to commercial technology from the private sector and its successful adaptation to the military world of C3I/RISTA.

UAV-Borne Sensor Systems

The achievements of UAVs have thus far fallen short of what was predicted by previous panels of the Army Science Board and Defense Science Board, and UAVs have never received full acceptance by the Army. The STAR Committee believes, nonetheless, that major causes of this failure of UAVs or RPVs (remotely piloted vehicles) have been fragmented development programs and a lack of clear management focus on the capabilities to be implemented.

The Committee still believes that UAVs have remarkable potential for a spectrum of Army C3I/RISTA applications. At one extreme, small, special-purpose machines could support dismounted soldiers. At the other, large, multipurpose systems, like the high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) system considered by the Airborne Systems Panel, could provide information critical to corps and division commanders. Thus, the Committee urges the Army, as matter of high priority, to organize the diverse interests that would benefit from

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

this technology into a constituency for an integrated technology development program in UAV applications.

Space-Based Systems

Space-based systems, which include reconnaissance, early warning, and communications satellites, will become increasingly essential elements of C3I/RISTA systems. During the Desert Shield and Desert Storm operations, for example, the U.S. Army Central Command apparently 2 used satellites for communications, location and maneuver, terrain mapping, environmental assessments and prediction, ballistic missile early warning, and battle damage assessment. To realize more of these benefits in support of its mission, the Army must make a commitment to long-term dependence on, and support for, space-based systems.

A key issue, which was debated but not fully resolved within the STAR Committee, concerns the extent to which the Army should rely on national systems and systems of the other services as opposed to investing in Army-dedicated space-based assets. There was general agreement that the overall Army strategy should be to use national assets or assets developed by other services and agencies when there is opportunity to do so without risk to Army needs. In periods of crisis and warfighting, however, space communications and RISTA assets that were previously designated for Army use have been diverted to other tasks by national command levels higher than the Army. This pattern, which occurred again in Desert Storm, is the rationale for a limited system of Army-dedicated satellites, in particular for functions that require Army control of the uplink. For downlink-only applications, such as location and maneuver, terrain mapping, or weather information, reliance on "someone else's" satellites poses no problem.

The argument against Army investment in developing and maintaining its own assets was presented not merely on the basis of cost (which would be significant) but, more importantly, in terms of keeping the Army's efforts focused on its areas of competency. Other services (notably, the Air Force and the Navy) and agencies (NASA), as well as the private sector (e.g., telecommunications companies),

2  

The STAR Committee was not briefed by the Army on these operations, but available information indicates that space-based systems were used for the functions listed here.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

have special competency in space-based systems and are committed to the pursuit of technological advances. It would therefore be wiser, from this position, to make use of competencies that others possess rather than allocating scarce resources to an undertaking likely to result in second-rate capabilities.

A final resolution of these different views can emerge over time; in any case, the matter is not something the STAR Committee can or should decide. The Committee recommends that, at the least, the Army dedicate the resources of personnel and technical capabilities needed to become an active and vocal participant with the other services and elements of DOD in planning and operating future space-based systems. From within this framework of active participation and improved understanding of the options, the Army will be in a better position to determine how far it can rely on someone else's assets and how best to exploit the technological capabilities of other players to fulfill Army requirements.

Integrated Support for the Soldier

Army policy is already placing increased emphasis on the soldier, and the trends in technology support this emphasis. Viewing the individual soldier from the perspective of systems analysis, as recommended in Chapter 2, requires integration of many hard science specialties, such as those for hardware and software, as well as competent use of advances in understanding human performance. The STAR Committee recommends that the Army's current Soldier-as-a-System program become the starting point of a much broader initiative for integrated development of technologies to support the soldier in many roles, not just the dismounted foot soldier. The STAR Committee endorses the recommendation of the Special Technologies and Systems Panel for establishment of a Soldier Systems Research, Development, and Engineering Center. This center would conduct programs needed to implement key emerging technologies for integrated support of the soldier. It would also maintain a technology watch for innovative ideas and applications.

Particularly in the hardware aspects of soldier-oriented technology, a systems approach to the core capability is required. This approach should include new combat protection and capabilities for detection, sensing, communications, and offensive operations. Developments in these areas should be phased into a modular architecture as they become available. The architecture should allow for a range of options, with selection among them tailored to the particular assignment of the soldier.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

With respect to mobility, the dismounted soldier should not be constrained by the load that can be carried when on foot or when parachuting onto the battlefield. The STAR Committee leans toward the robot "mastiff/mule" concepts rather than an exoskeleton approach. But whatever systems concept is decided on, some form of electromechanical assistance is needed. Furthermore, it must be consistent with the environment of the modern battlefield. For example, it cannot have acoustic, heat, or other signatures that drastically increase the risk of detection and targeting by the enemy.

Parachute systems and practices are another area of soldier mobility that requires a systems approach to load management and technology. The Special Technologies and Systems Panel reviewed data from Operation Just Cause in which jump injuries were a major cause of casualties requiring evacuation out of theater (20 percent by one report). Among the contributing factors cited were jump loads that were too heavy to be properly lowered (released) given the low altitude and uncertain terrain of the operation. Similar conditions may well occur in future contingency operations. But the injury rate for such jumps cannot be so high that it discourages training or limits operational use of this mode of force projection. A systems approach to the problem should assess all the contributing factors and work toward a comprehensive solution, which may have procedural and personnel components as well as a technology component.

More generally, a systems approach is appropriate when applying any of the softer sciences to the soldier's well-being and performance. In addition to using new learning techniques for training, the behavioral sciences are now developing ways to enhance the soldier's ability to deal with mission stress, fatigue, and environmental extremes. The STAR Committee recommends that a major systems effort be undertaken to determine and pursue those technologies within the psychological and medical fields that appear most likely to enhance the performance of the individual soldier.

Combat Power and Mobility

The technology management issues for this function fall naturally into the same three categories used in Chapter 2: long-range mobility, battlefield mobility, and lethal systems.

Long-Range Mobility

Two complementary aspects of long-range mobility deserve equal attention: air transport of immediately deployable forces and sea transport of reinforcing heavy forces.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

The second aspect has received less attention in this report not because it is of less concern but because the report's timing precluded thorough study of the lessons from Desert Storm. The STAR Committee anticipates that there is much to learn about the movement of heavy forces from their bases to port, loading and unloading for marine transport, and deployment at a distant site of contingency operation. The Committee also expects that the Army is already studying these lessons and will continue to do so for some time. By way of encouragement, then, the Committee wishes simply to repeat a truism: getting heavy forces to the battle in a timely manner will be as important to ultimate success as getting the immediately deployable forces in place quickly.

Chapter 6 suggests a force structure transition toward a much larger echelon of air-transportable forces that would have enhanced capability to defend against opposing heavy forces. The following discussion refers to these proposed future "immediately deployable" forces rather than the current force structure of airborne and air-mobile units.

With respect to technology management in support of immediately deployable forces, the STAR Committee has several substantive recommendations. The transport problem will only grow as the Army becomes largely based in the continental United States, but the funding realities portend that fielding of a new long-range transport is unlikely. So the Army will need to focus on how best to use the long-range transport already available. Traditionally, advanced systems design has not treated the issue of how to get a system to the battle as a primary constraint; the Committee suggests that it must now become a primary constraint on design.

The category of available long-range transport has two elements:

  • Military transport systems. The transport capacities of military aircraft available to the Army (currently the C5 and C141, the C17 in the future) should be assumed as design constraints on systems intended to accompany the immediately deployable forces of the future.

  • Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF). The STAR Committee suggests that CRAF is a resource the Army can exploit more fully in the future. To do so, the Army should go beyond passively "making do" with whatever capacity comes out of current or future CRAF arrangements. The Army should work actively to influence CRAF capabilities. Such influence can be exerted in two ways: (1) by persuasion of the parties involved (i.e., the commercial cargo carriers) and (2) by seeking legislative inducements that favor capabilities the Army will need.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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The CRAF as an exploitable resource becomes especially important if the Army chooses to pursue the suggestion in Chapter 6 that immediately deployable forces include everything movable by air, regardless of its nominal organization and basing structure. In this case the military's own transport capability will certainly be inadequate; the Army will have to look to CRAF to make up the difference.

Battlefield Mobility

The Army's current Soldier as a System initiative is addressing the issue of transporting the dismounted soldier's load. The section above on Integrated Support for the Soldier notes the Committee's belief that some mechanical means of transporting heavy loads over difficult terrain will be required. The discussion here of battlefield mobility assumes that adequate attention will be paid to mobility for the dismounted soldier.

For the kinds of terrains in which the STAR Committee anticipates future contingencies, some form of heavy-lift, rotary wing vehicle will be needed. If the Army agrees that the need exists, a technology base and demonstrator program will be required because neither a program structure nor a technology base exists now for such a system. The engine size requirements differ from those for other helicopter uses. There is also the potential for robotics implementations (see Heavy-Lift UAV discussion below). Of these two concerns, engine size and related design and development is crucial. A cooperative program with the Air Force could serve well here. Either an entire engine appropriate for heavy lift or parts of one could come out of the Air Force's high-performance engine program.

With respect to ground vehicles, a key issue for technology management is to determine precisely what capabilities will be required of future armored vehicles to engage in the anticipated range of contingency operations. Continuing evolutionary improvements to existing systems, notably the M-1 tank, will provide the time needed to evaluate alternatives. It is not yet clear to the STAR Committee whether the long-term direction should continue evolution from the current generation or whether a radical departure will best meet future challenges. Presumably, a worthy radical alternative would offer a significant technological leap ahead. Before the Army makes a commitment that abandons further evolution from the present highly successful designs, the potential of candidate alternatives should be not only explored but also demonstrated.

Within this context the STAR Committee supports the conclusion of two STAR panels (the Mobility Systems Panel and the Power and

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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Propulsion Technology Group) that electric-drive systems, powered by advanced engines, offer technological gains that merit Army appraisal. A demonstrator program for these alternatives would allow their promise to be tested. However, the issue of sizing the systems appropriately for expected operations should be addressed and decided during the design phase, before limited resources are consigned to a demonstration effort.

Lethal Systems

Among the successes of Desert Storm were Army weapons capable of acquiring targets and destroying them, under battle conditions, before they were targeted themselves. Our systems were more accurate and more lethal at greater range. These advantages need to be maintained in future lethal systems, for they hold the key to winning without sustaining high casualties. Unfortunately, the systems that can maintain these advantages all involve major changes with significant costs. While successful systems will be crucial, it is infeasible to develop and field numerous new ones. The question therefore becomes: How does the Army get enough new advanced systems without having to pay the full development cost of each? The Star Committee suggests an ''investment policy" that combines two complementary approaches:

  • Look for the lowest-cost application or adaptation of Army-usable advanced systems that are already under committed development by other services. Possibilities here include the Air Force/Navy antiradiation missile program (AGM-88C as a successor to HARM), the AIM-9 series of advances in the Sidewinder family of close air-to-air missiles, and the AMRAAM (advanced medium-range air-to-air missile) successor to Sparrow. As an example of adaptation, the AIM-9 or AMRAAM might be equipped with a new booster, to make them serviceable in an Army ground-to-air role. By adopting or adapting systems developed under other budgets, the Army can direct more of its limited resources toward a few special-purpose, Army-unique systems.

  • For those systems to be Army developed, choose from among the various alternatives by experimental testing of their comparative advantages. Not all the potentially worthy prospects can be pursued into expensive development phases, so experimental testing should be incorporated in the early selection-decision phases.

This proposed investment policy for advanced weapon systems has an added advantage. It fits well with a coherent, rational consoli-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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dation of the technology base proposed by OSD and supported by all the services. The most desirable (because it is least harmful) outcome of this consolidation—which must inevitably occur one way or another—is for the Army to use its limited resources to support just the infrastructure required by its unique needs, while borrowing much from the infrastructure to which its sister services have made similar commitments.

One last lethal systems area in which technology insertion will be of special importance to the Army is in mine and countermine operations. In the opinion of the STAR Committee—supported by the experience of Desert Shield and Desert Storm—potential enemies can be expected to pursue advanced mining technology relentlessly. This area is potentially so effective yet relatively inexpensive for an opponent that it is bound to receive attention. The Army should therefore have an equally vigorous program in countermine technology. The options are wide ranging and include both active and passive measures. Test and evaluation will be needed before deciding which directions to pursue. Given the potential implications of mine and countermine technology, the Army should consider an organizational elevation of work in this area.

Air and Ballistic Missile Defense

Currently the United States has only a limited capability to defend its deployed forces against even the relatively primitive ballistic missiles possessed by third world nations. Similarly, U.S. forces appear inadequately defended against hostile aircraft and cruise missiles possessing the next generation of LO technology. As Desert Storm showed, although air or missile threats are not significant against our mobile combat forces, they can be effective against troop concentrations and facilities in rear support areas.

New systems to provide the needed air and ballistic missile defenses will require a closely managed focus on the enabling technologies. However, a multiservice framework must first be established to avoid wasteful duplication of effort and disparate, ineffectual results. The STAR Committee recommends that the Army take the lead in initiating the integration of technology programs throughout the services for air and ballistic missile defense.

An important avenue for this integration effort is the SDIO (Strategic Defense Initiative Organization), particularly in light of its recent shift in focus from defense in a massive nuclear exchange to issues of tactical air defense. While SDIO continues in its present form, it represents an independent budget line for R&D in this key area. The

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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Army should move to exercise overt leadership within SDIO planning and programming activities, because Army forces will be, in the main, those to be protected from tactical ballistic missiles.

Combat Services Support

Health and Medical Support

The STAR Committee supports the following recommendations made by the Health and Medical Systems Panel:

  • Trauma treatment. Develop one or more centers for research and training on the treatment of advanced trauma and care of trauma patients. The centers should be a cooperative effort of military and civilian authorities to capture the synergy of treating trauma patients from peacetime, civilian conditions as well as combat-related injuries.

  • Disease and injury prevention. Promote R&D in biomedical sciences on the physiology of physical fitness; in pharmacology and biotechnology on development of new vaccines and antimicrobial drugs; and in psychobiology and neuroscience on cognitive abilities, motivation, and mental health.

  • Diagnostic molecules. Promote R&D in biotechnology for (1) early detection, identification, and countermeasures to prevent or neutralize the adverse effects of chemical and biological warfare agents and (2) reduction of the health risks associated with environmental hazards.

  • Combat casualty treatment. Promote R&D on protective and diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of integrated soldier support systems; on field medical systems that emphasize mobility and far-forward resuscitation; and on development of new prostheses and replacements for skin, blood, nerve, and bone tissues.

  • Medical information technology. Maintain a technology watch for new medical developments and new technologies with particular relevance to the Army's medical needs; promote the use of computers for medical data management, medical modeling, displaying information, and medical research.

  • Infrastructure for military medical research. Strengthen the Army medical R&D infrastructure to ensure that excellent medical research personnel are recruited and retained. Use collaborative programs with universities to accelerate research on militarily relevant aspects of infectious disease, neurobehavioral science, and molecular biology.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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Simulation Technology

A valuable addition to the Army's existing and planned capabilities in simulation systems would be a larger facility for modeling ground combat with a high degree of realism. This facility should be available to both the R&D and operational communities within the Army. It could be used to evaluate new tactics and to explore the application and utility of new technological opportunities.

As noted in Chapter 2, this kind of simulation on a massive scale (in terms of the computational resources required) is a unique technological capability of the United States. It should be exploited as a military advantage as well. Given that contingency operations may require U.S. forces to confront an opponent on the opponent's home territory, the capability to simulate the terrain, vegetation, weather conditions, order of battle, and potential opposing tactics could compensate substantially for the home advantage enjoyed by the other side.

THE ARMY'S R&D INFRASTRUCTURE

The changing world situation and domestic environment will demand continued attention to the roles and missions of the Armed Forces in technology development. Recently, the Army has moved aggressively to restructure its in-house R&D to be more effective and productive in areas of advanced technology. The STAR Committee applauds the bold steps recently taken by the Army in its Lab 21 initiatives. However, the Army should not unnecessarily risk fracturing those areas where it currently has the greatest expertise by an over-rapid physical consolidation of facilities.

The Committee also commends the Army's technical management for its efforts to lead the services and the OSD toward a more effective focus for overall DOD research and advanced technology development. Related to this broader view of the technology base is the point that the joint nature of contingency operations implies joint development, particularly for C3I and information distribution activities that have no obvious initiating agency. The Committee encourages the Army R&D community to continue to seek opportunities for leadership and support of joint development in these and similar areas.

This progressive R&D management style will need to continue unabated as new requirements and new programs evolve within the Army and the DOD. The report of the STAR TMDP Subcommittee contains several sections that address the Army laboratories and

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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R&D centers on broad issues. The STAR Committee recommends seven measures that bear directly on Army R&D infrastructure:

  • Shift, over time, from centers that focus narrowly on individual combat arms to each center having a broader capability orientation.

  • Ensure adequate organizational support for Army basic research.

  • Improve the work environment in Army laboratories in ways that demonstrate to the Army's scientists and engineers that their work is highly valued.

  • Make the most of limited funds for in-house R&D by promoting exchange of information with industry.

  • Attract talented technologists early in their careers and provide progressive career advancement programs to retain them.

  • Where possible, use rapid austere prototyping and related techniques in the design and development of both platforms and subsystems.

  • Maintain a worldwide technology watch for advances in areas of science and technology with implications for Army capabilities and for potential enemy capabilities that will have to be countered.

Capability Centers

At present the Army R&D community is in the midst of a major consolidation program stemming from the realization that, as technological complexity increases, it will become more difficult to sustain a critical mass of competence in its diverse R&D structure. The Army 21 proposal now being implemented both consolidates its advanced technology programs (6.1 and 6.2 development phases) in a central ''flagship lab" and more effectively combines the remaining product laboratories.

The STAR Committee endorses the general idea driving this ongoing Army R&D reorganization. The Committee also endorses the Army's initiative in Project Reliance, the multiservice commitment to heavy interdependence among the services in critical technologies and development capabilities. However, the STAR Committee believes that in the long run (after the current reorganization has been accommodated), the Army should consider going even further in bringing together its technologists and technological experimentation. We believe that the architectures of new Army systems will become increasingly interactive, just as the individual combat arms elements within the Army will also become increasingly interactive.

Even after the current reorganization, Army development laboratories will still be organized around elements of individual combat

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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arms. The STAR Committee believes that a more effective means for incorporating advanced technologies into future Army systems will better serve the ever-increasing complexity and interactive nature of these systems. The Committee's suggested alternative is to support a small number of centers, each organized around a broadly conceived capability. The Committee recommends that the Army's long-range planning seriously consider this next step in integrating its technical base.

For example, perhaps five years from now, each of five newly defined centers might be devoted to one of the following broader capabilities: C3I, missile systems, autonomous systems, human resources, and simulation. Under this approach, each of these supercenters would be responsible for its capability area throughout Army applications. The center dedicated to C3I, for instance, would be responsible for steady improvement of the Army's C3I/RISTA systems, including simulation and exercising, development of detailed plans, developing or buying needed equipment, maintaining surveillance over related technologies, and support of those technologies that cannot be otherwise obtained. Over the long term, the current system of Army laboratories could be integrated into these centers.

This approach, which parallels the Air Force's laboratory system, should provide more effective development of the complicated technologies now on the horizon. With all the new technologies envisioned by the STAR working groups, the Army will find it more difficult to acquire and keep a critical mass of technologists, together with the expensive support structure necessary for progress in these technologies. Some means of concentrating people and resources, such as this capability approach, seems inevitable.

Support for In-House Basic Research

Without strong support for basic research, the foundation for developing future technologies will be weakened. Before the initiation of the present Army 21 reorganization of advanced technology activities, the STAR Science and Technology Subcommittee reviewed the then-current Army organization. Suggestions for a reorganization similar in leadership structure to the Navy's Office of Naval Research were prepared for inclusion in the STAR Technology Forecast Assessment for Basic Sciences. This STAR review also considered the possibility of an Army flagship laboratory like the Naval Research Laboratory.

The Army 21 reorganization clearly aims at objectives similar to those expressed in the STAR review, although the means of accom-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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plishing them appear to differ in detail from the model conceived earlier by the STAR group. The STAR Committee has not had the opportunity to study in detail the Army 21 mechanism for basic research. Nevertheless, it commends Army 21 in general as a strong move toward ensuring a major Army research capability. The Committee supports the concept of an integrated, flagship laboratory but cautions that the existing laboratory structure is fragile; care must be taken in the timing and method of formulation of this flagship laboratory.

From a wider perspective, the STAR Committee believes it is also necessary to modify the Army's current requirements process, in part so that all the Army's research managers will have clear direction on areas where the future military needs will be greatest. This and other issues related to the requirements process are discussed later in this chapter.

Improved In-House Laboratory Environment

The STAR TMDP Subcommittee reported that it had detected a significant increase in the Army R&D community's general sense of dissatisfaction with the work environment. Although this malaise is not entirely the Army's doing, the Army will nonetheless bear the brunt of its effects. If the dissatisfaction truly exists, it bodes poorly for the future of the in-house technical work force, just at the time when the Army will experience its greatest dependence on technological progress.

The widely discussed causes of this dissatisfaction include constraints in contracting procedures and work authorizations, unusually large funding fluctuations, numerous outside reviews, delays in equipment availability, inspections and audits, personnel ceilings, and salary caps. The STAR Committee urges the Army to continue its efforts to assess these and other possible causes of this dissatisfaction and address them in a way that demonstrates to its scientists and engineers that the Army values their work.

The creation of an environment of freedom and technical challenge within its laboratories and centers may be the single most effective antidote to this dissatisfaction. The Army has already done much of what it can do on its own to improve its technology work environment. The STAR Committee suggests, however, that the Army may need to lead a multiservice and DOD effort to convince the Congress of the importance of committing to a broad program of improvement. The Committee also encourages the Army to look within itself for examples of actions that have worked to relieve the frustrations

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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of the current government work environment and to consider the experiences of the laboratories within other services and within the national laboratory structure.

Exchanging R&D Information with Industry

Faced with the prospect of tightened defense budgets, the Army will continue to seek the most effective uses for the R&D resources available to it. To avoid duplication of effort and ensure timely application of new basic research, the Army's in-house R&D programs must be carefully coordinated with similar programs conducted by its sister services, the national laboratories, other federal agencies, U.S. industry, and even the R&D establishments of our allies.

The Army is to be commended for its leadership in programs like Project Reliance. However, emotions are likely to run high when preservation of long-established capability is at stake; it will not be easy to consolidate in a way that may seem obviously correct from an abstract conceptual view. Still, the Committee hopes that the Army will persevere toward full implementation of Project Reliance, because preservation of a deep and well-equipped technology base will require substantial further focus of resources within the government community.

In addition, the Committee believes that more attention should be given to achieving the best long-term use of the limited discretionary resources of the defense industry. Much of the relevant industrial R&D is conducted by defense contractors under the Independent Research and Development (IR&D) Program. While the Army receives extensive information from the IR&D participants via these IR&D reviews, there should be more emphasis on an Army effort to provide this defense industry base with a greater level of detail on its own in-house R&D programs. The pilot programs to achieve this interchange, which were recently initiated, should be expanded, and the pressure for mutual government-industry sharing should be maintained.

Also, cooperative programs between government and private industry, like those being pursued at the Electronic Technology and Devices Laboratories, seem especially promising. The STAR Committee believes that these programs should become the model for a similar but much broader effort throughout the Army technology community and, for that matter, within the whole of DOD.

The Army has consistently been a leader in advocating legislative reforms to remove the legal obstacles to closer cooperation between industry and government. Still, an even stronger emphasis on such

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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reforms seems necessary. We hope that the Army continues to spearhead that interest.

Attracting and Retaining Technological Talent

As the Army incorporates more and more advanced technology into its war-fighting capabilities, officers and enlisted personnel who understand these technologies will become increasingly valuable. The Army will also have to contend with demographic trends that forecast a smaller pool of well-trained young people to recruit. Furthermore, other studies project an increasing demand from all sectors of the economy for scientists and engineers at all degree levels. Thus, the Army will be competing with the civilian sector in attracting and retaining qualified engineers and scientists in its civilian and military ranks.

A successful Army R&D program will depend on attracting technical professionals even before they receive their advanced degrees. And for all its R&D personnel, the Army must offer innovative incentives to retain those with the most valuable skills. For enlisted personnel, the Army will have little alternative but to accept the responsibility for developing technical skills through expanded training; it has already begun to do so, with considerable success.

The Army now has a particular opportunity to establish the kind of career education and assignment program necessary for it to cope with the technology forecasts described in Chapter 3 and in the STAR working group reports. The Mavroules Amendment to the 1991 Military Appropriations Bill can become the vehicle for such a program. The STAR Committee encourages the Army to pursue the opportunity this amendment provides.

In particular, STAR suggests that the Army acquaint itself with the results of the apparently very successful Laboratory Demonstration Program conducted at the Naval Weapons Station, China Lake, and at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego. In these decade-long "demonstrations," remarkable improvements in both the quality of scientific talent recruited and retention of the best of that talent have been achieved. These centers have clearly retained reputations for producing relevant military technology of the highest quality.

Rapid Austere Prototyping

Rapid prototyping is the development, on a compressed time scale, of preliminary versions of the new components in an advanced system design. The prototype should include all of the unproven (hence

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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risky) elements of the design. However, it needs to include only as many of the low-risk elements as are essential to prove the new concepts. For the latter reason, it is also called austere prototyping . Often, however, military prototyping programs aim not at an austere prototype suitable for testing risky concepts early in the design phase but at something closer to a preproduction version of the system.

Properly used, rapid austere prototyping can reduce the time between system concept and production by proving design concepts and pinpointing flaws in need of redesign early in the development cycle. It also lets the prospective user see what is possible while reducing or delineating the development risks. User input based on exercising a prototype is far more valid than requirements definition based on experience with old technology. In an era of explosive technology growth, it can assist the Army in fielding new technology while it is novel enough to give a distinct tactical advantage.

The Army's Technology Base Master Plan already incorporates significant opportunities for rapid prototyping methodology in its specific technology demonstrations and the Advanced Technology Transition Demonstrations (ATTDs). A specific technology demonstration is usually conducted in a laboratory environment during the 6.2 to 6.3A phases of development. It is used to provide information that will reduce uncertainties and engineering cost. The ATTD, which is conducted in an operational rather than a laboratory environment, is intended to provide an integrated proof-of-principle demonstration at the 6.3A phase, so that near-term system development can satisfy specific operational requirements.

For either type of demonstration, the major thrust of rapid prototyping methodology is lost if the test results, negative and positive, cannot feed back into redesign and even concept revision. In addition, the rapid prototyping approach needs to be diffused through all levels from components and subassemblies to systems. Ideally, the dozen or so current ATTDs would each represent a final, large-scale prototype test following on the lessons learned during multiple lower-level prototyping events, perhaps along the lines of the current specific technology demonstrations.

Aside from these reservations, the STAR Committee endorses the attempt being made through the ATTD program and other test and demonstration procedures to define the objectives of the Army's prototyping programs. It is not enough to carry out a technology demonstration program if its fruits do not arrive in the field in time to assure the technological superiority of U.S. forces in combat. From the STAR Committee's perspective, a prerequisite of any prototyping program must be the preservation of continuity in the technological

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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advantage of U.S. Army forces at any time those forces may be asked to engage in combat.

The STAR Committee encourages the Army to think through how best to preserve continuously the technological supremacy it now enjoys. Global emergencies may well demand action against sophisticated and able enemies faster than technology can be fielded by any program that does not begin until the need arises.

Worldwide Technology Watch

The advances in technology occurring worldwide will be available to our potential adversaries as well as to U.S. defense forces. In this changing world, the Army will need technical and management preeminence to maintain tactical superiority. Achieving this preeminence in a period of budget pressure is a considerable challenge.

At the least, the Army will have to maintain a worldwide technology watch over advances in various areas of science and technology. This will require an understanding and sensitivity to the potential applicability of technology at all levels in the Army. There should probably be specific responsibility for this function designated within the Army technical community. The STAR Committee suggests that the Army consider how to implement this military technology watch and then commit appropriate personnel and funds.

TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND THE ARMY'S REQUIREMENTS PROCESS

Late in August 1990, a special panel composed of members from the larger STAR panel met to consider the Army's requirements process as it applies to advanced technology utilization and force modernization. Despite the diversity of the participants' experience, they were able to achieve considerable consensus. The STAR Committee has adopted portions of the panel's analysis and conclusions and presents them in abbreviated form in the first four subsections below. The last subsection ties this assessment of the requirements process to the technology management strategies presented earlier in this chapter.

Implications of the New Environment for the Requirements Process

As the Army progresses into the last years of the twentieth century, it finds itself subject to external circumstances that inevitably will strongly influence its force structure and the equipment it pro-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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cures. This portion of the STAR main report examines whether the current Army requirements process can deal efficiently with these new external environments.

The current requirements process has evolved over several decades to set priorities for the Army's response to a scenario of Soviet confrontation that changed only slowly. Also, this requirements process evolved while resource levels were reasonably stable and while the Army expected to support combat operations primarily from its own resources.

As the current system evolved within this reasonably stable fiscal and threat environment, efficiency was achieved by parceling out the work of developing detailed requirements to the individual combat arms centers. The detailed knowledge and enthusiasm of the individuals at these centers was thereby fully utilized. The participants shared a fairly clearly understood, overall concept of operations, and this concept changed infrequently. Because the top-down policy constraints remained so stable, the Army Concept-Based Requirements System (CBRS) became, in appearance and substance, a bottom-up requirements system.

However, the external environments that now weigh heavily on future Army acquisition decisions are far less stable than previously. The STAR Committee finds the principal destabilizing factors to include the following:

  • severe overall DOD budgetary limitations, leading to severe force structure reductions within the Army (shared also by its sister services) and significantly reduced Army acquisition budgets;

  • a rapidly evolving and highly uncertain set of future threat scenarios, particularly when compared with the scenario of mid-European Soviet confrontation from prior decades; and

  • the likelihood of far more intense, joint (multiservice) contingency operations than were previously required by mid-European scenarios.

The STAR Committee concludes that these new circumstances would probably stress the present Army requirements process in three ways discussed below.

  1. For some considerable time into the future, a more top-down requirements process will be needed. In the severely limited fiscal environment postulated for the next decades, a higher degree of selectivity in approaches to be implemented will be required than before. The design of any one combat system will be more dependent than formerly on the characteristics of other systems with which it interacts. This ap-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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plies not just to intersystem relations within the Army's domain but also to the fit of Army systems with those of other services and with the overall OSD architecture. Definition of elements of the future U.S. military force structure will require more active and continuing top-down guidance than has been the case.

From the Army's standpoint, this factor is compounded by the clear implication of substantially greater joint service interactions and interdependence. As future scenarios unfold, greater land-sea-air interfaces can be expected because of contingency geography, extended battle ranges of both our own and our adversaries' weapons, and the concentrated nature of our expected lodgements. As the three services become a more integrated set of combat forces, the weapon systems that each service projects for the future must become part of a common combat system architecture.

The analyses to support new directions in technology or systems must show how those changes fit with the overall architecture of OSD priorities. Otherwise the Army will continue to lose out in the allocation of resources.

  1. A greater requirements emphasis on cost/performance balance will be needed, both at the beginning of a program and through its lifetime. In an environment of limited procurement, it becomes crucial to strike a balance between the capability required and the cost of that capability. During the last few years, all the services have been encouraged to seek optimum performance, knowing that inventories would eventually be built out to sufficient size. That assurance of eventual inventory build-out can no longer be taken for granted. Further, even if inventories can eventually be filled, the time frame of build-out may well be so extended that the service cannot wait for the capability.

    The STAR Committee perceives a need for a requirements process with substantially more iterations than at present for balancing the military's needs against the cost of meeting them. The balance will need to be reconsidered both at the onset of each program and at intervals throughout the development phase of the program, while the state of the technology is still not demonstrated.

  2. More exploration of feasible alternatives should be done before a requirement us specified. As budget pressures extend the time between fielding of model changes, more frequent opportunities will arise to explore by experimental, prototype demonstrations the real operational advantages of capabilities that previously were only imputed by simulation or computation.

The STAR Committee foresees a greater opportunity in the future requirements process for feasibility demonstrations oriented toward

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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a generally acknowledged need, before convergence upon a formal requirement. The ATTD program (discussed above under Rapid Austere Prototyping) is an excellent start in this direction. The requirements process should expand on this start by using prototype testing to better evaluate what is needed and to take advantage of the extended time necessitated by longer design lifetimes. For this more iterated technology / capability process, the STAR Committee envisions a far tighter cooperation between the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), representing the users, and the development community.

Changing the Requirements Process

The STAR Committee recommends six changes to the process by which requirements are generated and incorporated into the Army's program.

  • Keep the CBRS; alter the process. The essential intent of the CBRS should be retained; the implementation must be radically altered. The next five recommendations pertain to specific alterations.

    The Army may already be initiating some of these changes. In December 1990 TRADOC and the Army staff began a reassessment of the CBRS to make it more relevant in generating future Army requirements. As the STAR study was drawing to a close, this internal reassessment was just beginning; it was too early for the STAR Committee to determine how this initiative would affect the technology management problems described above.

  • Open up the front end. The ''concept" input to the requirements process should be opened up to technology exploration and to concepts built on advanced systems concepts and likely threat scenarios. The input to the process should also allow for broadly defined capability issues, such as force projection, force employment, and sustaining deployed force. Advanced systems concepts could aid in capturing these broad issues for consideration.

  • Ease up on Phase 1 specificity. The current approach to delineating qualitative requirements, Required Operational Capability, presumes too much specificity too early. It should be replaced with something closer to the "materiel need" approach used in the early 1970s. The latter identified "must haves" and "wants'' early in the requirements process, but it deferred final selection until data gathered during development could be factored into the decision process.

  • Winnow as you go. The present understanding of accepting a concept-based requirement into the program is that anything put into

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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Phase 1 research is destined for eventual Phase 4 development. To encourage innovation, it is better to let Phase 1 be accessible to more players. Instead, increasingly stringent winnowing decisions should occur as part of the move to each subsequent phase. Thus, many Phase 1 research concepts will never move forward. Some Phase 2, and even Phase 3, systems will suffer similar fates.

  • Test, evaluate, and redesign. Testing and evaluation are now often used to justify a program's legitimacy to the Army or Congress. They also become captive to the need to check compliance with contract specifications. The roles of test and evaluation need to be rethought in terms of subjecting systems to field conditions, learning from both the successes and failures during testing, and applying test results that capture design flaws in need of redesign. As just one example, the methodology called rapid prototyping, which was discussed earlier in this chapter, is one approach to pulling aspects of test and evaluation forward into the design process itself.

  • Provide a vision from the top. If the concepts going into the CBRS are opened up to technology exploration and the standard of specific Required Operational Capability is relaxed, then control over program building must be exerted from another quarter, preferably from the top down. But heavy-handed management from the top (micro-management) can be as disastrous for innovative technology as narrowly conceived requirements definition from the bottom. By communicating a strategic vision from the top down, technology managers can guide the CBRS process while leaving individual "concept" origination open to an array of participants. In addition, the top of the organization must ensure that the rationale for each part of the program has been clearly linked to the defense policy architecture and priorities of OSD.

Organizational Realignments

The STAR Committee suggests three areas in which the Army organization will need realignments, if the process changes recommended above are to revitalize the CBRS.

  • Reassign control over requirements. The combat arms centers should no longer drive the process by controlling the definition of requirements. Neither should they be excluded from the process. Instead, they should be active participants whose input includes their views on mission and system requirements. But the process must be controlled from the top and must be open to other contributions as well.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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  • Broaden the contributor base. Opening up the front end of the CBRS to more contributors must be accompanied by "invitations to participate." It will be necessary to cultivate organizations inside and outside the Army that can provide the kinds of concept inputs the combat arms centers cannot. The invitation should not be totally unconstrained. The technology assessments, threat analyses, systems concepts, etc., that are contributed to the CBRS must have clear links to the strategic vision. The presence of such a link would not guarantee adoption into the program or eventual advance beyond Phase 1; it does set a minimum requirement for legitimacy. Reconsideration of the linkage, in light of research results and changes in external factors, should be an integral part of the decision whether to promote a concept or system beyond Phase 1 and at each further step along the way to final fielding.

  • Assign a process manager. The first organizational recommendation above leads immediately to the question of who, or what organization, should manage the Army's requirements process and program building. Another way to ask this question is: Who should be the keeper of the vision?

An Army Management Review that was issued in October 1989 and instituted during the subsequent year has resulted in a three-tier organization headed by the Army Acquisition Executive (AAE). The AAE is to be the integrator of all acquisition action. The organizations reporting to the AAE are intended to support not only systems acquisition but also technology assessment and development. This recent realignment may well decide who manages the process. The STAR Committee could not, however, assess the effects of the new organizational structure on technology development.

The Requirements Process and Technology Management Strategies

To conclude its assessment of the requirements process, the STAR Committee offers a few final reflections on the relation it sees between strategic thinking about technology management and the preceding recommendations for the requirements process.

  • The strategic focus presented at the beginning of this chapter, fleshed out with its focal values and function-specific focal interests, exemplifies the kind of strategic vision that could guide the CBRS when it has been opened to innovative technology concepts at its front end. The primary concern is that this strategic vision must in-

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
×

clude technological judgment; it must express what can be accomplished if the available technical knowledge is applied.

  • The STAR Committee has suggested that the process of building a program out of the inputs to the CBRS should be more than requirements-driven, more than a distribution of the resource pie among competing internal interests. The practical content of this "more than" is an implementation strategy. A focused strategy can provide implementation guidelines for whatever organization is assigned the task of building the program.

    The particular focal interests or implementation elements suggested by the STAR Committee are certainly not the only plausible content for a strategic vision and an implementation strategy. Some may prove worthy of adoption by the Army; others may not. Still, the Army needs a vision to guide a revitalized CBRS from the top. And it needs a concrete implementation strategy to counteract implementation by consensus.

Suggested Citation:"5 Technology Management Strategy." National Research Council. 1992. STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1888.
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STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century Get This Book
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Dramatic political and economic changes throughout the world, coupled with rapid advances in technology, pose an important question for the U.S. Army: What technologies are best suited to defending U.S. interests against tomorrow's military threats?

STAR 21 provides an expert analysis of how the Army can prepare itself for the battlefield of the future—where soldiers will wear "smart" helmets and combat chemical warfare with vaccines produced in days to counter new threats.

This book summarizes emerging developments in robotics, "brillant" munitions, medical support, laser sensors, biotechnolgy, novel materials, and other key areas. Taking into account reliability, deployability, and other values that all military systems will need, the volume identifies new systems and emerging technologies that offer the greatest payoff for the Army.

The volume addresses a host of important military issues, including the importance of mobile, rapidly deployable forces, the changing role of the helicopter, and how commercial technology may help the Army stay ahead of potential opponents.

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