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OCR for page 383
Index
acetone, chloroform precursors, 158
acidity, high pH conditions, 86
Acinetobacter, 309
Actinomyces, 309
activated carbon (see granular activated
carbon)
activated charcoal, 319
adsorbed compounds, chemical changes,
323-324
absorbents
adsorption efficiency, 337-356
chemical degradation, 340
physical degradation, 340
water treatment, analytical methods,
35~365
adsorption
activated carbon, 262
absorbents efficiency, 337-356
competition extent, 276
equilibrium models, 267
humic acid, by anion exchange resins,
342
humic substances, 277
isotherms, 26(~267, 342-343, 348
microbial activity reactions, 294-299
microorganisms, 9
organic compounds on resin absorbents,
350
percent removal data, 347
383
polymeric absorbents efficiency, 347-
353
water treatment, 256
aggregates, disinfection effects, 9-11
air pollution control, 27~271, 332-336
Alcaligenes, 309
aldehydes, chlorite reactions, 195
aliphatic compounds, 222-226
alkalinity, high pH conditions, 86
amberlite polymeric absorbents, 340, 343
ammonia
breakpoint chlorination, 2~24, 1702171
bromine reaction, 74, 76, 77
chlorine reaction, 18-20
chlorine water treatment process, 167
hypochlorous acid reaction, 19~20
ozone reaction, 42
amperometric methods, 23, 54
Amsterdam, Netherlands, pilot plants, 300
analytical methods, 7 (see also individual
disinfection methods)
anion exchange resins, 337, 342
regeneration, 345-346
THM studies, 344
THMFP studies, 344
aqueous chloramine, 174-181 (see also
chloramines)
aqueous chlorine, 145-149 (see also
chlorine)
OCR for page 384
384 Index
aqueous chlorine dioxide
hydrocarbons reactions, 198
properties, 190 194 (see also chlorine
dioxide)
Ascaris lumbricoides, 97
Aspergillus niger, 97
Bacillus, 93, 309
Bacillus anthracis, 5~57
Bacillus cereus, 45, 84
Bacillus megaterium, 45
Bacillus mesentericus, 56
Bacillus metiers, 76
Bacillus subtilis, 75-78, 96, 110
bacteria
disinfection, 12-17
GAC, 309
Gram-negative, 15-16
Gram-positive, 15
microbial activity, 306-308
Netherlands, effluent, 309
resistance to disinfectants, 17
sensitivity to disinfectants, 15
species in effluents, 30~310
wastewater treatment, 309 (see also bio-
cidal activity)
bank filtration, 271
benzene, homologs, 205
biocidal activities, 7-17, 112-119
bacteria (see individual agents)
bromine, 75-81
chloramines (see chlorine)
chlorine, 24-36, 40-41
chlorine dioxide, 56 61
dichloramine (see chlorine)
disinfection properties, 11, 24-25
efficacy, 7
Serrate, 84~5
high pH conditions, 87-90
hydrogen peroxide, 92-94
iodine, 61-71
ionizing radiation, 95-97
mechanism of action (see individual
agents)
monochloramine (see chlorine)
organic chloramines (see chlorine)
ozone, 41 48, 50
parasites (see individual agents)
potassium permanganate, 99~101
silver, 103-105
UV light, 11~111
viruses (see individual agents)
biocidal dose, UV light, 109
biogenic substances, aquatic organic com-
pounds, 164
biosorption, 295
Blue Plains, Washington, D.C., sewage ef-
fluents, 157
Boonton, N.J., chlorine gas equipment, 18
breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 170-171
Rhine River water, 159 (see also
chlorination)
bromamines formation, 183
bromide, 42, 73
bromination, model compounds, 189
bromine
analytical methods, 75
ammonia effects, 77
biocidal activity, 75-81
by-products of disinfection, 182, 184-
189
chemistry, 72-74, 182-189
cat products, 70, 7~80
determination, 75
disinfection, 36, 72-82
efficacy against bacteria, 75-77
efficacy against parasites, 79~1
efficacy against virus, 77-79
mechanism of action, 81
nonpotable waters, 187-189
production and application, 74-75
properties, 182-184
temperature effects, 78
THM formation, 185
UV spectroscopy, 75
bromine chloride, 72-75, 182-183
bromochloromethane s, 151- 152
bromodichloromethane, 151, 185
bromoform, 185, 205
bromophenols, 185
calcium hypochlorite, water treatment,
35
Candida parapsilosis, 14, 45
carbon
catalytic surface, 31~320
inorganic reactions, 322-323
water treatment, 251-380
carbon catalytic activity, product release,
32~325
carbon—chloroform extracts, 165, 252
carbon fines, 325
OCR for page 385
Index 385
carbon regeneration, pollution control,
332-336
carbonization, activated carbon, 254
Caulobacter, 309
CCE (see carbon-chloroform extracts)
chemical actinometry, UV light, 108-109
chemical compounds in effluent, 357
chemistry of disinfectants, reactions and
products, 139-249
chloramide by-products, 173-182
chloramination (see combined residual
chlorination)
chloramine formation, 18-20, 169
breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 17
171
dichloramine, 20
inorganic chloramines, 18-20
monochloramine, 20
organic amines, 19
organic chloramines, 19
chloramine process (see combined residual
chlorination)
chloramines
by-products of disinfection, 167-173
chemistry, 166-182
dichloramine, 166, 168
disinfection, 17~2, 112-119
mechanism of action, 38
monochloramine production, 166, 168
properties, drinking water treatment,
167-171
reaction products, 173-182
THM formation, 171-172
chlorinated organic compounds, water
treatment, 352
chlorinated seawater, 188
chlorination
biogenic substances, 164-165
breakpoint, 18-20, 170-171
chloroform production, 8, 144-166
halogenated hydrocarbons foliation,
144 1~
humic substances-chloroform
formation, 8, 142-144
mechanism of action, 36-39
model compounds, 173
Niagara Falls, N.Y., 18
Ohio River, 172
PAH, 163-164
products other than THM, 163
THM formation, 5, 8
water supply disinfection, 5 (see also
breakpoint chlorination; chlorine)
chlorination by-products, polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons, 163-164
chlorine
ammonia reaction, 18-20
ammonia water treatment process, 167
aqueous properties, 145-149
biocidal activity, 24-36
breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 17~171
by-products of disinfection, 144-146
cell wall penetration, 37
chemistry, 144 166
cat, 70
demand, 20, 26
disinfection, 17-42, 112-119
drinking water supplies disinfectant, 17
free available chlorine, 18
hypochlorite ion, 18
hypochlorous acid, 18
reducing agents reaction, 21-22
sewage effluents, 155
surface waters, 155-157
chlorine dioxide
analytical methods, 54-55
bacteria, 56
biocidal activity, 56, 59~0
by-products of disinfection, 19~200
c t, 60
chemistry, 52, 19~200
disinfection, 51~1, 112-119
DPD method, 54
efficacy against viruses, 58-59
Escherichia cold inactivation, 58
humic substances reactions, 199
inorganic reactants, 193-194
mechanism of action, 6(~61
microorganisms inactivation, 55
model organic compounds, 194-199
olefinic double bond reactions, 197-198
oxidizing agent, 193
parasites, 59
phenol reactions, 196
production and application, 51-54
pulp and paper industry, 191
virucidal efficacy, 58-59
chlorite, aldehydes reactions, 195
chloroform, 140, 151, 185
acetone precursors, 158
from resorcinol, 161
humic model compounds, 162
OCR for page 386
386 Index
humic substances—chlorine reactions, 8
in competition, 277
chlorophyll, THM production, 164
clarification process, 268-271
Cleveland, Ohio, water treatment, 305
Clostridium, 93, 97
coagulation
raw water precursors, 9
water treatment process, 26~271
cobalt~0, 95-96
calorimetric methods
chlorine, 23
chlorine dioxide, 54, 55
ozone, 47
combined chlorine, 33-35
combined residual chlorination, 166
cometabolism, 311
competitive adsorption studies, 286-290,
353
competitive equilibrium studies, 278-283
components competition, 284, 286
concentration-time products for disinfec-
tion, 31, 60, 66, 68-71, 76-80
Corynebacterium, 309
cat (see concentration-time products for
disinfection)
DAI (see direct aqueous injections)
Delaware River, treatment plant, 153
demand-free systems, 117
diatomic iodine, 62-63, 183
dibromamine, 74, 79
dibromochloromethane, 185
dichloramine, 20, 22, 27-28, 166-168
dichloroethane, 287
diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method, 45,
47
direct aqueous injections, 154
disinfectants
biocidal efficacy, 11, 114-117
bromine disinfection by-products, 182-
189
carbon reactions, 320-323
chemistry, reactions and products, 139-
249
chloramine reactions and by-products,
166-182
chlorine dioxide reactions and by-
products, 19~200
chlorine reactions and by-products,
144-166
conclusions on disinfection, 112-119
conclusions on disinfection by-prod-
ucts, 227-331
demand, 8
drinking water disinfection, 5-137
iodine reactions and by-products, 18
189
ozone reactions and by-products, 20
229
resistance to, 17
sensitivity to, 15 (see also disinfection)
disinfection
adsorption of microorganism, 9
aesthetic quality of treated water, 6
analytical methods (see individual disin-
fection agents)
application of disinfectants, 11
bromine, 72-82
biocidal activity, 7-17, 112-119
chemical dosage, 11
chloramines (see chlorine)
chlorine, 17-42
chlorine dioxide, 51~1
conclusions, 112-117
disinfectant demand, 8
efficacy, 7
ferrate, 8~85
GAC pretreatment, 271-272
general considerations, 7-17
high pH conditions, 86-91
hydrogen peroxide, 91-94
indicator organisms, 12-13
iodine, 61-72
ionizing radiation, 94-98
methods for drinking water, summary
tables, 114-116, 118
microbiological considerations, 11-17
microorganisms adsorption, 9
model systems for assessment, 12-15
ozone, 42-51
particulates and aggregates, 9-11
potassium permanganate, 98
protection against disinfection, 9
public water supplies, 5
raw water quality, 7-9
report organization and scope, 6-7
residuals, 10-11
residuals measurement,. 10-11
silver, 10~106
ultraviolet light, 10~112
waterborne diseases reduction, 5-137
OCR for page 387
Index 387
305
water treatment effects on, 8-9
water treatment plants, 255 (see also
disinfection)
displacement, GAC efficiency, 275
dissolved organic carbon, 269, 271, 301,
pilot plant resin studies, 343
potassium permanganate in GAC, 297
TOC removal studies, 269
water treatment, 362
ferrate, 82-85
ferrate chemistry, 82
DOC (see dissolved organic carbon) ferric acid, 82
DPD (see diethyl-p-phenylenediamine ferrous diethyl-p-phenylenediamine meth-
method) oaf, 22
fish, sewage effluent exposure, 187-188
Flavobacterium, 309
France
chlorine as disinfectant, 17
microbial activity, water treatment, 299
free chlorine
efficacy against bacteria, 25-26
efficacy against viruses, 29-33
inactivation time, 32, 34
Potomac River virus reactions, 31
viruses, 29-35 (see also chlorination;
chlorine; chlorine chemistry)
fulvic acid, 18, 142, 160, 269
echovirus 7, 90, 97
ECP (see extracellular products)
effluents
bacteria, 308-310
chemical compounds, 357
concentration, 289
GAC, 308-309
electromagnetic radiation, 106-108
endotoxins, 312-313
England, chlorine as disinfectant, 17
Entamoeba histolytica, 15, 35-36, 48, 67,
69-70, 81, 104
Enterobacter aerogenes, 25, 27, 88, 96
Enterobacter agglomerans, 309 GAC (see granular activated carbon)
Environmental Protection Agency, 144 gamma rays, 9~95
145
NOMS, 145, 15~151, 156
NORS, 144 145, 15~151, 165-166, 172-
173
EPA (see Environmental Protection Agen-
cy)
epoxides, formation, 227
equilibrium models, 267
equilibrium adsorption, competitive stud-
ies, 276-284
Escherichia colt, 13, 25-28, 30, 37, 40~1,
44 45, 48-50, 56-59, 65~6, 75, 78,
84~5, 87-89, 92-93, 9~97, 99-100,
104, 110, 308
Estes Park, Colo., wastewater effluent
ozonization, 203
euchlorine (see chlorine dioxide)
extracellular products, haloform yields,
16~165
Federal Republic of Germany
bank filtration, 271
chloroform effluent concentration, 289
microbial activity on GAC, 298
microbial activity, water treatment, 299
pilot plant effluent studies, 308
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,
203, 287
Giardia lamblia, 36
Globaline tablets, 182 (see also iodine,
disinfection)
granular activated carbon, 251-380
adsorption efficiency, 258-268
adsorption influenced by regeneration,
33~332
adsorption isotherms, 260-267
bacteria on GAC, 30~309
bacterial growth, 30~308
basic structural unit, 254
carbonization, 254
chemical change during storage, 331
competition, 275-293
dechlorination effect, 303
definition, 253-254
disinfection pretreatment, 271-272
displacement, 275
effluent microbial content, 308-309
equilibrium models, 267
filtration pretreatment, 269-270
full-scale operation, competitive effects,
29~291
laboratory studies, 284 286
OCR for page 388
388 Index
leaching of chemicals, 332, 334-335
mathematical models, 285-286
microbial activity, 293-315
nitriflcation, 272
n~trosamine production, 311
nonbiological substances production,
315-327
organic compound removal, 258-259,
286
organic compound reactions, 317-320
regeneration, 328-337
THM in effluent, 289
TOC removal, 302
water treatment process, 255-256 (see 324
also activated carbon)
Great Smokey Mountains National Park,
toluene in water, 159
Haemophilus parainfluenzoe, 71.
haloform reactions, 14~144, 149
halogens
disinfection, 16 (see also individual
halogens)
halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorination
effects, 5
helminths, 35, 90, 93
Hialeah, Fla., water treatment, 345, 351-
352
high-molecular-weight toxins, 312-313,
351
high pH conditions disinfection, 86-90
high-pressure liquid chromatography, 156
HPLC (see high-pressure liquid chroma-
tography)
humic acid, 8, 269, 342
humic model compounds, chloroform
yields, 162
humic substances, 14~144
adsorption behavior, 277
chemical degradation, 146-147
hydrocarbons reactions, aqueous chlorine
dioxide, 198
hydrogen peroxide disinfection, 9~94
hydrous iron oxide, 83
hydroxide, 86
hymatomelanic acid, 8, 142
hypobromite ion, 73, 183, 204 205
hypobromous acid, 73, 78-79, 183
hypochlorite ion, 18, 148
hypochlorous acid, 145, 148-149, 186
ammonia reaction, 19-20
dichloramine, 167-168
hypochlorite ion, 18
monochloramine formation, 167
nitrogen bichloride formation, 167-168
Ohio River, 186
phenolic humic model compounds reac-
tion, 161
THM formation, 141 (see also chlorine,
disinfection)
hypoiodite ion, 63, 183
hypoiodous acid, 62~3, 183
inorganic reactions, adsorbed compounds,
iodate, 183
iodide, 42, 45-46, 62, 183, 186
iodine
amperometric titration, 64
analytical methods, 64
biocidal activity, 61~2, 64-71
by-products in nonpotable waters, 186-
187
by-products of disinfection, 182
chemistry, 62-63, 182-189
colorimetric method, 64
c~t, 66, 69-71
cysticide, 6~65, 69
determination, 64
diatomic reaction with water, 62-63, 183
disinfection, 61-72
eff~cacy against bacteria, 64~5
efficacy against parasites, 67-71
efficacy against viruses, 65-67
halogens, 62
home water systems, 64
hydrolysis, 62
hypoiodous acid formation, 62
iodide ion, 62
mechanism of action, 71-72
nonpotable waters, 187-189
physiological effects, 182
production and application, 63 64
properties, 182-184
viral inactivation, 68
water disinfectant, 65
iodoamines, 183
iodometric methods, 23, 43, 54
invertebrates, raw water quality, effects, 8
ion exchange resins, 339-347
ionizing radiation disinfection, 94-98
iron (see ferrate)
OCR for page 389
Index 389
isolation techniques, 360
isotherms (see adsorption, isotherms)
Jefferson Parish, La., water treatment
plant, 269, 298
Jersey City, N.J., chlorine as water disin-
fectant, 18
Kyoto, Japan, air pollution control, 333
Lake Tahoe, Calif., sludge effluent treat-
ment, 305-306
Lake Zurich, unchlorinated water, 156
Las Vegas, Nev., EPA laboratories, 159
Lawrence, Mass., bacteria in effluent, 309
LCV (see leuco crystal violet method)
leuco crystal violet calorimetric method,
64
leuco crystal violet method, 23
lignin, 142
Louisville Experimental Station, Ken-
tucky, 17
low-molecular-weight toxicants, 31~312,
351
low pH conditions, 86
mass spectrometry, THM identification,
156
methyl halides, hydrolysis rates, 184
methyl ketone, 141
methylene chloride, 158
Miami, Fla.
chlorinated organics removal, 297
pilot plant effluent bacteria, 309
microbial activity
adsorption interaction, 294-299
bacterial growth on GAC, 306 308
denitrification, 305
DOC removal, 301
GAC, 293-315
indirect measurements, 301
low-molecular-weight toxicants, 31
312
microbe adherence to GAC, 306
Netherlands, 299
organic compounds, 294-296
ozone and chlorine pretreatment, 299-
304
prechlorination effects, 303-304
precursors, 311
product water contamination, 30~310
wastewater treatment, 304 306
Micrococcus sp., 97
. .
microorganisms
adsorption, 9
growth on ion exchange resins, 346
micropores, activated carbon, 254
Mississippi River
chlorinated compounds, 156
GAC treatment, 290
Jefferson Parish water treatment plant,
298
laboratory studies, 186
potassium halide—THM formation, 187
prechlorination treatment, 269
model compounds
bromine reaction, 189
chloramine reaction, 173-181
chlorine dioxide reaction, 194-199
chlorine reaction, 160 163
iodine reaction, 189
ozone reaction, 204 229
monobromamine, 74
monocl~loramine, 20, 22, 26-27, 38,
166 168
Moraxella, 309
Mycobacterium fortuitum, 14, 45
Mycobacterium phlei, 15
National Organic Monitoring Survey, 145
aromatic compounds, 156
THM in U.S. municipal water supplies,
15(~151
National Organics Reconnaissance Sur-
vey, 144-145
municipal water supplies analysis, 165-
166
THM in U.S. municipal water supplies,
15~151, 172-173
NDMA (see N-nitrosodimethylamine)
nephelometric turbidity unit, 10
Netherlands
bacteria in effluent, 309
microbial activity, water treatment, 299
Niagara Falls, N.Y.
chlorine as water disinfectant, 18
water treatment—chlorine dioxide use,
51
nitrification, GAC, 272
nitrogen, 22
nitrogen tribromide, 74, 79
nitrogen bichloride, 22-23, 166-168, 170
OCR for page 390
390 Index
nitrosamines, 311, 346-347
N-nitrosodimethylamine, 346
nitrous oxide, 22
NOMS (see National Organic Monitoring
Survey)
nonbiological substances, production,
315-327
nonhaloform products, THM reactions,
153-154
nonionic polymeric absorbents, 338
nonspecific organic analysis, 361-363
NORS (see National Organics Reconnais-
sance Survey)
NTU (see nephelometric turbidity unit)
Ohio River
combined residual chlorination, 172
hypochlorous acid treatment, 186
TOC removal studies, 269
Orange Co., Calif., wastewater treatment,
205, 325
organic amines, chlorine reaction, 19
organic chemical structure, biodegradabil-
ity, 294
organic chloramines, 20, 28-29
organic compounds
adsorption by GAC, 263-267
adsorption isotherms, 261
adsorption of resin absorbents, 350
biodegradability, 294-296
classes, 253
isotherms, 261
microbial activity-adsorption interac- ozonization
lion, 29~296
ozone effects, 302-303
pretreatment effectiveness, 268-271
recalcitrant, 294-295
removal, 258-259
organic reactions
mediated by adsorbed compounds, 323-
324
mediated by carbon, 317-320
organisms
disinfection, 9
model system indicators, 12-15
natural vs. laboratory cultures, 15-17
protection from disinfection, 9
organobromides, 186
orthotolidine-arsenite method, 56, 58
OTA (see orthotolidine-arsenite method)
oxygen demand, seasonal fluctuation, 297
ozone
ammonia reactions, 42
biocidal activities, 44, 46 49
by-products in drinking waters, 202-204
by-products in nonpotable waters, 202-
204
by-products of disinfection, 204-229
by-products reactions, 209
chemistry, 42, 20~229, 230
cot products, 49
determination, 43
disinfection, 42-51
DPD method, 45, 47
effects on organic compounds, 302-303
efficacy against parasites, 48
efficacy against viruses, 46-48
epoxide formation, 227
GAC, 272
gas stream, 43
generation, 211
half-life, 44
inorganic compounds reactions, 204
measurement methods, 43 44
mechanism of action, 48-49
microbial activity, 299~304
organic compounds, 302-303
production and application, 42-43
properties, 201-202
residuals, 44
Schecter method, 48
viruses, 47
water treatment plants, 43
by-products, aliphatic compounds, 222-
226
by-products, benzene and its homologs,
205
by-products, humic acids, 218-219
by-products, miscellaneous, 214-217.
228-229
by-products, pesticides, 22~221
by-products, phenolics, 210-213
by-products, polynuclear aromatics,
206
Europe, 202
model organic and inorganic com-
pounds, 20~208
Quebec, 202
Rouen-la-Chapelle, France, 203
seawater, 205
Zurich, Switzerland, 203
OCR for page 391
Index 391
PAC (see powdered activated carbon)
PAH (see polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons)
parasites, 35-36, 48, 67-71
particulates, disinfection effects, 9-11
pathogens, waterborne diseases, 5 -
pesticides, ozonization by-products, 220-
221
phenolic humic model compounds, 161
phenolic substances, reactions, 155
phenols
chlorine dioxide reactions, 196
in competition, 277
ozonization by-products, 21~213
Philadelphia, Pa., water treatment, 276,
287, 298
pilot plant studies, 288, 298, 300, 308-309,
343
Planctomyces, 309
poliovirus, 27, 30-35, 40-41, 46, 49-50,
58-59, 68, 71-72, 78, 80, 90, 93, 97
pollutants
monitoring, 358-361
potential health hazards, 358-359
screening procedures, 359-361
pollution control, carbon regeneration,
27~271, 332-336
polymeric absorbents, 337-339, 347-353
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
206 208, 270
chlorination by-products, 163-164
leaching of chemicals, 332
Pomona, Calif., 304, 333
potable water, 186-187
potassium halide—effect on THM forma-
tion, 187
potassium permanganate, 297
analytical methods, 99
biocidal activity, 99-101
determination, 99
disinfection, 98-102 -
E. cold inactivation, 100
mechanism of action, 101
oxidizing agent, 98
production and application, 99
residual, 99
Potomac River, free chlorine-viruses re-
actions, 31
powdered activated carbon, 252, 255-256,
271, 273-275
prechlorination, 8-9, 303-304
precursors, 14~144
microbial activity, 311
THM, 3~14 345
preozonization, 298-302
presedimentation, raw water treatment, 8
pretreatment chemicals, organics—ad-
sorption reaction, 270
protozoan parasites, 35
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 16, 25, 27, 88
Pseudomonas alcaligenes, 15-16
Pseudomonas fluorescent, 45
Pseudomonas sp., 308-310
public water supplies
chlorination, 5
disinfectants, 184-186
disinfection, 5
residuals—disinfection effects, 10-11
pulp and paper industry, 191
Quebec Province, ozonization, 202
radiation, ionizing, disinfection, 94-98
raw water quality, 8-9
recalcitrant organic compounds, 294-295
residuals
disinfection effects, 1~11 (see also indi-
vidual agents)
resinous absorbents, 338-340
resorcinol, 16(L161
Rhine River
bank filtration, 271
breakpoint chlorination, 159
Rotterdam, Netherlands, chlorinated
drinking water, 185
Rouen-la-Chapelle, France, ozonization,
203
Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93-523), 144
Salmonella montevideo, 89
Salmonella typhi, 13, 25, 27, 30, 45, 75, 84,
88-89, 92-93, 9~97, 104
Schecter method, 48
SchuyLkill River, Pa., treatment plant, 153
seawater ozonization, 205
sewage effluent, 155, 157-159, 187-189
Shigella dysenteriae, 25, 27, 88
Shigella flexneri, 45, 84, 96
silver disinfection, 102-106
silver-sulfhydryl complexes, 105
SNORT (see stabilized neutral orthotol-
idine method)
OCR for page 392
392 Index
sodium chlorate, 52, 55
sodium chlorite, 52-53
sodium hypochlorite, 53
soils, 142-144
solvent, methylene chloride, 158
stabilized neutral orthotolidine method,
23, 43
Staphylococcus aureus, 45, 84, 92-93, 96
Streptococcus bovis, 84
Streptococcus faecalis, ~5, 9~97, 110
surface waters, chlorine, 155-157
Swiss Federal Institute for Water Re-
sources and Water Pollution Control
(EAWAG), 203
Switzerland, pilot plant effluent studies,
308
synthetic carbonaceous absorbents, 338
synthetic resins, water treatment, 255
taste and odor, chlorine in water, 144
Thames River, England, pilot plant resin
studies, 343
THM (see trihalomethanes)
THMFP (see trihalomethane formation
potential)
TOC (see total organic carbon)
TOCl (see total organic chlorine)
toluene in drinking water, 159
total organic carbon, 252, 269-270, 302
total organic chlorine, 158
tribromomethane, 151-152
trichloramine (see nitrogen bichloride)
trichloroacetaldehyde, 165
trichloroethylene, 287
trihalomethanes, 140
anion exchange resins studies, 344
chlorination effects, 5, 8
chlorophyll reaction, 164
coagulation, 9
formation, 149-153, 171-172, 269-270,
344
formation from chlorine dioxide, 52
formation reactions, 16~161, 163
GAC, 289
hypochlorous acid, 141
in water supplies, 185-186
NOMS, 15~151
nonhaloform products, 153-154
NORS, 15~151, 172-173
potable waters, laboratory studies,
186-187
precursors, 344-345
production, 9
seasonal variation, 164
U.S. municipal water supplies, 15~151
triiodide, ozone reaction, 44
turbidity, drinking water standard, 10
typhoid fever, 18
ultraviolet light disinfection, 106-112
ultraviolet spectroscopy, 75
United Kingdom, pilot plant effluent stud-
ies, 308
Van de Graaff generator, 95-97
Vibrio cholerae, 45
virucidal activity (see biocidal activity)
viruses
disinfection of water, 14-15
ozone for inactivation, 47
poliovirus 1, 46, 48
Potomac River, free chlorine tests, 31
wastewater, ionizing radiation, 96
wastewater treatment
bacteria on GAC, 309
effluent ozonization, 203
microbial activity on GAC, 304 306
waterborne diseases, 5
water quality, effects on disinfection, 7-
17
water softening, 86
water supply disinfection, 5-137
water supply treatment, Philadelphia, Pa.,
276
water treatment
adsorbent unit processes, analytical
methods, 356-365
adsorption, 256
calcium hypochlorite, 35
coagulation process, 268-271
disinfection effects on, 5-137, 255
Federal Republic of Germany, 362
filtration process, 26~271
GAC, general conclusions and re~om-
mendations, 256-257
hydrous iron oxide, 83
microbial action on GAC, 296 299
Niagara Falls, N.Y., 51
Philadelphia, Pa., 276, 287, 298
preozonization, 299-302
sedimentation process, 268-271
THM precursors removal, 345
Zurich, Switzerland, 298
OCR for page 393
Index 393
water treatment plants
clarification processes, 268-271
Delaware River 153
disinfection, 255
PAC use, 274
water treatment processes, 167, 255-256
Xanthomonas, 309
X-rays, 94-95
Zurich, Switzerland
ozonization by-products, 203
water treatment, 298
OCR for page 394
Representative terms from entire chapter:
chlorine dioxide
