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OCR for page 167
Index
A
Accounting systems and procedures,
57-58, 126-130
Adaptive closed-loop control, 97, 114-
115
Adhesives, 79
Advisory Committee on Industrial In-
no~ration, final report (1979), 152-
153
Alloys, 77
Antitrust
policy recommendations for, 133
policy recommendations for produc-
tivity, 136
policy recommendations for steel in-
dustry, 144
Artificial intelligence, 86, 87, 108
and data bases, 111-112
developments in, 100-102
in modeling, 117
Asynchronous movement of materials,
84-85
Automated Manufacturing Research
Facility, 107, 115
Automatic guided vehicles, 84-85, 87,
118
Automatic identification of materials,
8~87
Automation. See also Computer-integrated
manufacturing; Numerical control;
Robots
Automobile industry, 18, 87
ceramics in, 81-82
metals developments in, 78
plastics and polymer-based compos-
ites in, 78-79
policy recommendations for, 137-138
Automotive Industry Action Group,
87
AVCO, 118
Aviation industry, 136-137
B
Bar code technologies, 8~87
Black and Decker Corporation, 18
C
Capital, cost of, 12, 16
Capital formation, policy recommen-
dations, 139, INS, 154
Capital investment, 44, 59
future orientation of, 59
as a percentage of output, 12, 16
policy recommendations for, 133
trends in, 2,12
167
OCR for page 168
168
Carnegie-Mellon University, 93
Ceramics, 80-82
Chaparral Steel Company, 18-19
Chrysler Corporation, 18
CLDATA file, 106, 107
Coatings for cutting tools, 91
Command-and-control view of manu-
facturing, 10-11
Committee for Economic Development
Research and Policy Committee-
reports
productivity (1983), 135
technology (1980), 134
Committee on Technology and In-
ternational Economic and Trade
Issues-reports
automobile industry (1982), 137-138
ascription industry (1985), 136
electronics industry (1982), 138
machine tool industry (1983), 142-
143
pharmaceutical industry (1983), 140
steel industry (1985), 14~145
textile industry (1983), 141-142
Committee on the CAD/CAM Interface
report
computer integration of engineering
design and production (1984), 146-
147
Committee on the Machine Tool Industry-
report
machine tool industry and defense
industrial base (1983), 145-146
Communications technology
in computer-integrated manufactur-
ing, 102-109
effects on organizational decision
making, 53-54
interface standards for, 106~109
networks for, 105-106
Competition
and computer-integrated manufac
turing, 37
foreign, 1-2, 17-22, 63-65, 71, 153-155
increases in, 7
technology as response to, 2, 21-22,
31
trends in, 7
Competitiveness
changes needed to improve, 22
and defense commitments, 2~24
definitions of, 6
national goals for, 25
policy recommendations for, 15~155.
See also Policy recommendations
and standard of living, 2~25
and U.S. economy, 22-26
U.S. lose of, 11-13
Computer Conferences on Productivity
tl983), 147-148
Computer disk drive industry, 19-20
Computer-aided design, 21-22, 34-37,
39-41, 42, 46, 98-99, 121
benefits of, 98
cost of, 34
data bases for, 95-96, 97, 98-99, 107,
109-111, 122
implementation of, 3~35
numerical control systems controlled
by, 39, 98
policy recommendations for, 146-147
robots controlled by, 98
Computer-aided engineering, 36, 121,
122
data bases for, 109-111
Computer-aided manufacturing, policy
recommendations for, 146
Computer-integrated manufacturing,
S~37, 119-123
characteristics of, 120
communications in, 102-109
competition and, 37, 130
costs and, 42-46
data bases for, 109-112, 121. See also
Data bases
data management and, 45-46, 121
feedback systems in, 36, 115
goals of, 119
group technology in, 112-114
growth of, 120
hierarchical nature of, 121-122
incremental gains from, 119
lack of interface standards for, 107
limitations of, 41-42
long-term benefits, 129
maintenance costs of, 43
measurement of performance, 129
and numerical control, 39
policy recommendations for, 147
productivity and, 43
OCR for page 169
169
proprietary refinements to, 37
Computerized numerical control, 89.
See Also Numerical control
Computers, 10, 32. See also Computer-
aided design; Computer-aided en-
gineering; Computer-aided man-
ufacturing; Computer-integrated
manufacturing
in cutting tool design, 91
disk drive industry, 19-20
hierarchy of users, 108
in material handling, 87, 88
natural language software for, 101
and productivity, 147-148
supercomputers, 67
voice communication with, 101
Control Data Corporation, 19
Controlling of materials, 86-87
Coordinate measuring machines, 93
Copyright infringement, 64
Cost
of capital, 12, 16, 44
of computer-aided design, 34
control of, 42
of data management, 45
effect of technology on, 42-46
of flexibility, 38, 40
of labor, 11, 13, 42, 43
vet quality, 42-46
ire. responsiveness, 42
of tooling, 44, 91
Cost accounting systems. See also Man-
agement accounting systems
changes in, 58
computer-integrated manufacturing
and, 126-130
real-time, 126
Cutting tools, advances in, 91
D
Data bases, 109-112
artificial intelligence and, 111-112
barriers to integration, 108-111
distributed, 121
expert systems and, 111-112
need for integration, 109
probabilistic or incomplete data in,
111
size problems with, 111
Data management, 45-46
Data schemes, 110-111
Decision making
criteria for, 56-57
decentralization of, 52-54
factory-level, 56-57
Defense commitments, 23-24
Defense industry, policy recommenda-
tions for, 145-146
Defense policies, 68-69
Defense procurement system, short-
comings of, 69
Department of Commerce, 143, 152
Department of Defense, 137, 145-146
Design retrieval in group technology,
113
Digital Equipment Corporation, 101
Direct government subsidies, 62
Direct labor, 43
Distributed processing, 121
Dumping, 62
EEducation. See also Training; Retrain-
ing
engineering, 65-66
government policies toward, 65-66
policy recommendations, 132, 142,
151-152
posteecondary, 65
Electrical discharge machining, 90, 92
Electronics industry, policy recommen-
dations for, 13~140
Employee evaluations. See Perfor-
mance evaluation
Employee participation in decision
making, 52-54
Employment, 5
policy recommendations, 151
trends in, 2,12,15
Employment security, 54-56
policy recommendations for, 155-156
Equity ownership, international nature
of, 63
Ethernet, 105
Exchange rates, 20, 23
Expert systems, 100, 101
OCR for page 170
170
and data bases, 111-112
Export-Import Bank, 137,143
Export markets, competition in, 64 65
F
Factory communications and systems
technologies, 102-123
Feedback and feedforward systems, 96,
11~115
computer-controlled, 104
large-scale factory systems and, 116
Fixturing, 92-94
Flexibility, 37-42, 44, 117
Flexible manufacturing systems, 31-
32, 35-36, 38-41, 44, 117-119, 121,
122-12S
fixturing problems in, 92-93
graphic simulation of, 99
group technology and, 113, 117
narrow range of, 4~41
Food and Drug Administration, 140
Ford Motor Corporation, 18
Foreign manufacturing facilities in
United States, 63
France, 11
G
General Electric Company, 118-119
General Motors Corporation, 18, 105-
106
Government, 3. See also Policy recom-
mendations
defense policies of, 68-69
education policies of, 65-66
policies and practices for direct aid
to manufacturers, 62
procurement policies, 134
research policies of, 66-68
role in manufacturing, ~4, 61-69
trade policies of, 6S 65
Graphic simulation, 99-100
Group technology, 34, 112-114, 115,
122
applications of, 11~114
and data bases, 34, 110
definition of, 112
in flexible manufacturing systems,
117
H
Human resource management, 49-58,
71-72
employee participation, 52-54
employment security, 54-5B
policy recommendations, 132, 139,
15~156
I
Import quotas, policy recommenda-
tions for automobile industry, 138
Income measurement, 128
Industrial Modernization Incentive
Program, 68
Industrial Networking, Inc., 106
Information flow within organizations,
53-54
Infringement, 64
In-house production firs. subcontract-
ing, 56
Initial Graphics Exchange Standard,
98, 10~107
Instrumentation, 95-96. See also Adap-
ti~re closed-loop control; Sensors
Intellectual ownership, 52-54, 55
Intellectual property rights, protection
of, 64
Interest rates, 20
Interface standards, 10~109
human-machine, 107-108
physical between mechanical devices,
10~109
International Business Machines, 19
International Standards Organization,
106
Investment, policy recommendations
for productivity, 135
UIslande of automation," 32, 120
J
Japan, 11,13, 18, 50, 84, 90,118
Jigs, 92
Job creation
limits on, 59
policy recommendations for automa,
tion, 151
Job rotation, 54, 57
Job security. Sac Employment security
OCR for page 171
171
K
Korea, 19
Labor, 43, 5~55
Labor costs, 11, 13, 42-43
Lasers, 90
Loan guarantees, 62
Location of factories, 44
LOGMARS study, 87
M
Machine tool industry
policy recommendations for, 142-
143, 14~146
Machine tools, 8~91
Machining centers, 89
Mack Trucks, 118
Makita Electric Works, Ltd., 18
Management
middle, decline of, 53
productivity and, 148
responsibilities of, 52-54
scientific, 10
Management accounting systems, 57-
58, 12~130. See Ado Cost account-
ing systems
Manpower, policy recommendations
for machine tool industry, 143
Manufacturing
command-and-control view of, 10-11
computer-integrated. See Computer-
integrated manufacturing
computers in, 10, 32. See Oreo Com-
puters
current role of, ~11
decline in United States, 5-7
erosion of base, 6-7, 23
flexible systems. See Flexible manu-
facturing systems
foreign facilities in United States, 63
government role in, ~4, 61-69. See
also Government; Policy recommen-
dations
history of in United States, ~9
information systems, 10
neglect of manufacturing function, 2
networks in, 105-106
output, defense vs. nondefense, 13
recent U.S. performance, 11-16
and research, 67
responsiveness in, 33-37
systems approach to, 3, 5~52, 72,
79, 102-105
traditional view of, 1~11
trends in, 1, 7, 71
Manufacturing automation protocol,
87, 106, 107
Manufacturing resource planning, 120-
121
Manufacturing Studies Board, 61
Manufacturing system, definition of,
102
Manufacturing technology programs,
68
Material handling, 32, 44
data bases and, 110
design technology, 88
equipment technology, 8~87
trends in, 83-88
Material processing, 44-45
Material transformation, developments
in, 8~102
Materials, 4~45
automatic identification of, 86-87
controlling of, 86-87
cutting technologies for, 90
developments in, 7~83
general issues related to, 82-83
lack of data on, 82
press-working technologies for, 90-91
recycling and scrap problems, 83
storing of, 85-86
supply and inventory problems, 82-
83
tooling and, 91-92
transporting of, 84-85
Mathematical modeling, 116
Messerschmidt-Boelkow-Blohm, 118
Metals
plating of, 77
processing and forming of, 76-gO
substitutions among, 77
Metals and metal-based composites,
developments among, 77
Microelectronics industry, 99. See also
Computers
OCR for page 172
172
Microfactories, 44, 59
Microload automated storage and
retrieval systems, 8~86
Model Product Liability Law, 143
Modeling and optimization systems,
11~117
Modway, 105
N
National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration, 137, 146-147
National Bureau of Standards, 106,
107
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, 151
Natural language software, 101
Networks, 105-106
in computer communication, 105
interface standards for, 106-109
proprietary protocols for computers,
105
Numerical control, 35, 39, 88, 89, 106,
122
and computer-aided design, 39
and computer-integrated manufac-
turing, 39
data bases and, 110
o
Occupational Safety and Health Ad-
ministration, 143, 151
Office of Technology Assessment
report on computerized automation,
15~152
Offshore production, 21
labor costs and, 43
Operations research, 10
Organizational change, 1, 4~60, 71
backlash from, 60
in defense industries, 68
flattening of structure, 53
manager and worker commitment to,
4~50
as response to competition, 4~50
technology and, 49
unions and, 50
Overhead allocation, 127
p
Patents
infringement, 64
policy recommendations, 134, 135,
140, 152
Performance evaluations, 57-58
Personnel. See Human resource man-
agement
Pharmaceutical industry, 140
Policy recommendations, 131-156
Polymers and polymer-based compos-
ites, 78-80
President's Commission on Industrial
Competitiveness, 133
report on global competition (1985),
153-155
Press working technologies, 9~91
Price
determinants of, 6
elasticity, 20
and technology, 34, 42
Process engineering, 9
Process improvements, 2, 22
Process planning
data bases for, 10~110
group technology applications to,
114
large-ecale factory systems and, 116
Producibility, 34, 110
Product development, 2
Product differentiation, 34, 42
Product engineering, 9
Product liability, 140, 143
Product life cycle and income mew
surement, 128
Production planning, 10
Production process, systems approach
and, 50-51
Productivity, 11-13
in compute~integrated manufactur-
ing, 43
goals for, 136
go~remment actions to promote, 149-
150
growth worldwide, 11, 12
incentives for, 148
measurement of, 148
policy recommendations for, 135-
136, 147-148, 148-150
OCR for page 173
173
priorate sector actions to promote,
150
Programming languages for robots,
97, 108
Project evaluation, 10
Promotions, 57
Purchasing support by group technol-
ogy, 113
Q
Quality and cost, 42-46
R
Regulatory reform, policy recommen-
dations, 133, 152
for automobile industry, 138
for machine tool industry, 143
for productivity, 136
for technology, 135
Regulatory relief, 62
Research
decline of U.S. share in, 66-67
government policies toward, 66-68
Research and development, 2, 58-59
Research and development, policy
recommendations, 132, 152
for competitiveness, 154
for electronics industry, 139
for pharmaceutical industry, 140
for productivity, 136
for technology, 135
Responsiveness, 3~37
computer-aided design and, 34-37
computer-integrated manufacturing
and, 36-37
cost of, 42
flexible manufacturing systems and,
35-36
Retraining, 54, 55. See also Education;
Training
Robots, 87, 93, 94, 122
graphic simulation of, 99
off-line programming of, 99-100
programming languages for, 97, 108
smart, 96-97, 108
RS-232 interface standard, 107
S
Scheduling systems, large-scale factory
systems and, 116
Scientific management techniques, 10
Sealant systems, 79
Sensors, 94-96, 122
research in, 95
in robots, 96
Service depot streamlining by group
technology, 113-114
Services, 5, 24
Shugart Associates, 19
Simulation, 116-117
SLA1VI, 116
Smart robots, 96-97, 108
Standard of living, 24-25
Steel industry, 18-19
policy recommendations for, 144-145
Stockholder information, 58
Storage carousel conveyors, 85
Storing of materials, 85-86
STRADIS, 115
Subcontracting, 56
Supercomputers, 67
Supplier relations, 50
System modeling, 116-117
Systems approach to manufacturing,
3, 5~52
T
Table programming systems, 108
Taxes, policy recommendations, 133
for automobile industry, 138
for pharmaceutical industry, 140
for productivity, 135
for technology, 134
for textile industry, 141
Technical schools, 65
Technology, 2, 31-48, 71
capital investment in, 43-44
and defense, 68-69
in design and production, 32
effect on factor costs, 42-46
implementation of, 32, 42
innovations in, 6, 32
objectives of, 32-33
organizational changes required by,
2-3, 32, 33, 42
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174
as response to competition, 2, 21-22,
31
and responsiveness, 33-37
selection of, 31
Technology, policy recommendations,
134-135
for automation, 151
for machine tool industry, 143
for steel industry, 145
for textile industry, 141
Technology modernization programs,
68
Textile industry, policy recommenda-
tion~, 141-142
Tooling technology, 91-92
Trade, 11-12, 14, 62
Trade, policy recommendations, 133
for aviation industry, 137
for competitiveness, 155
for electronics industry, 139
for machine tool industry, 142
for steel industry, 144
for textile industry, 141
Trade Act of 1984, 64
Trade adjustment assistance, 62
Trade policy and foreign competition,
63-65, 133
Trademark infringement, 64
Training, S4, 55,65
Training, policy recommendations, 132
for automation, 151-152
for textile industry, 142
Training and relocation assistance by
government, 62
Transporting of materials, 84-85
Turning centers, 89
U
Underwriters Laboratory, 79
Unemployment compensation, 62
Unions
employment security and, 55
and organizational change, 50
productivity and, 136, 148
V
Variable costs, 128
Very large scale integration, 95
Vocational schools, 65
W
West Germany, 11, 13, 118
White House Conference on Produc-
tivity (1984), 148-150
Work environment, policy recommen-
dations for automation, 151
Work in America Institute, report on
employment security (1984), 155-
156
X
Xerox Corporation, 19
Representative terms from entire chapter:
machine tool
