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Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China
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Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China
Index
A
Academia Sinica
Institute of Botany, 67
Institute of Zoology, 67
Integrated Expedition in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, 70
Lanzhou Institute of Desert Research, 5-6, 164-166
Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, 170
Acarina, 79
Achnatherum splendens, 46, 97, 113
Acridoids, 78-79
Acta Pratacultura Sinica (Zhongguo Caoye xuebao), 164, 169
Actinomycetes, 79
Aeluropus littoralis, 113
Aerial seeding, 62-63, 102-103
Agren, G., 78
Agricultural Economy (Nongye jingji), 128, 131
Agriculture
limits on spread of, 185
overview of, 27
population growth and expansion of, 32
reform era in, 28-29, 32
Agroclimatic suitability analysis, 100
Agroforestry, 52
Agropyron, 79
Aropyron cristatum, 52, 63, 97, 100, 102, 113
Agropyron michnoi, 17, 69
Ai Nanshan, 100
Alashan Plateau, 17, 21, 39
characteristics of, 46
climate of, 40
sociological survey of, 126
Alfalfa, 52, 63, 102
Alhagi sparsifolia, 46, 113
Alkalinization, 19, 61
Allactaga sibirica, 78
Alpine meadow
characteristics of, 46, 94
example of ecosystem in, 23-24
in Xinjiang, 111, 113
Altai Mountains, 24, 26, 39, 109, 111
Altun Mountains, 21
Andre, J.-C., 185
Andrews, Roy, 73, 193
Aneurolepidium, 15, 155
Aneurolepidium chinense, 17, 42, 52, 55, 69, 70, 75-77, 79, 87, 144, 157
Aneurolepidium dasystachys, 113
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Angaracris barabensis, 78-79
Angaracris rhodopa, 78-79
Anguang, 58
Animal ecology studies, 78-79
Animal husbandry.
See also Livestock
combined with agriculture, 118-119
in Gansu, 21, 23
grassland research and, 195
household responsibility system and, 29, 31
in Inner Mongolia, 18-20, 34, 35, 70-72
overview of, 27
in Qinghai, 20-21, 23
research needs regarding, 26-27
seasonal, 95
in Xinjiang, 26, 70-72, 80, 116-118
Animal product markets, 24
Animal Product Unit (APU), 95
"Applying Remote Sensing in the Survey of Inner Mongolia Grassland Resources," 77
Argali sheep (Ovis ammon), 193
Aridisols, 11
Artemisia, 18, 43, 47, 157
Artemisia frigida, 18, 69, 70, 75, 100, 113
Artificial fodder, 118-119
Artificial grasslands
creation of, 50
forage plant selection for, 51-52
income derived from, 51
studies in, 77, 87
Asiatic ibex (Capra ibex), 193
Astragalus adsurgens, 52, 62, 63, 102, 103
Astragalus cicer L., 102
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), 151, 152
Avena sativa, 98
Avissar, R., 185
B
Bacteria, 79
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), 193
Baical needlegrass, 63
Baiyinxile Livestock State Farm, 70-73, 75, 76, 79
Balinyouqi, 63
Bao Yin, 77
Baotou, 124
Barfield, Thomas, 184
Barth, Fredrik, 184
Beall, C. M., 187
Beijing Forest Ecosystem Research Station, 135
Beijing University, 77
Biggins, Dean, 173
Binns, T., 189
Biomass production, 75-76
Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), 193
Bos grunniens, 193
Bothriochloa ischaemum, 113
Botrytis fabae, 100
Brassica campestris, 23, 171
Bromus inermis, 52, 75, 98, 102
Brown, L. H., 192
Brush steppe, 43
Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Grassland Division (MOA), 140-141
Bureau of Resources and Environmental Science (CAS), 5, 137-138
Bush desert, 46
Buteo hemilasius, 99
C
Cai Weiqi, 88
Calamagrostis epigojos, 97
Calligonum mongolicum, 47
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 144
Cao Xinsun, 61-62, 65
Cao Zhizhong, 99
Caodian caoyuan (meadow steppe), 17, 42
Capra ibex, 193
Capreolus, 78
Caragana, 18, 69, 118
Caragana intermedia, 43, 52
Caragana korshinskii, 52
Caragana microphylla, 63, 69, 102
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CARE, 169
Carex, 113
Ceratoides, 113
Cervus albirostris, 193
Chang, David. See Zhang Xinshi
Chang Hsin-shi. See Zhang Xinshi
Changbai Mountains, 15
Chen Baoshu, 102
Chen Fenglin, 87
Chen Kai, 78, 79
Chen Min, 77, 155
Chen Qingcheng, 100
Chen Quangong, 94, 168
Chen Shan, 86
Chen Youchun, 141
Chen Zuozhong, vi, 76, 136, 157, 159-161
Cheng Erjin, vi
Cheng Jingxian, 99
Chernozem soil, 57, 58
Chi Hongkang, 136
Chifeng City, 56, 58, 62, 124
Chin Shihuong, 154
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
background information regarding, 5
Grassland Research Institute, 85-87, 89, 149-153
Institute of Animal Science, 6, 141-142
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
background information regarding, 5
Bureau of International Cooperation, 3
jurisdiction of, 5
research institutes of, 5.
See also individual institutes
support of, vi
Chinese Ecological Research Network (CERN), 135, 137-138, 161, 176
Chinese Grassland Association, 141
Chinese Grassland Society (CGS), 141
Chorthippus dubius, 78, 79
Chorthippus fallax, 78-79
Cincotta, Richard, 172
Citellus danricus, 78, 89
Cleistogenes, 63
Cleistogenes spuarrosa, 69
Cleistogenes thoroldu, 113
Climate.
See also individual areas
of Inner Mongolia, 11, 41
landscape composition and, 185
of northern China, 40-41
of steppe, 56-57
supporting pastoralism, 27
Trewartha classification system, 11
variations in, 11
of Xinjiang, 11, 68-69, 111, 112, 116
Coleoptera, 79
Colleges and universities.
See also individual institutions
sociological research in, 123-124
studies in grassland sciences in, 6.
See also Grassland research
Colorado State University, 101, 168, 169
Commission for the Integrated Survey of Natural Resources (CAS), 5, 139-140
Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC), 172
goals of, v
report produced by, xiii, 1-4
Common pool resource management, 190-191
Computer technology, 196
Conservation, wildlife, 193-194
Copeland, Robert, 144
Coronilla, 102
Crested wheat, 63
Cricetulus barabensis, 78
Cui Yongxia, 101
Cultural Revolution
agricultural policy during, 32
decline in wildlife during, 193
impact of, 70, 73, 146
D
Dactylis glomerata, 52
Dalai Nur, 161
Damao Banner, 87
Daqing Mountains, 20
Daqingou Conservation Area, 64
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Dasyhippus barbipes, 78
David, P. A., 72
Daxinganling Mountains, 15, 17, 39, 57, 69
climate of, 40
forest steppe in, 43
de Haan, C., 192
Degradation, xiv
abiotic factors and, 189
causes of, 14-15, 20, 24, 34, 48, 59, 88, 172, 191, 192
explanation of, 31, 48, 188-189
improvement in, 49-50
productivity and, 48, 86, 188-189
in Wengniute Banner, 19
in Xinjiang, 115
Deng Xiaoping, 28
Department of Agriculture, U.S., 73
Desert
characteristics of, 46-47
land converted to, 48
Desert grasslands, 113
Desert steppe
characteristics of, 43
dynamics and stability of, 90
Desertification
abiotic factors and, 189
in Africa, 189
causes of, 191-192
definition of, 189
studies in, 61-64
trends in, 64
in Wengniute Banner, 61
Desertification and Rehabilitation—Case Study in Horqin Sandy Land (Zhu Zenda), 165
Dianxing caoyuan (typical steppe), 17, 42-43
Diseases
destruction of grasslands due to, 52
of forage plants, 52, 79, 89
fungal, 79, 100
Dodd, Jerrold, 4
Dong Jingshi, 87, 88
Dong Weihui, 52, 89
Double responsibility system, 20, 31, 32
Dregne, H. E., 189
Du Guozheng, 101
Du Jizeng, 170
Du Zhanchi, 76
Duan Shunshan, 103
Duan Shuying, 161
Dunzhiyan, 23
E
Ecodistricts, 77
Ecological engineering, 50-51
Ecological Modeling, 101
Ecological regions, 76-77
Economic policy
applied to grassland issues, 122-123
land use and, 27, 28
Ecoregion, 77
Ecosystem modeling
in Gansu and Qinghai, 100-101
introduction of concept of, xv
use of, 80
Ecosystem science
approaches to, 2, 195-197
concept of, xv
Ecosystems. See Grassland ecosystems
Ellis, James, 3, 4, 192
Elymus nutans, 101
Elymus sibiricus, 52, 87
Energy flows, in grassland ecosystem, 88, 95
Entisols, 11
Ephedra, 18
Ephemeral desert, 47
Equus hemionus, 193
Erysiphe folygoni, 100
Ethnic groups, 27-30, 125.
See also individual ethnic groups, Minority groups
Evapotranspiration ratio, 94
Experimental Research Center for Modern Grassland Husbandry (Xilingele), 73
F
Fan Naichang, 52, 99
Fei Xiaotong, 124
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Felco cherrug, 99
Felis manul, 78
Fencing, 49-50, 79
Feng Guanghan, 99
Fertilization, 49-50
Festuca, 113
Festuca dahurica, 70
Festuca kryloviana, 113
Festuca ovina, 17
Festuca pseudoovina, 113
Festuca rubra, 113
Filifolium sibiricum, 17, 70
Floodplain meadow, 46
Fodder, artificial, 118-119
Forage germ plasm, 150
Forage plants.
See also individual plants;
Vegetation
for artificial meadow, 51-52
breeding of, 86-87
cultivation of, 87-88
improvement and nutritive value of, 101-103
introduction of improved breeds of, 86
research on diseases of, 52, 89, 100
seasonal variability of, 95, 116
studies of wild, 86-87
yields of, 47-49
Forest meadow, 43
Forest steppe
characteristics of, 55-57
livestock rotation in, 63-64
North American, 57
population of, 58
Formicidae, 79
Frigid desert, 47
Fryxell, J. M., 189, 192
Fu Xiangqiang, 154
Fu Yikun, 98
Fukang County, 177
Fukang Desert Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station (CAS), 176-178
Fungal diseases, 100
Fungi, microbial biomass for, 79
G
Ganhan caoyuan (dry grassland), 17, 42
Gansu, xiii, 3, 9
characteristics of, 20-24
forage and feed in, 101-103
Grassland Agricultural System in, 95-97
grazing animals in, 34, 35
map of, 42
pests and pathology in, 99-100
productivity and nutrient cycling in, 98-99
reclamation of salinized lands in, 97-98
scientific research in, 73, 103
sociological surveys in, 125
soil of, 11
surveys, standards, and classification schemes in, 93-95
use of modeling in, 100-101
Gansu Agricultural University, 6
Department of Grassland Science, 163-164
Gansu Grassland Ecological Research Institute (GGERI), 6, 93, 95-97, 101
description of, 166-169, 196
Gansu Institute of Social Sciences, 96
Gao Chongyue, 96
Gao U. G., 90
Gao Yubao, 76
Gao Zianzhao, 164
Gazella subgutturosa, 193
Gazelle, 193
Ge Tang, 94
Ge Wenhua, 96, 97, 100, 167
Geographical Information Systems (GIS), 80
Geographical Society of Russia, 72-73
Gerbillon, J. F., 72
Glycyrrhiza, 113
Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 46
Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), 193
Goldstein, M. C., 187, 192
Gorse, J. E., 188
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Grain consumption, 50
Grassland Agricultural System, 95-97
Grassland classification
for Inner Mongolia, 17-18, 74
integrated orderly system of, 93-94
in Xinjiang, 111, 113-115
Grassland ecosystems.
See also Ecosystem modeling;
Ecosystem science
energy flows through, 88
human impact on, 31-35
nitrogen circulation pattern and animal production in alpine, 98-99
research on, 80
responses to overgrazing or restoration, 64
social dimensions of, 186-188
Grassland management
comments regarding rational, 191-192
and common pool resources, 190-191
in Inner Mongolia, 88-90
methods of, 86, 87
pastoralism and, 192-193
proposals for Xinjiang, 117-119
recommendations for, 49-52, 62, 118
Grassland productivity
degradation and, 48, 86, 188-189
energy flows and, 95
in Gansu and Qinghai, 98-99
grazing practices and, 87
studies in, 75-76, 88
Grassland research
application of, 65
conducted by Institute of Sociology, 124-127
history of, in Inner Mongolia, 72-73
nature of Chinese, 5-6
shortcomings of previous, 80
social science and, 121-124
Grassland Research Institute (CAAS)
description of, 85, 149-153
research conducted by, 86, 87, 89
Grassland Study Review Panel
recommendations for report by, 3-4
role of, vi, xiii
Grassland Study Review Panel comments
on atmosphere-biosphere interactions, 185
on conservation of wildlife, 193-194
on desertification and degradation, 188-189
on management of common pool resources, 190-191
on organization and conduct of science, 195-197
on pastoral frontier, 183-185
on rational rangeland management, 191-193
on social dimensions of grassland studies, 186-188
Grassland Systems Engineering Society, 141
Grasslands.
See also individual areas
artificial, 50, 77, 87
Chinese use of term, 2
Chinese vs. American, 1-2
conservation of wildlife on, 193-194
development of machinery for, 89
geology of, 9-11, 39-40
human impact on, 31-35, 70-72, 195-196
land classified as, 9, 14, 86.
See also Grassland classification
maps of, 41-42
methods of protection of, 89
mown, 75
of northern China, 42-47
problems of, 47-49
utilization studies of, 79-80
Grasslands Research Institute, 6
Grazing animals. See Livestock
Grazing practices
as cause of degradation, 34, 61, 75, 115.
See also Degradation
and decline in productivity, 87.
See also Livestock productivity
recommendations regarding, 61, 117-118
results of, 60-61
rotational, 63-64, 89-90, 117-118
study of intensity in, 172
vegetation dynamics and, 75
Grazinglands. See Grasslands
Great Leap Foward (1958-1960)
agricultural policy during, 20, 32
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decline in wildlife during, 193
Gu Hengyue, 100
Guizhou, 86
Guizhou Plateau Grassland Experimental tation, 167-168
Guo Bo, 102
Guo Jingwen, 102
H
Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station, 23, 138, 170-173
Hailar, 125, 126
Hainan, 86
Halocnemum, 47
Halostachys belangeriana, 47
Haloxylon ammodendron, 46
Haloxylon persicum, 46
Han, 26
impact on economics, politics, and ecology of grasslands, 187
migration of, 27, 32, 121, 123-127, 186
population growth among, 31-32
tensions between ethnic minorities and, 123
Han Fenglin, 52
Hardin, G., 192
Harvard-Yenching Library, 128
Hashun Gobi, 39
He Dongmei, 79
Heavenly Lake, 177
Hedysarum, 18
Hedysarum fruitcosum, 63
Hedysarum mongolicum, 52, 150
Hedysarum scoparium, 43
Heilongjiang, 9, 15, 16
Helanshan Mountains, 39
Helland, J., 192
Hellden, U., 188, 189
Herskovitz, M. J., 192
Heshou Mountains, 21
Hexi Corridor, 21, 39, 97-100
High-frigid steppe, 43
Himalayan Mountains, 9
Hohhot, 85, 184
Hong Fuzeng, 141
Hordeum, 52
Hordeum brevisubulatum, 97
Horqin Plain, 58, 60, 63, 65
Horqin Zuoyi Banner, 64
Hou Tianjue, 52, 100
Hou Xixian, 52, 89
Hou Zhanming, 76
Household responsibility system
explanation of, 29
grazing animal distribution and, 19-20, 31
Howard, Pat, 29
Hu Huanyong, 123
Hu Zizhi, 50, 52, 93, 95, 98, 163, 164
Huang Dehua, 76
Huang Wenhui, 141
Huang Wenxiu, 48, 49, 52, 140
Huang Zhaohua, 164
Huangmo (wasteland), 18, 177
Hui, 23, 27
in Linxia, 127
in Menyuan Horse Farm, 171
Human behavior
grassland ecosystem and, 31-35
grassland research and, 195
impact on grasslands of Xilingele, 70-72
I
Ih Nur Pilot Demonstration Area, 63
Ili Basin, 47
Industrial development, 124
Inner Mongolia, xiii, 3, 9
agricultural reform in, 29
animal husbandry in, 18-20, 34, 35, 70-72
characteristics of, 11, 17-20, 49, 55, 191
classification of grasslands in, 17-18, 74
climate of, 11, 41
cultivation of forage grasses and herbage crops in, 87-88
dynamics and stability of grasslands in, 90
grassland production and range management in, 88-90
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herbage resources and forage grass breeding in, 86-87
human impact on, 70-72
industrial development in, 124
map of, 42
migration of Han to, 125-127
scientific research in, 72-80, 85-90
soil erosion in, 59, 60
Inner Mongolia College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 6, 73, 85, 86, 90
Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station
description of, 157-161, 196
studies by, 67, 69, 75, 135, 138
Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Department of Grassland Science, 153-155
Inner Mongolia Plateau, 39
Inner Mongolia University
information regarding, 85
Natural Resources Institute, 155-156
research conducted by, 67, 73, 75, 77, 79
studies by, 6, 67, 73, 75, 77, 79
Insects
destruction of grasslands by, 48, 52
studies of, 99-100
Inseptisols, 11
Institute of Animal Science (CAS), 6, 141-142
Institute of Applied Ecology (CAS), 5, 61, 62
Institute of Botany (CAS)
description of, 67, 135-137
studies by, 5, 73, 75, 85
Institute of Grassland Science (Northeast Normal University), 143-144
Institute of Remote Sensing (CAS), 5
Institute of Sociology (Peking University)
grassland research conducted by, 124-127
publications of, 130-131
Institute of Zoology (CAS)
description of, 67, 138-139
research conducted by, 5, 78
Integrated Expedition in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia (Academia Sinica), 70
Integrated Rate Methodology (IRM), 100, 167
International Biological Program (IBP), 5
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), 137
Interseeding, 87
Iris, 113
J
Jagchid, Sechin, 184
Jia Fengsheng, 88
Jiang Fengqi, 56-57
Jiang Runxiao, 100
Jiang Shu, 72, 79, 80
Jiang Su, 47-49
Jiang Youquan, 52, 86, 150
Jiao Bin, 50
Jilin, 9, 15, 16, 136
Jingtai County, 100, 168
Jingtai Grassland Agricultural Experimental Station, 97, 167
Jirem grassland, 60
Junggar Basin, 39, 109
characteristics of, 24, 26, 46, 177
climate of, 41, 111
Junggar Desert, 47
K
Kalidium, 47
Karelinia caspica, 46
Kazakhs, 26, 27
herding practices of, 177
pastoral nomadism of, 186
Khazanov, Anatoly, 184
Kirghiz, 26
Kobresia, 23, 46, 113, 171
Kobresia meadow, 98
Kochia prostrata, 52, 118
Koko Khota, 184
Kong Zhaochen, 161
Kong Zhaofang, 99
Kou Zhenwu, 145, 146
Kunlun Mountains, 24, 39, 46, 109, 113
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L
Lamprey, H., 189
Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery, 59
Landscape ecology, 80
Lang Baining, 98
Lantai Turf Development Company, 166
Lanzhou Herbage Experimental Station, 164
Lanzhou Institute of Desert Research (Academia Sinica), 5-6, 164-166
Lanzhou University, 6
Department of Biology, Ecology Research Laboratory, 169
Lattimore, Owen, 184
Leach, Beryl, vii, 3, 138
Lepus capensis, 78
Lespedeza, 63
Leucopoa olgae, 113
Li Bo, 17, 39, 69-80, 86, 149, 150, 155, 156
Li Dexin, 90, 154
Li Hongchang, 139
Li Jiandong, 58, 136, 144
Li Jianhua, 93
Li Jichang, 99, 103
Li Qi, 102
Li Shaoliang, 76
Li Shugang, 176
Li Tianjie, 58, 59
Li Yang, 100
Li Yonghong, 72
Li Yuchen, 62, 63
Li Yutang, vi, 33, 95, 140, 141, 156
Li Zizhen, 101
Liang Jierong, 99
Liao Guofan, 140
Liao Yangnan, 79, 155
Liaoning, 9, 15, 16
Lin Xiaoquan, 150
Linxia, 125-127
Linze County, 100, 168
Linze Sandland Utilization Experiment Station, 165
Liu Defu, 85, 86, 153, 154
Liu Fangzheng, 178
Liu Jike, 99, 100-101
Liu Qi, 49, 52, 71, 72
Liu Rongtang, 99
Liu Ruo, 100
Liu Shusen, 139
Liu Xianzhi, 57, 60-61
Liu Yongjian, 155
Liu Zhongling, 17, 74, 77, 79, 155, 156
Liupanshan Mountains, 39
Livestock.
See also Animal husbandry;
Grazing practices
distribution of, 19-20, 34, 35
increases in, 32, 34, 35, 49
rotation of, 63-64, 89-90, 117-118
statistics regarding, 187
transformation of ownership of, 28
wildlife coexisting with, 194
Livestock productivity.
See also Animal husbandry
maximization of, 51, 95
seasonal forage and, 116
Locusts, 99
Loess Plateau, 39
brush steppe in, 43
climate of, 40
map of, 41-42
Lonicera microphylla, 118
Loucks, Orie, vi, 55
Lowland meadow, 46
Lu Pengnan, 94
Lu Shengli, 96, 101
Lu Ting, 99
Lu Xinshi, 52
Lusigi, W. J., 192
M
Ma Helin, 154
Ma Hetian, 124
Ma Hongliang, 93
Ma Rong, vi, 3, 121
Ma Shijun, 50, 51
Ma Zhiguang, 87, 89, 149-150
Ma Zhongxue, 99
Mace, R., 189, 192
Maliki, A., 192
Mammals, 78
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Man-and-the-Biosphere (MAB) Biological Reserve, 69, 176
Manitoba, steppe of, 57
Mao Tse-tung, 31
Mao Yulin, 98
Mapping
advances in, 196-197
significance of, 74
Mazong Mountains, 21
Meadow
alpine, 23-24, 46, 94, 111, 113
artificial, 51-52
characteristics of, 43, 46
floodplain, 46
forest, 43
Kobresia, 98
lowland, 46
subalpine, 46
Meadow steppe (Caodian caoyuan), 17, 42
Medicago falcata, 87, 101
Medicago media, 101
Medicago ruthenica, 150
Medicago sativa, 87, 100, 101
Medicago sativa-falcata, 87
Melilotus, 52
Melilotus officinalis, 100, 102
Meng Xianzheng, 98
Menyuan Horse Farm, 23-24, 171
Menyuan Hui Autonomous County, 23-24, 170-171
Meriones unguiculatus, 78, 89, 99
Messerschmidt, D. G., 72
Microphanerophytes desert, 46
Microtus brandti, 78, 89
Microtus oeconomus, 99, 172
Migration
in Alashan Plateau, 126
circular, 125, 127
due to reservoir construction, 125
of Han, 27, 32, 121, 123-127, 186
patterns of, 27-28
Wengniute Banner, survey of, 124-125
Min Jichun, 178
Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)
description of, 140-141
jurisdiction of, 5
responsibilities of, 6, 33
Minnesota, 57
Minority groups.
See also individual minority groups
distribution of, 28-30
economic activity of, 27-28
pastoralism and, 186-187
studies of, 124-127, 129
tensions between Han and, 123
Moisture index, 94
Mollisols (Borolls), 11
Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), 193
Mongolian Plateau, 9, 11, 17
Mongols, 21, 26, 27
adaptability of, 184
impact of agricultural reform on, 29
pastoral nomadism of, 186
Mu Xindai, 93, 98
Mustela altaica, 78, 173
Mustela eversmanni, 78, 173
Mustela nivalis, 78
Mustela sibirica, 78
Myospalax baileyi (zokor), 24, 99
Myrmeleotettix palpalis, 78, 79
N
Naiman Desertification Rehabilitation Experiment and Research Station, 165
Nan Yinhao, 57
Nan Zhibiao, 100
Nanjiang County, 177
Nanjing University, 73
Naserwa, Halima, 178
National Academy of Sciences, vi, xiii, 3
National Research Council, Report Review Committee, 4
National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of International Programs, 1
National Science Foundation of China (NSFC), 135
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Natural History Museum (New York), 73
Natural Resources Institute (Inner Mongolia University), 155-156
Nematoda, 79
Nie Hualin, 101
Ningxia, xiii, 9
grazing animals in, 34, 35
map of, 42
topography of, 21, 23
Nomadism
explanation of, 27
impact of technology on, 184
pastoral, 185-187
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), 185
North China Plain, 15
North Dakota, 57
Northeast Normal University, 6
Institute of Grassland Science, 143-144
Northwest College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 163
Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, 6, 170
Nutrient cycling studies, 98-99
O
Ochotona curzoniae, 99, 101
Ochotona daurica, 78, 89
Onobrychis sativa, 101
Ordos Plateau, 9, 17, 21, 23, 39, 43
Ostrom, E., 190
Overgrazing. See Grazing practices
Ovis ammon, 193
P
Pamir Plateau, 109, 114
Pan Naigu, 126
Pantholops hodsoni, 193
Paparcyptera microptera meridionalis, 78
Pasternak, Burton, 125, 126
Pastoral frontier, 183-185
Pastoralism
agrarian peoples vs., 184
analysis of sociology of, 187
climates supporting, 27
rangeland management practices and, 192-193
requirements of, 186-187
size of herds and, 187-188
Pastures
classification of, 114-115
disequilibrium in, 117
Peking University, Institute of Sociology, 123-127, 130-131
Peronospora aestivalis disease, 100
Pest control
methods of, 99-100, 118
need for, 52
Pesticides, 118
Pests, 48, 52, 89, 115.
See also Insects;
Rodents
Phleum alpinum, 113
Phleum pratense, 52
Phodopus sungorus, 78
Phragmites communis, 46, 97, 113
Pi Nanlin, 98, 170
Piao Shunji, 75
Pielke, R. A., 185
Pika, 99, 194
Pinus sylvestris, 62
Plowing, 49-50
Poacynum Hendersomu, 113
Poisonous weeds/grasses, 116, 118
Polygonum songoricum, 113
Polygonum viviparum, 113
Population
in forest steppe zone, 58
plant communities and distribution of, 76
Population density
in northern China, 27, 28
vegetation and, 19
Population growth
effect on grasslands, 33-34
environmental degradation resulting from, 127
trends in, 31-32
Population of China, 128
Populus euphratica, 47, 113
Potentilla, 75
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Potentilla fruticosa, 23, 171
Pratacultural Science (Caoye kexue), 164, 169
Pratacultural Science of China (Zhongguo caoye kexue), 169
Prataculture, 51
Precipitation. See Climate
Procapra gutturosa, 78, 193
Procapra picticaudata, 193
Procapra przewalski, 193
''Project on Optimum Ecological Modeling of Grasslands in Northern
China,'' 135, 144
Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalski), 193
Pseudois nayaur, 193
Pseudopeziza medicaginis, 100
Puccinellia, 97-98, 168
Puccinellia chinampoensis, 97
Puccinellia tenuiflora, 52
Q
Qaidam Basin, 39, 46
Qi Qiuhui, 76
Qian Xuesen, 51, 141
Qilian Mountains, 21, 39
Qinghai, xiii, 3, 9, 41
characteristics of, 20-23, 49
forage and feed in, 101-103
Grassland Agricultural System in, 95-97
grazing animals in, 34, 35
pests and pathology in, 99-100
productivity and nutrient cycling in, 98-99
reclamation of salinized lands in, 97-98
surveys, standards, and classification schemes in, 93-95
use of modeling in, 100-101
wildlife in, 193
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 93, 170
Qingyang Loess Plateau Experimental Station (QLPES), 95-96, 167
R
Rangeland Law (1985), 32-33
Rangelands. See Grasslands
Reardon-Anderson, James, vii, 3, 4
Red deer (Cervus elaphus), 193
Redmond, Robert, 144
Remote sensing
to monitor grasslands, 59
to monitor trends, 86
studies in, 77-78
to survey and map, 93
use by Chinese, 196
Ren Jizhou, 11, 88, 93-98, 136, 141, 164, 166, 168
Research on Grassland Ecosystem (Caoyuan shengtai xitong yanjiu), 75
Rodd, F., 189
Rodents
communities and control of, 99, 172
grassland distruction by, 48, 52, 89, 115
policy to control or eliminate, 194
studies of grassland, 78
Roegneria turczaninovii, 87
Root vole, 99
Rosa, 118
S
Sagebrush desert, 47
Sahara, 189
Sainfoin, 102
Salaff, Janet, 125, 126
Salinized lands
control of, 62
reclamation of, 97-98
in Wengniute Banner, 19
Salix, 18
Salsola dendroides, 47
Sandford, S., 192
Sandization (sha-hua), 59
Sandlands, 11, 64
Sanjiang Plain, 15
Schaller, George, vi
Seeding, aerial, 62-63, 102-103
Shamo (desert), 18
Shapotou Desert Experiment and Research Station, 165
She Zhixiang, 117
Sheehy, Dennis P., 58, 63-64
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Shelterbelt systems, 61-62
Shen Daoqi, 117
Shen Shiying, 98
Shen Yuying, 97
Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology (CAS), 145
Shi Dingsui, 178
Shi Peijun, 59, 60
Shi Shunhai, 98
Shrub desert, 47
Sichuan, xiii, 3
Simulation modeling, 196
Sinclair, A. R. E., 189, 192
Siziwang Banner, 18, 20
Snow storing, 118
Sociological studies, 123-124
Soil.
See also Degradation;
Desertification
chernozem, 57, 58
of Gansu, 23
of grasslands, 11
of Inner Mongolia, 17-19, 43
of Menyuan County, 23
of northern China, 57-60
of Xilingele, 69
Soil animals, 79
Soil cover degradation, 58-59.
See also Degradation
Soil erosion.
See also Degradation
classification of, 59-60
in Gansu, 23
methods of monitoring, 59
Soil inventory, 58
Soil microbial ecology, 79
Soil microorganisms, 79
Solar radiation, 40
Song Binfang, 101
Song Bingyu, 155
Song Kai, 99
Songnen Basin, 136
Songnen Plain, 15, 58
Sophora alopecuroides, 46
Sorgham sudanense, 52, 102
Spiraea hypericifolia, 118
Spodosols, 11
State Educational Commission (SEdC)
function of, 6
jurisdiction of, 5
State Science and Technology Commission (SSTC), 73
Statistical publications, 128, 132
Stebbing, E. P., 188-189
Steeds, D. R., 188
Stemphylium botryosum, 100
Step development theory, 123
Steppe
brush, 43
characteristics of, 42-45
climate of, 56-57
desert, 43, 90
forest, 55-58, 63, 64
interseeding of degraded, 87
meadow, 17, 42
montane, 113
types of, 17-18, 42-43
typical, 17, 42-43
in Xinjiang, 113
Stipa, 113
Stipa baicalensis, 17, 42, 70
Stipa breviflora, 18, 90, 100
Stipa bungeana, 17-18
Stipa grandis, 15, 17, 69, 70, 75, 76, 79, 157
Stipa klemenzii, 90
Stipa krylovii, 17, 67, 70
Stipa purpurea, 43, 113
Stipa subsessiliflora, 113
Strobilaceum, 47
"Studies of Socioeconomic Development in the Chinese Frontier Areas" (Institute of Sociology, Peking University), 124-126
Su Jiakai, 52, 141
Suaeda microphylla, 47
Subalpine meadow, 46
Subecoregion, 77
Succulent halophytic bush desert, 47
Suffrutescent halophytic bush desert, 46
Sun Honglie, vi, 138, 139
Sun Shu, 137
Survey of Inner Mongolia Grassland Resources Using Remote Sensing (Inner Mongolia Grassland Resources Remote Sensing Expedition), 78
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Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries, 165
Swift, J., 192
Symons, Van Jay, 184
Symphytum peregrinum, 102
System dynamics, 101
T
Taklimakan Desert, 26
Tamarix, 47
Tarim Basin, 11, 21, 26, 39, 46, 109, 114
Temperature. See Climate
Texas A&M University, 169
Thymus serpyllum, 17-18
Tian Shuning, vi, 93
Tianshan Mountains, 24, 26, 39, 40, 109, 111, 116-118
Tianzhu Alpine Grassland Experimental Station, 164
Tianzhu County, 93-95
Tibet, xiii, 3
sociological surveys in, 125, 126
wildlife in, 193
Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, 20
characteristics of, 14, 46
climate of, 40, 41
Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodsoni), 193
Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), 193
Tibetan Plateau, 11, 109
Tibetans
in Haibei station, 23, 171
pastoral nomadism of, 27, 127, 187
in Qilian Mountains, 21
Tongliao, 58
Trachomitum lancifolium, 113
Trading patterns, 125
Trewartha climate classification system, 11
Trifolium pratense, 52
Trifolium repens, 52
Trigonella ruthenica, 100
Tucker, C. J., 189
Turpan Basin, 39-41
Typical steppe (Dianxing caoyuan), 17, 42-43
U
Uighurs, 26
Ulmus, 18, 47
UNESCO, 69
United Nations Development Program, 169
Uromyces orobi, 100
Uromyces striatus disease, 100
V
Van Dyne, George, 73
Vegetation.
See also Forage plants;
individual areas;
specific plants
in northern China, 42-47
population density and, 19
productivity studies of, 75-76
regional distribution of, 11-14
in Xilingele, 74-75
Vicia sativa, 100, 102
Vulpes corsac, 78
Vulpes vulpes, 78
W
Wade, N., 189
Waldron, Arthur, vi, 184
Wan Changgui, vi, 93, 98
Wang Chopin, 154
Wang Dong, 86
Wang Gang, 101
Wang Hongzhen, 11
Wang Huizhu, 98, 99
Wang Pei, 52
Wang Qiji, 98
Wang Yanhua, 77
Wang Yifeng, 17, 74, 76
Wang Yimou, 55, 58, 64-65
Wang Yiqiu, 127
Wang Zhigang, vi, 85
Wang Zuwang, 98, 170
Water
improvements in supply of, 118
lack of surface, 116, 117
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Weeds
destruction of grasslands due to, 52
poisonous, 116, 118
Wengniute Banner
characteristics of, 18-19
description of, 61
sociological surveys of, 124-126
Western development theory, 122-123
White-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris), 193
Wild ass (Equus hemionus), 193
Wild yak (Bos grunniens), 193
Wildlife, 193-194
Wind, in northern China, 41
World Bank, 151-153, 179
Wu Fengshan, 86
Wu Jianguo, vi, 55
Wu Ni, 153
Wu Qingnian, 97-98
Wu Renrun, 102
Wu-yun-gao-wa, 87
Wulanaodu, 19, 61
Wulanaodu Grassland Ecosystem Research Station, 61, 62, 146-147
Wulanchabu Plateau, 87, 89-90
Wulsin, R., 73
Wuwei Herbage Experimental Station, 164
X
Xi Libu, 154
Xia Wuping, 98
Xia Xuncheng, 175
Xiaoxinganling Mountains, 15
Xiazui, 96
Xilin River Basin
agriculture in, 70-71
composition of, 69-70, 74, 86
research conducted in, 67, 69, 75-76 78
Xilingele.
See also Inner Mongolia
characteristics of, 18-20, 68-70
future opportunities for, 80
human impact on, 70-72
research conducted in, 72-80
research problems regarding, 80
Xilingele Station. See Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station
Xilinhot, 86
Xinjiang, xiii, 3, 9, 39
characteristics of, 24-26
elements of disequilibrium in grasslands of, 116-117
factors limiting utilization of grasslands in, 115-116
grassland types and utilization in, 111, 113-115
grazing animals in, 34, 35
map of, 42, 110
migration of Han to, 125, 127
proposals for management and use of grasslands in, 117-119
research conducted in, 86
soil of, 11
survey of migration and ethnic relations in, 125
vegetation and climate of, 11, 40, 41, 68-69, 109, 111-113, 116
Xinjiang August 1st Agricultural College, 6, 178-179
Xinjiang Institute of Biology, Pedology, and Psammology (CAS), 6, 175-176
Xu Bainian, 160
Xu Linren, 86
Xu Peng, 116, 117, 119, 136, 178
Y
Yan Shunguo, 98
Yang Dianan, 47
Yang Futun, 98
Yang Zhi, 76
Yang Zonggui, 76
Yellow River, 17, 21
Yilehuli Mountains, 15
Yinshan Mountains, 39, 58
Yokous, 21
Yong Shipeng, 70, 74, 75, 79, 155, 156
Yuan Dynasty, 184
Yunnan, xiii
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