Index
A
Adolescents
educational materials suitable for, 121
goal-setting abilities, 93
peer counseling, 96
professional approach to, 93
weight gain during pregnancy, 41, 44, 46
Alcohol consumption/alcohol abuse
breastfeeding and, 75
interventions, 56
and nutrient supplementation, 17
prepregnancy use, 29
sample questions about use, 8, 10, 11
Anemia
additional testing, indications for, 30, 110
blood sampling, 109
causes, 31
hemoglobin/hematocrit cutoff values, 16, 26, 30, 43, 49, 109-110
iron therapy, 17, 30, 31, 40, 43, 49, 62, 110-111
postpartum, 77
preconception/interconception, 24, 30-31
prenatal, 38, 40, 43, 49, 59, 62
Appearance
preconception/interconception examination, 23, 25
Appetite
breastfeeding and, 75
sample questions, 9
stimulant drugs and, 67
Approach of Guidebook, 4-5
B
Bed rest, 66
eating well during, 67
Body mass index
chart for estimating, 14
instructions for estimating, 12
weight classification and, 13
see also Weight gain during pregnancy
Breast
inverted or flat nipples, 42, 48, 60, 72, 78
surgery/anatomical variants, and
breastfeeding, 78
Breastfeeding
adequacy of milk supply, 71, 75, 76, 84
and allergic reactions, 87
breast surgery/anatomical variants and, 78
cesarean delivery and, 78
and colic, 87
discharge advice, 76
duration of, 76
frequency, 74-75, 76, 81, 82, 85
initiation of, 74-75
inverted or flat nipples and, 42, 48, 60, 72, 78
low birth weight baby/neonatal
and manual expression of milk, 76
mastitis, 76
nutritional care in hospital and, 72
pediatric visit, questions, 80-82
peer counseling, 96
positioning during, 81
postpartum, 4 to 6 weeks, 83-85
projects to assist health professionals, 123
promotion of, 60-61
pumps/pumping milk, 76, 78, 82
resources, 122-123
rooming-in arrangements, 75
supplemental feedings and water, 75, 76, 81-82
vitamin/mineral supplements, 76
see also Lactation
C
Caffeinated beverages, 10, 45, 73, 75
Calcium intake
interference with iron absorption, 112
lactose intolerance and, 101
milk products avoidance and, 102
supplements, 10, 11, 101, 102, 112
Cesarean delivery, and breastfeeding, 78
Cigarettes, see Smoking
Cocaine, 79;
see also Drugs
Colic, 87
Comfort, prenatal, 47
Commodity Supplemental Food
Program, eligibility and benefits, 114
Constipation
bed rest and, 67
Contents of Guidebook, 3
Cooperative Extension—Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, eligibility and benefits, 115
Copper supplements, 30, 49, 62, 77, 111, 112
Cultural/ethnic considerations
childrearing practices, 94
in dietary guidance, 27, 95-96
in educational materials, 121-122
elements of effective programs, 95
family members and roles, 94
interaction/communication styles, 94-95
in nutrition questionnaire, 6
in nutritional care, 94-96
peer counseling, 96
religious beliefs and practices, 94
in weight gain, 46
D
Diabetes mellitus
educational materials for, 121-122
gestational, 63, 65, 88, 121-122
glucose tolerance and, 88
insulin therapy, 63
testing for, 63
Dietary guidance
avoidance of specific foods and, 10-11
goal setting, 44
identifying the need for, 9-11
lactose intolerance, 101
low-calorie/high-nutrient foods, 103
positive reinforcement, 44, 60
postpartum, 74
prepregnancy/preconceptional, 27-28
Dietary Guidelines, 27, 28, 74, 82
Dietary intake assessment
computer software, 100
diet or food recall, 97
diet or food records, 98
dietitian's role in, 99-100
food frequency questionnaire, 97-98
objectives, 99
resources for, 99
selecting an approach, 98-100
standard of comparison, 99
uses of information gathered, 99
Dietary practices
basic guidance, 27-28, 43-45, 60, 74, 75, 85-86
breastfeeding and, 75
preconception/interconception, 25, 27-28
prenatal, 43-45
Dietitians
defined, 5
dietary assessment role, 99-100
referral and consultation, 5, 9, 25, 41, 49, 63, 113, 116
Disabilities, weight-for-height measurement in women with, 105-106
Discomforts
from iron supplements, 111
Disorders requiring diet therapy, 30, 49
Drugs
breastfeeding and use of, 73, 79, 85
illegal, 8, 11, 24, 26, 29, 79
information sources, 122
prepregnancy use, 29
use during pregnancy, 47
E
Eating behavior
avoidance of specific foods, 10, 87
change in, 91-92
meal size, 45
questions, 7, 9-10, 22, 44, 55, 80, 83-84
see also Nutrition education
Education, see Nutrition education
Energy intake, 17, 58, 66, 85, 87
Environmental contaminants, 75
Exercise/physical activity, 8, 11
and constipation, 63
contraindications, 108
F
Federal food and nutrition programs and benefits, 29, 48, 114-115
Fluids
and bed rest, 67
and constipation, 63
during lactation, 73
low intake during pregnancy, 61
Folate
and neural tube defects, 24, 31, 40, 50
supplements, 24, 31, 40, 50, 112
Food and drink
bed rest and, 67
concerns of low-income women, 104
cultural/ethnic considerations, 95-96
high in calories, 103
high in vitamins and minerals, 103, 107, 108
high intakes, 65
low-calorie versions of common foods, 103
low in vitamins and minerals, 103
low intakes, 30, 41, 48-49, 55, 58, 61, 107-108
nutrition questionnaire, 7-8, 10-11
to promote weight gain, 107
Food Distribution Program for Indian Reservations, eligibility and benefits, 115
Food resources
access to, 29, 48, 77, 107, 108
federal assistance programs, 10, 107, 108, 114-115
nutrition questionnaire, 7, 10
postpartum, 77
Food Stamp Program
eligibility and benefits, 114
referral to, 77
G
Gastrointestinal disease, 30, 49
Glucose
H
Harmful substance use
basic guidance, 29, 31, 50, 60
postpartum, 88
preconception/interconception, 23, 25, 26, 29
prenatal, 39, 42, 50, 55-56, 60
see also Alcohol consumption/alcohol abuse; Drugs; Smoking
Health Services Resources, 117-118
Heartburn, management, 9, 47, 57, 63
Height
measurement procedure, 106
see also Weight-for-height status
Hemoglobin/hematocrit
altitude adjustments, 23, 109-110
cutoff values for anemia, 16, 26, 30, 43, 49, 57, 109
postpartum, 77
prepregnancy/preconceptional, 23, 109
smoking and, 16, 23, 40, 49, 109, 110
History
behavioral changes, 54, 55-56, 58
dietary practices, 23, 25, 39, 41, 55, 57, 83, 84
harmful substances, 23, 25, 26, 39, 42
neural tube defect in prior pregnancy, 31, 50
for postpartum nutritional care, 72, 83-84
preconception/interconception visit, 22-23
prenatal visit (first), 33, 35, 38-39, 40-42
prenatal visits (follow-up), 54-56, 57-58
sociodemographic, obstetric,
medical, and life-style factors, 22, 24, 38, 40
weight status, 22, 24, 38, 41, 83, 84
Hospital
postpartum nutritional care, 72-79
rooming-in arrangements, 75
I
Infant feeding, 39, 42, 48, 81;
see also Bottle feeding;
Breastfeeding
Instructions for Guidebook use, 4
Iron, enhancing absorption of, 45, 111
Iron supplements
effective forms of, 111
history, 55
interference with absorption, 112
in multivitamin/mineral preparation, 111, 112
postpartum, 77
routine, initiation, 16, 47, 110
therapeutic dose for anemia, 17, 30, 31, 40, 43, 49, 62, 77, 110-111
K
L
Laboratory tests
and nutrient supplements, 16-17
preconception/interconception, 23, 26-27
see also Hemoglobin/hematocrit
Lactation
diet during, 73
indications for nutrient supplements, 17
restrictive food practices during, 87
weight loss during, 73
weight-related problems during, 86
see also Breastfeeding
Lactose intolerance
and calcium intake, 101
diet therapy for, 30
symptoms, 57
Leg cramps, 57
Life-style, nutrition questionnaire, 8, 11-12
Low-birth-weight babies
maternal weight-for-height and, 26
smoking and, 42
weight gain during pregnancy and, 46
Low-income women
nutrition-related concerns of, 104
referral to WIC, 116
M
Magnesium, 112
Maternal and Child Health Program, 117
Medications, see Drugs
Milk products
discomforts caused by, 54
during lactation, 73
lactose intolerance, 101
vitamins and minerals in, 10
Multiple gestation, 17
and exercise, 108
see also Twins/triplets
N
National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 118
National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 120
Nausea and vomiting
history, 54
from iron supplements, 62, 111
Neonatal complications, and breastfeeding, 72, 78
Neural tube defects in prior pregnancy
folate supplements and, 24, 31, 40, 50
Nutrients
bed rest and intakes of, 66
lower-calorie sources of, 103
see also individual vitamins, minerals, and food groups
Nutrition Assistance Program for Puerto Rico, eligibility and benefits , 115
Nutrition education approach, 43-44
essential steps, 91-92
literacy/reading level considerations in, 119, 121
peer counseling, 96
prenatal, 43-44
promotion of effective use of, 119
selecting and using educational materials, 118-119
Nutrition questionnaire
face-to-face interview, 6
instrument, 7-8
at prenatal visit, 37
purpose, 6
Nutritional care
cultural/ethnic differences and, 94-96
developmental differences and, 93
diabetes mellitus (gestational), 121-122
information sources, 120-123
peer counseling, 96
perinatal, 120
postpartum, in-hospital, 72-79
prenatal, 121
O
Obesity
and complications of pregnancy, 26
and conception, 24
diet counseling for, 30
and weight gain during pregnancy56, 58
Overeating, 9
P
Patient education, see Nutrition education
Pediatric visit
basic guidance, 82
breastfeeding experience, 80-82
explanations, 81-82
future plans for nutrition, 81
history, 80
information gathering, 80-81
problem solving, 82
Peer counselors, 96
Perinatal mortality, 59
Physical examination
general appearance, 23, 25, 39, 42
laboratory evaluation, 23, 26, 40, 43, 57, 59
pediatric (first visit), 80, 81
postpartum 4 to 6 weeks, 84, 85
preconception/interconception, 22-23
prenatal visit first), 33, 35, 38-39, 42-43
prenatal visits follow-up), 56-57, 58-59
weight-for-height status, 23, 26, 39, 43
Positive reinforcement, opportunities for, 27, 58, 59, 60, 92, 116
Postpartum visits
4 to 6 weeks, 83-88
checklist, 69-70
nutritional care in hospital, 72-79
pediatric visit (early), 80-82
Preconception/interconception visit
basic guidance, 27-29
checklist, 19-20
dietary guidance, 27-29
goals, 21
history, 22-23
indications for nutrient supplements, 17
information gathering, 19, 22-25
physical examination, 23, 25-26
problem solving, 29-31
Pregnancy
history, 22
indications for nutrient supplements, 17
weight gain assessment, 13
see also Prenatal visits;
Weight gain during pregnancy
Prematurity, 59
Prenatal visits
basic guidance, 43-48, 51, 59-61
follow-up, 51-67
history, 38-39, 40-42, 54-56, 57-58
information gathering, 9, 33, 35, 38-40
physical examination, 39-40, 42-43, 51, 56-57, 58-59
positive reinforcement, 43, 50
problem solving, 48-50, 52, 61-67
weight gain, 15
Purpose of Guidebook, 3
Q
Questionnaire, see Nutrition questionnaire
R
Record keeping, 5-6
S
and anemia, 16, 17, 40, 109, 110
breastfeeding and, 79
cessation programs, 122
and low birth weight, 42
before pregnancy, 29
during pregnancy, 55-56
Snacks and fast food, 44, 45, 67, 100
Soft drinks, 28
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, see WIC
State and local public health departments, 117
Sugar substitutes, 75
Supplements, see Vitamin/mineral supplements
Sweets and sugars, 28
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program, eligibility and benefits , 115
Terminology, 5
Twins/triplets
support for mothers of, 77
see also Multiple gestation
U
Underweight, 30
Users of the Guidebook, 3-4
V
Vegetarians, 17
Vitamin A
food sources, 73
postpartum, 85
Vitamin C
smoking and, 26
supplements, 112
Vitamin D
supplements, 112
Vitamin/mineral supplements
content of, 112
guidance on use, 58
iron deficiency anemia and, 30, 49, 62, 111-112
laboratory tests and, 16-17
during lactation, 76
postnatal, 87
vitamin A, 24
see also Iron supplements
W
Weight
classification, by body mass index, 13
control, promotion of, 27, 108
Weight-for-height status
and birth weight, 26
preconception/interconception examination, 23, 26
prenatal examination, 39
Weight gain during pregnancy
allocation among tissues, 46
and birth weight, 46
body mass index and, 12-15, 43, 44
charts for assessing, 12-15, 46
first trimester, 58
high, factors calling for, 46, 59
inappropriate, 61
promotion of, 106-107
recommended ranges, 44
second trimester, 58-59
smoking and, 65
slow/low, 56, 59, 61, 64, 107-108
Weight loss
and conception, 24
prenatal, 64
Weight measurement
infant, 80
quality control, 106
Weight status, 43
changes requiring further evaluation, 56
history, 38
perceptions of and attitudes about, 24, 26, 41, 50, 58, 86
postpartum, 86
prepregnancy, 29
questions about, 22
WIC
eligibility and benefits, 104, 114
referral to, 37, 48, 77, 104, 116
Z
Zinc