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OCR for page 127
Index
A
Adolescents
educational materials suitable for, 121
goal-setting abilities, 93
nutritional care, 41, 93, 121
peer counseling, 96
professional approach to, 93
weight gain during pregnancy, 41, 44, 46
Alcohol consumption/alcohol abuse
breastfeeding and, 75
interventions, 56
and nutrient supplementation, 17
and nutrition, 24, 26
prenatal use, 42, 45
prepregnancy use, 29
sample questions about use, 8, 10, 11
Anemia
additional testing, indications for, 30, 110
blood sampling, 109
causes, 31
hemoglobin/hematocrit cutoff values, 16, 26, 30, 43, 49, 109-110
history, 22, 38
identifying, 16, 109-110
iron therapy, 17, 30, 31, 40, 43, 49, 62, 110-111
postpartum, 77
preconception/interconception, 24, 30-31
prenatal, 38, 40, 43, 49, 59, 62
serum ferritin, 30, 110
Appearance
preconception/interconception examination, 23, 25
prenatal examination, 39, 42
Appetite
breastfeeding and, 75
sample questions, 9
stimulant drugs and, 67
Approach of Guidebook, 4-5
B
Battering, 25, 42
Bed rest, 66
eating well during, 67
Birth control, 72, 73, 85
Body mass index
chart for estimating, 14
instructions for estimating, 12
prepregnancy, 12-13, 23
weight classification and, 13
see also Weight gain during pregnancy
Bottle feeding, 47, 60, 81
Breast
examination, 39, 42
inverted or flat nipples, 42, 48, 60, 72, 78
sore nipples, 75, 76, 82, 85
surgery/anatomical variants, and
breastfeeding, 78
Breastfeeding
adequacy of milk supply, 71, 75, 76, 84
and allergic reactions, 87
and birth control, 72, 73, 85
breast surgery/anatomical variants and, 78
cesarean delivery and, 78
and colic, 87
and diet, 75, 85-86
discharge advice, 76
drug use and, 72, 79
duration of, 76
and energy intake, 75, 85
and engorgement, 73, 84, 85
exclusive, 76, 81
frequency, 74-75, 76, 81, 82, 85
history, 22, 38, 39, 83-84
infant growth and, 81, 82, 86
initiation of, 74-75
inverted or flat nipples and, 42, 48, 60, 72, 78
low birth weight baby/neonatal
complications and, 72, 78
and manual expression of milk, 76
mastitis, 76
nutritional care in hospital and, 72
pediatric visit, questions, 80-82
peer counseling, 96
positioning during, 81
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postpartum, 4 to 6 weeks, 83-85
problem-solving, 78-79, 81-82
projects to assist health professionals, 123
promotion of, 60-61
pumps/pumping milk, 76, 78, 82
recommendations, 42, 71
resources, 122-123
rooming-in arrangements, 75
smoking and, 79, 84
sore nipples, 75, 76, 82, 85
supplemental feedings and water, 75, 76, 81-82
support for, 48, 71, 78, 85
vitamin/mineral supplements, 76
see also Lactation
C
Caffeinated beverages, 10, 45, 73, 75
Calcium intake
food sources, 10, 102
interference with iron absorption, 112
lactose intolerance and, 101
milk products avoidance and, 102
supplements, 10, 11, 101, 102, 112
Cesarean delivery, and breastfeeding, 78
Cigarettes, see Smoking
Cocaine, 79;
see also Drugs
Colic, 87
Comfort, prenatal, 47
Commodity Supplemental Food
Program, eligibility and benefits, 114
Constipation
bed rest and, 67
iron supplements and, 62, 111
management, 9, 47, 57, 63
Contents of Guidebook, 3
Cooperative Extension—Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, eligibility and benefits, 115
Copper supplements, 30, 49, 62, 77, 111, 112
Cultural/ethnic considerations
childrearing practices, 94
in dietary guidance, 27, 95-96
in educational materials, 121-122
elements of effective programs, 95
family members and roles, 94
interaction/communication styles, 94-95
in nutrition questionnaire, 6
in nutritional care, 94-96
peer counseling, 96
religious beliefs and practices, 94
in weight gain, 46
D
Dehydration, 41, 61
Dental disease, 25, 42
Depression, 25, 42
Diabetes mellitus
educational materials for, 121-122
gestational, 63, 65, 88, 121-122
glucose tolerance and, 88
insulin therapy, 63
need for diet therapy, 30, 49
testing for, 63
Diarrhea, 57, 62, 111
Dietary guidance
avoidance of specific foods and, 10-11
for breastfeeding, 75, 85-86
calcium intake, 101, 102
foods and servings, 27, 45
goal setting, 44
identifying the need for, 9-11
lactose intolerance, 101
low-calorie/high-nutrient foods, 103
positive reinforcement, 44, 60
postpartum, 74
prenatal, 43-45, 60
prepregnancy/preconceptional, 27-28
snacks and fast food, 45, 100
Dietary Guidelines, 27, 28, 74, 82
Dietary intake assessment
checklist, 7-11, 98
computer software, 100
diet or food recall, 97
diet or food records, 98
dietitian's role in, 99-100
food frequency questionnaire, 97-98
objectives, 99
resources for, 99
selecting an approach, 98-100
standard of comparison, 99
uses of information gathered, 99
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Dietary practices
basic guidance, 27-28, 43-45, 60, 74, 75, 85-86
breastfeeding and, 75
discomforts and, 39, 41
postpartum, 83, 84
preconception/interconception, 25, 27-28
prenatal, 43-45
Dietitians
defined, 5
dietary assessment role, 99-100
referral and consultation, 5, 9, 25, 41, 49, 63, 113, 116
Disabilities, weight-for-height measurement in women with, 105-106
Discomforts
and dietary practices, 39, 41
from iron supplements, 111
Disorders requiring diet therapy, 30, 49
Drugs
breastfeeding and use of, 73, 79, 85
illegal, 8, 11, 24, 26, 29, 79
information sources, 122
and nutrition, 24, 26
over-the-counter, 8, 47, 61
prepregnancy use, 29
prescription, 8, 47, 79
use during pregnancy, 47
E
Eating behavior
avoidance of specific foods, 10, 87
change in, 91-92
guidance on, 27, 43-44
meal size, 45
overeating, 9, 65
questions, 7, 9-10, 22, 44, 55, 80, 83-84
skipping meals, 9, 25
special diets, 9, 41
see also Nutrition education
Eating disorders, 22, 24
nutritional care, 30, 49
signs of, 25, 41, 42, 86
Edema, 56, 59
Education, see Nutrition education
Energy intake, 17, 58, 66, 85, 87
Environmental contaminants, 75
Exercise/physical activity, 8, 11
and constipation, 63
contraindications, 108
postpartum, 74, 85
prenatal, 55, 65,108
prepregnancy, 27, 28
and weight gain, 65, 107, 108
F
Federal food and nutrition programs and benefits, 29, 48, 114-115
Fetal growth, 26, 59
Fiber, dietary, 11, 27
Fluids
and bed rest, 67
and constipation, 63
during lactation, 73
low intake during pregnancy, 61
Folate
food sources, 10, 11
and neural tube defects, 24, 31, 40, 50
supplements, 24, 31, 40, 50, 112
Food and drink
bed rest and, 67
concerns of low-income women, 104
cultural/ethnic considerations, 95-96
high in calories, 103
high in vitamins and minerals, 103, 107, 108
high intakes, 65
low-calorie versions of common foods, 103
low in vitamins and minerals, 103
low intakes, 30, 41, 48-49, 55, 58, 61, 107-108
nutrition questionnaire, 7-8, 10-11
to promote weight gain, 107
Food Distribution Program for Indian Reservations, eligibility and benefits, 115
Food resources
access to, 29, 48, 77, 107, 108
federal assistance programs, 10, 107, 108, 114-115
nutrition questionnaire, 7, 10
postpartum, 77
Food Stamp Program
eligibility and benefits, 114
referral to, 77
Fundal height, 56, 59, 65
OCR for page 130
G
Gastrointestinal disease, 30, 49
Glucose
intolerance, 59, 88
screen, 23, 40, 57, 59, 63
H
Harmful substance use
basic guidance, 29, 31, 50, 60
history, 39, 55-56
postpartum, 88
preconception/interconception, 23, 25, 26, 29
prenatal, 39, 42, 50, 55-56, 60
treatment programs, 31, 50
see also Alcohol consumption/alcohol abuse; Drugs; Smoking
Health Services Resources, 117-118
Heartburn, management, 9, 47, 57, 63
Height
measurement procedure, 106
see also Weight-for-height status
Hemoglobin/hematocrit
altitude adjustments, 23, 109-110
cutoff values for anemia, 16, 26, 30, 43, 49, 57, 109
postpartum, 77
prenatal, 40, 43, 57, 109
prepregnancy/preconceptional, 23, 109
smoking and, 16, 23, 40, 49, 109, 110
History
behavioral changes, 54, 55-56, 58
breastfeeding, 72, 83-85
dietary practices, 23, 25, 39, 41, 55, 57, 83, 84
discomforts, 39, 41, 54, 57
explanations, 40-42, 57-59
harmful substances, 23, 25, 26, 39, 42
infant feeding, 39, 42
neural tube defect in prior pregnancy, 31, 50
nutrient supplements, 55, 58
for postpartum nutritional care, 72, 83-84
preconception/interconception visit, 22-23
prenatal visit (first), 33, 35, 38-39, 40-42
prenatal visits (follow-up), 54-56, 57-58
sociodemographic, obstetric,
medical, and life-style factors, 22, 24, 38, 40
weight status, 22, 24, 38, 41, 83, 84
Hospital
discharge advice, 74, 76
postpartum nutritional care, 72-79
rooming-in arrangements, 75
I
Infant feeding, 39, 42, 48, 81;
see also Bottle feeding;
Breastfeeding
Instructions for Guidebook use, 4
Iron, enhancing absorption of, 45, 111
Iron supplements
effective forms of, 111
history, 55
interference with absorption, 112
in multivitamin/mineral preparation, 111, 112
postpartum, 77
routine, initiation, 16, 47, 110
side effects, 62, 111
therapeutic dose for anemia, 17, 30, 31, 40, 43, 49, 62, 77, 110-111
K
Ketosis, 11, 61
L
Laboratory tests
and nutrient supplements, 16-17
preconception/interconception, 23, 26-27
prenatal, 40, 43
see also Hemoglobin/hematocrit
Lactation
diet during, 73
indications for nutrient supplements, 17
restrictive food practices during, 87
weight loss during, 73
weight-related problems during, 86
see also Breastfeeding
Lactose intolerance
and calcium intake, 101
diet therapy for, 30
symptoms, 57
Leg cramps, 57
OCR for page 131
Life-style, nutrition questionnaire, 8, 11-12
Lipid screen, 23, 26
Low-birth-weight babies
breastfeeding, 72, 78
maternal weight-for-height and, 26
smoking and, 42
weight gain during pregnancy and, 46
Low-income women
nutrition-related concerns of, 104
referral to WIC, 116
M
Magnesium, 112
Maternal and Child Health Program, 117
Medications, see Drugs
Milk products
avoidance of, 17, 102
discomforts caused by, 54
during lactation, 73
lactose intolerance, 101
servings, 27, 28, 45, 73, 99
vitamins and minerals in, 10
Multiple gestation, 17
and exercise, 108
weight gain for, 46, 59, 65
see also Twins/triplets
N
National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 118
National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 120
Nausea and vomiting
effects, 41, 58, 61
history, 54
from iron supplements, 62, 111
management, 9, 47, 57, 61
Neonatal complications, and breastfeeding, 72, 78
Neural tube defects in prior pregnancy
folate supplements and, 24, 31, 40, 50
Nutrients
bed rest and intakes of, 66
low intakes, 30, 48-49, 61
lower-calorie sources of, 103
see also individual vitamins, minerals, and food groups
Nutrition Assistance Program for Puerto Rico, eligibility and benefits , 115
Nutrition education approach, 43-44
essential steps, 91-92
literacy/reading level considerations in, 119, 121
peer counseling, 96
prenatal, 43-44
promotion of effective use of, 119
selecting and using educational materials, 118-119
Nutrition questionnaire
adaptations of, 6, 21
eating behavior, 7, 9-10, 23
face-to-face interview, 6
food and drink, 7-8, 10-11
food resources, 7, 10
instrument, 7-8
interpretation of, 6, 9-11
life-style, 8, 11-12, 23
at prenatal visit, 37
purpose, 6
Nutritional care
cultural/ethnic differences and, 94-96
developmental differences and, 93
diabetes mellitus (gestational), 121-122
information sources, 120-123
peer counseling, 96
perinatal, 120
postpartum, in-hospital, 72-79
prenatal, 121
problem solving, 77-79, 91-92
O
Obesity
and complications of pregnancy, 26
and conception, 24
diet counseling for, 30
and weight gain during pregnancy56, 58
Overeating, 9
P
Patient education, see Nutrition education
Pediatric visit
basic guidance, 82
breastfeeding experience, 80-82
OCR for page 132
explanations, 81-82
first, 74, 80-82
future plans for nutrition, 81
history, 80
information gathering, 80-81
physical examination, 80, 81
problem solving, 82
Peer counselors, 96
Perinatal mortality, 59
Phenylketonuria, 30, 49
Physical examination
breast examination, 39, 42
explanation, 42-43, 58-59
general appearance, 23, 25, 39, 42
laboratory evaluation, 23, 26, 40, 43, 57, 59
pediatric (first visit), 80, 81
postpartum 4 to 6 weeks, 84, 85
preconception/interconception, 22-23
prenatal visit first), 33, 35, 38-39, 42-43
prenatal visits follow-up), 56-57, 58-59
weight-for-height status, 23, 26, 39, 43
weight changes, 56, 58-59
Pica, 55, 57, 66
Positive reinforcement, opportunities for, 27, 58, 59, 60, 92, 116
Postpartum visits
4 to 6 weeks, 83-88
checklist, 69-70
nutritional care in hospital, 72-79
pediatric visit (early), 80-82
Preconception/interconception visit
basic guidance, 27-29
checklist, 19-20
dietary guidance, 27-29
goals, 21
history, 22-23
indications for nutrient supplements, 17
information gathering, 19, 22-25
physical examination, 23, 25-26
problem solving, 29-31
Pregnancy
history, 22
indications for nutrient supplements, 17
weight gain assessment, 13
see also Prenatal visits;
Weight gain during pregnancy
Prematurity, 59
Prenatal visits
basic guidance, 43-48, 51, 59-61
checklists, 33-36, 51-52
explanations, 40-43, 57-59
first, 9, 33-50
follow-up, 51-67
history, 38-39, 40-42, 54-56, 57-58
information gathering, 9, 33, 35, 38-40
physical examination, 39-40, 42-43, 51, 56-57, 58-59
positive reinforcement, 43, 50
problem solving, 48-50, 52, 61-67
weight gain, 15
Purpose of Guidebook, 3
Q
Questionnaire, see Nutrition questionnaire
R
Record keeping, 5-6
Renal disease, 30, 48
S
Salt and salty foods, 28, 45
Serum ferritin, 30, 110
Smoking, 8, 11
and anemia, 16, 17, 40, 109, 110
breastfeeding and, 79
cessation programs, 122
and low birth weight, 42
and nutrition, 24, 26, 88
before pregnancy, 29
during pregnancy, 55-56
and weight, 65, 84, 88
Snacks and fast food, 44, 45, 67, 100
Soft drinks, 28
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, see WIC
State and local public health departments, 117
Sugar substitutes, 75
Supplements, see Vitamin/mineral supplements
Sweets and sugars, 28
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Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program, eligibility and benefits , 115
Terminology, 5
Twins/triplets
support for mothers of, 77
see also Multiple gestation
U
Underweight, 30
Users of the Guidebook, 3-4
V
Vegetarians, 17
Vitamin A
food sources, 73
postpartum, 85
supplements, 24, 40, 112
Vitamin C
food sources, 10, 11, 45
smoking and, 26
supplements, 112
Vitamin D
food sources, 10, 101
supplements, 112
Vitamin/mineral supplements
calcium, 10, 17
cautions about, 17, 24, 40
content of, 112
folate, 24, 40
guidance on use, 58
history, 22, 38
indications for, 10, 17, 49
iron deficiency anemia and, 30, 49, 62, 111-112
laboratory tests and, 16-17
during lactation, 76
postnatal, 87
prenatal, 47, 49, 61, 112
vitamin A, 24
see also Iron supplements
W
Weight
classification, by body mass index, 13
control, promotion of, 27, 108
Weight-for-height status
and birth weight, 26
postpartum, 83, 84, 86, 87
preconception/interconception examination, 23, 26
prenatal examination, 39
problem solving, 87, 107-108
Weight gain during pregnancy
allocation among tissues, 46
basic guidance, 46, 59
and birth weight, 46
body mass index and, 12-15, 43, 44
charts for assessing, 12-15, 46
determinants of, 41, 65
explanations, 43, 46
first trimester, 58
goal setting, 46, 59
high, factors calling for, 46, 59
inappropriate, 61
plotting, 13, 46
promotion of, 106-107
rate of, 46, 108
recommended ranges, 44
second trimester, 58-59
smoking and, 65
slow/low, 56, 59, 61, 64, 107-108
very rapid, 56, 65
Weight loss
causes, 58, 64
and conception, 24
dieting, 9, 84, 88
postpartum, 84, 85, 86, 87
prenatal, 64
Weight measurement
infant, 80
procedures, 23, 105-106
quality control, 106
Weight status, 43
changes requiring further evaluation, 56
history, 38
perceptions of and attitudes about, 24, 26, 41, 50, 58, 86
physical examination, 39, 56
postpartum, 86
prepregnancy, 29
questions about, 22
WIC
eligibility and benefits, 104, 114
questions on use of, 56, 107
referral to, 37, 48, 77, 104, 116
Z
Zinc
supplements, 30, 49, 62, 77, 111, 112
