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Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the HUMID TROPICS
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Index
A
Abandoned lands
degraded pasturelands, 224, 225
incentives for rehabilitation of, 16, 181–183
Acacia spp., 97, 115
Açai (Euterpe oleracea), 330
Achiote (Bixa orellana), 183
Acioa baterii, 96, 98
Africa
agroforestry systems, 82
cattle pastureland, 86–87
deforestation, 35–38, 41, 160
forest cover, 36
humid tropical area, 23
income per capita, 41
shifting cultivation in, 41
soils, 23, 27, 53, 54, 57
see also individual countries
Afzelia bella, 96
Agricultural productivity
biological constraints on, 57–58
climate and, 52–53
deforestation and, 375–376
hydrological cycle changes and, 48
pests and, 57–58, 155–157
soils and, 1–2, 53–57
sources of growth, 364–367
Agriculture
advancement of frontiers, 5–6, 41–42, 44, 45, 77, 163, 223, 645
carbon losses from, 223
and deforestation, 44, 45, 61, 223, 367, 406–408, 510, 645
demand for land, 406–408
and economic development, 241–242
extension programs, 85, 187–188
green revolution, 71–72
and greenhouse gas emissions, 48–49, 223–224
monocultural systems, 8, 59–60, 75, 101–102
nutrient cycling in, 56, 60
permanent, 49, 223–224
pesticide use, 60, 70
and pollution, 60
research needs, 62–64, 600–601
slash-and-burn, see Shifting
cultivation
subsistence farming, 54
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see also Amazonian agriculture;
Cropping systems;
Intensive cropping systems ;
Shifting cultivation;
Sustainable agriculture
Agrisilviculture, 93, 94, 97
Agrisilvopastoral systems, 94, 95
Agroecology, 63–64, 124, 139
Agroforestry systems, 7, 179
advantages and disadvantages, 9, 11, 13, 98–99, 140–141, 142, 143, 332
arrangement of trees, crops, and livestock, 97–98, 148
boundary planting of trees and hedges, 94
combinations, 328–329
defined, 92
ecological benefits of, 29, 92, 97, 99, 103, 380, 524–525
and greenhouse gases, 250–251, 523
improved, 95–98
inputs, 11, 142, 332
intercropping in, 94, 100–101
labor-intensive, 16, 181
livestock in, 332–333
mixed tree, 106, 329–330
principles, 92
regeneration time for trees, 94
research priorities, 76, 99–100, 333, 523–524
rotational, 94
semiextractive, 330
shifting cultivation with, 80–81, 94
successful use of, 94–95, 330–331
suitability of, 68
sustainability, 95, 100, 330–331
traditional types, 93–95
tree and woody shrub species recommended for, 96–97, 330–331, 524–525
Village Forest Project, 187
see also Alley cropping;
other individual systems
Agropastoral systems
features and benefits, 9, 13, 83–84, 140–141, 143
land suitable for, 68
livestock and crops used in, 82–83
research needs, 83, 84–85, 91–92
Alchornea cordifolia, 96, 97, 98
Alley cropping
arrangement of trees and crops, 94, 97, 380
ecological/environmental benefits of, 380–382, 525
economics of, 99, 381–382
livestock in, 381
and soil fertility, 99, 100, 158, 575–576
sustainability in, 575–576
tree species used for, 98, 524–525
see also Contour hedgerow systems
Amazon Basin
agroforestry, 95, 328–333
deforestation rates, 164, 280–286
extractive reserves, 135, 136
fires, 121, 123, 285
forest regeneration on grasslands, 120, 123
Grande Carajas project, 191
logging in, 283
macroecological units, 269–270
market potential for products from, 183
natural forest management, 130
soils, 54, 55
timber production, 283
see also individual countries
Amazonian agriculture
basis for sustainability analysis of, 265–266
cattle raising, 44, 85, 88, 316–326
chronology of, 268, 271, 272–273
continuous cropping, 70
domestication of nontimber forest extraction products, 292
economics of, 271–280
environmental bottlenecks to, 290–291
expansion potential of present land use systems, 339–342
extraction of nontimber forest products, 279–280, 296–297, 306–308
on floodplains, 271–272, 277–278, 293, 314–316, 322–324
future scenario, 336–339
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knowledge base for, 291–292, 295
land use systems and their sustainabilities, 296–333
main areas of development, 277
in official colonization areas, 279
pastureland degradation, 90
perennial crop, 293–294, 326–328
physical and economic aspects of development, 271–276
shifting cultivation, 12, 246, 271, 273–274, 276, 283, 311–314
timber extraction, 308–311
Animal production, 294;
see also Cattle raising;
Livestock production
Annona spp., 103, 330, 331
Anogeissus leiocarpa, 353
Anthonotha macrophylla, 96, 98
Apiculture, 94
Aquaculture, 94, 294
Asia
agropastoral systems, 82, 83
cattle pastureland, 86
deforestation, 35–38
forest cover, 36
humid tropical area, 23
income per capita, 41
soils, 23, 27, 53, 54, 55
see also individual countries
Asian Development Bank, 161, 582, 583
Australia, 23, 130
Avocado (Persea spp.), 104, 330
B
Bamboo cultivation, 106
Banana (Musa spp.), 101, 110–111, 330, 331
Bangladesh, 86, 177
Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra), 330, 333
Barbasco (Lonchocarpus spp.), 104
Beans, 82, 83, 151
Bété (Mansonia altissima), 352
Bioclimes
classifications, 152, 293
forested, in tropical zone, 28
Biogeographical diversity, 399–400
Biological diversity
agricultural practices and, 57, 60, 72
comparison of land use systems, 140
conservation of, 105, 106, 110, 155, 170–171, 470–471
conversion of forests and, 46, 47–48
deforestation and, 48, 375
enrichment planting and, 136
on extractive reserves, 135
in fallows, 81
genetic, 30–31, 57, 72, 171
in home gardens, 107
losses, 46, 47–48, 60, 72, 113
in managed areas, 126, 526
in mixed tree systems, 105–106, 110
in protected areas and buffer zones, 71, 75, 135, 525–526
research priorities, 30
in secondary forests, 81
species, 30, 136
sustainable management, 525–526
in tree crop plantations, 113, 450–451, 470–471
of tropical moist forests, 29, 30–31, 450–451
Biomass
burning, carbon from, 220, 232–233
climate and, 153
greenhouse gas emissions from, 234, 237
losses from forests, 37, 127, 136, 230, 231
maintenance of, 152–153, 155
net primary production by tree species, 97
nutrient availability in, 56, 155, 157
in regenerating forests, 120–121, 123, 140–141
in tree plantations, 115, 116, 153, 157, 229
Biophysical factors
comparison in land use systems, 139–140, 142
and deforestation, 242
documentation needs, 13, 150–152
land use spatial patterns and, 147, 242
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Biosphere reserves, 133, 135, 511
Black pepper production, 272, 274, 330, 331, 333
Brachiaria spp., 89, 333
Brazil, 71
agricultural development, 70, 268–280
agroindustrial technology, 294–295
aquaculture, 294
basis for sustainability analysis of Amazonian agriculture, 265–266
biotic pressure, 287
cattle raising, 44, 85, 88, 162, 164, 250, 272, 274, 278, 294, 316–326
climate, 286–287
colonization areas, 44, 189, 274, 279
deforestation, 37, 38, 44, 160, 162, 164, 280–286
environment, 267–268
extractive reserves, 134, 135, 136, 149, 271
food and fiber crops, annual, 293
forest exploration, 293
forest product extraction areas, 279–280
frontier expansion areas, 278–279
greenhouse gas emissions, 232
humid tropics, 266–268
indigenous people, 162
infrastructure building, 44
institutional capacity for research, 336
land use intensity, research, and technology, 333–336
land use systems and their sustainabilities, 296–333
macroecologic units, 268–270
macrolimitations for sustainable agricultural development, 286–290
managed forest system, 108, 149
natural resources, 293
Pará, 276
pastures, 90, 294
perennial crops, 293–294
policies encouraging unsustainable land use, 162–163
political conditions, 289–290
sociocultural issues, 288–289
soils, 27, 54, 55, 287–288
tax incentive policies, 274
technology diffusion and utilization, 295–296
várzea floodplains, 271–272, 277–278, 314–316, 322–324
see also Amazonian agriculture
Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), 136, 183, 274, 330, 331, 332
Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus spp.), 104
Breadnut tree (Brosimum spp.), 104
Buffer zones, 525–526
Bush fallow systems, 382
Byrsonima spp., 103
C
Cacao (Theobroma spp.), 104, 151, 274
in agroforestry systems, 330, 331
plantations, 100–101, 113, 114
Calliandra calothyrsus, 96, 97, 98
Cameroon, 38, 130
Carbon
accounting models, 238–241
agriculture-related losses, 223–226
from biomass burning, 232–233
cycle, 30, 48, 49, 102–103, 115, 126–127, 153
flux from land use changes, 216–217, 221–222, 239, 242–249
logging-related losses, 230, 231
models of flux, 242–249
sinks, tropical systems as, 30, 140, 142, 227, 233–234, 251–252
in soils, 220, 221
taxes, 172
in vegetation, 220, 221
Carbon dioxide emissions
deforestation and, 245, 284
forest role in balance of, 523
and global warming, 48, 102, 219
sources, 48, 49, 190, 216–217, 224, 230, 232–234
sustainable land use and, 102–103, 190, 224
Carbon monoxide, flux from land use changes, 234, 237–238
Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), 116
Carica spp., 103
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Cashew, 332
Cassava (Manihot esculenta), 82, 95, 134, 151, 157, 330
Cassia spp., 96, 98, 576
Cattle raising, 85
African pastureland, 86–87
agropastoral systems, 82–83
Asian pastureland, 86
attributes of, 140–141, 143–144
in contour hedgerow systems, 578–579
and deforestation, 68, 86, 369, 506–507
development policies and, 88
ecological damage from, 9, 88
on forestland converted to pastureland, 68, 88, 162, 164, 224, 316–320
greenhouse gas emissions from, 48, 237
and land degradation, 89, 224
Latin American pastureland, 87–88
low-intensity grazing, 54
on native grasslands, 320–326
research, 88, 320
socioeconomic importance, 87–88
sustainability of, 9, 68, 91–92, 316–320
tax policies and, 88
see also Livestock production
Cattle ranching, see Cattle raising
Celtis spp., 352
Central America
cattle raising, 88
soils, 27, 55
see also individual countries
Centro Agronómico de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), 185, 524
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 71
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), 76
Cereal crops, 75, 98, 576
Chicle, 135
Chiles (Capsicum spp.), 108
Chlorofluorocarbons, 219
Cinnamon, 104
Climate
and agricultural productivity, 52–53
interactions of forests and atmosphere, 30, 48–49
and land use systems, 151
and sustainable agriculture, 286–287
see also Global warming
Cnestis ferruginea, 98
Coca (Erythroxylum coca), 104
Coconut (Cocos nucifera), 104, 106, 113, 330, 331, 332
Coffee, 80, 104, 105, 156, 330
Colombia, 38, 88, 107–108, 129, 162–163, 232
Colonization and resettlement projects, 6, 88, 169, 176, 189, 507–508;
see also Transmigration
Commodities
markets for, 183–184
price supports, 165
research needs on, 158
Compound farms, 94
Conservation tillage, 382
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) , 76, 88
Contour hedgerow systems
bunding, 574–575
cash crop production in, 578
cattle production in, 578–579
grass strips, 576
intercropping with noncompetitive species, 576–577
Leucaena, 76, 99, 572–573
natural vegetative strips, 577–578
other species, 573
and soil conservation, 99, 381
see also Alley cropping
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE), 187
Coppicing, 81, 96
Costa Rica, 37, 104, 169, 184, 185, 225
Côte d'Ivoire, 352–354
agriculture, 44, 360–367, 372–373, 375–385, 388–389
agroforestry, 380–382
biodiversity, 375
cattle grazing, 369
climate and microclimate, 352, 353–354, 374–375
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conservation tillage, 382
credit access, 384–385
deforestation, 37, 38, 44, 45, 164, 367–377, 387–389
economy, domestic, 359–360
export crops, 360–362
fiscal policies, 384
food crops, 362–364
forest resources, 38, 44, 355–359
fuelwood, 368
government policies affecting land use, 164, 372–373, 382–385, 388–389
greenhouse gas emissions, 232
land tenure regimes, 370–372, 383–384
logging, 45, 164, 368
markets, 384–385
mulches and cover crops, 379–380
natural forest management, 130
organic matter for soils, 379
population, 45, 354–355
price policies, 384–385
shifting cultivation, 45, 370
sources of agricultural growth, 364–367
technological interventions, 377–382, 388
timber production, 352–353, 376–377
vegetation, 352–353
Cotton (Gossypium spp.), 108
Credit
access for small-scale farmers, 16, 165, 175, 177, 384–385
and land tenure, 175
subsidized, 165
Cropland
biomass losses from burning, 233
carbon flux from changes in area of, 218
degradation of, 225
Cropping systems
continuous cropping, 70
intercropping with noncompetitive species, 83, 94, 100–101, 114, 151, 229, 576–577
labor-intensive mixed systems, 68
low-input, 81–82, 148, 228
mixed, 13, 143, 151, 158
relay systems, 83
rotations, 83, 158
upland, 68
see also Alley cropping;
Intensive cropping systems ;
Perennial crop agriculture
Crops
genetic diversity of, 30–31, 57, 171
grain, 56
losses to pests, 155–156
short rotation, 110–111
see also individual crops
Cuba, monocultural agriculture, 60
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), 330, 331, 333
D
Dams, 169, 237
Debt-for-nature swaps, 172
Deforestation
and agricultural productivity, 375–376
agriculture and, 44, 45, 61, 223, 241–242, 280–286, 367, 406–408, 510, 645
Amazonian, 280–286
and biodiversity, 48, 375
carbon releases from, 219–220, 232, 239, 284
cattle grazing and, 68, 86, 369, 506–507
causes, 40–41, 68, 138, 221, 223, 367–373, 506–511
and climate and microclimate, 238, 374–375
colonization projects and, 507–508
debt burden of developing countries and, 50
definition of, 5, 33, 35, 499–502
development assistance policies and, 51
economic development and, 241–242
environmental impacts, 284–286, 374–377
estimates of, 36, 502–506, 562–563
extent, 23, 37, 154, 280–281, 451–456
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and extractive reserves, 137
from fires, 236, 415, 508–509
food consumption and, 244
fuelwood extraction and, 6, 44, 368, 645–646
and greenhouse gases, 48–49, 232, 235, 237, 238, 245
historical patterns, 45
land tenure regimes, 42, 370–372, 509
logging and, 5–6, 44, 68, 368, 408–410, 457–458, 646–647
of mangrove swamps, 45
models, 242–249
national security and, 509
political corruption and, 167
population pressure and, 45, 406–408, 647–649
process, 68, 565–568
projections, 239–240, 473–475
public policies and, 163, 164–167, 181, 284, 388–389
rates, 5, 35–39, 161, 164, 220, 243, 281–284, 405–406, 523, 563–565
reduction strategies, 61, 76
reversal of, 37
road building and other engineering works and, 511
scenarios, 242–249, 387–389, 609–612
shifting cultivation and, 226, 173–174, 370, 409–411
and soil degradation, 38–39, 56–57
of steep slopes, 45
sustainable agriculture and, 160
technology options, 388
timber exploitation and, 510, 568–569
and timber production potential, 376–377
transmigration and, 160, 411–413
tree crop development and, 68, 413–415
tree ownership and, 509
underlying causes, 369–373, 569
Deforested lands, reclamation of degraded pasture on, 90
Degraded lands
area of, 225
carbon loss from, 225, 231
credit access and rehabilitation of, 177
cropland, 225
incentives for improvement of, 16, 180–181
rehabilitation projects, 179–180
restoration potential, 3
tree crop plantations on, 110–111, 115
Desmodium sp., 95
Developing countries
compensation for conservation, 15, 172
debt burden, 41, 43, 50, 164
harvest losses to pests, 155–156
property rights in, 166–167
see also individual countries
Development assistance policies
and cattle raising, 88
conservation linked to, 172
coordination of donor imperatives, 14–15, 165–166, 607–609
energy sources, 190–191
and forest conversion, 14, 42, 51, 88, 161
impact assessments of infrastructure projects, 169
incentives for land improvement and rehabilitation, 180–183
land tenure provisions, 176
local participation in planning, 178–180
negative impacts of, 164
and sustainable agriculture, 51
Dialium guineense, 98
Digitaria decumbens, 89
Drought
livestock resistance to, 87
rainfall distribution and, 52
Durian (Durio zibethinus), 104, 105, 106
Dutch Development Corporation, 161
E
Economic development
agricultural practices and, 241–242, 249–250
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and deforestation, 241
diversification by farmers and, 3–4
gross national product, per capita, 24–26
and land use changes, 241–242
tree crop plantations and, 111–113, 329–330
see also Socioeconomic factors
Economics
of alley cropping, 99, 381–382
of Amazonian agriculture, 248, 271–276
attributes of land use systems, 141, 142–143, 248
benefits of tropical forests, 523
of biodiversity conservation, 171
of forest conversion, 7, 50–51, 164–166
of forestry, 402–405
of home gardens, 105
of livestock production, 84, 86
of logging, 77
of mixed tree systems, 105, 109, 140–141, 329–330
of timber production, 45, 402–403
of tree crop plantations, 141, 142–143, 461–463
of wood-based industries, 402–403
Ecuador, 88, 95
Education and training programs, 17, 85, 186–187, 188
Energy
alternative sources, and land use, 190–191
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, 216–217
Erythrina spp., 96, 97, 98
Eucalyptus spp., 115, 191, 333
Extractive reserves, 134–137, 149, 171, 176, 279–280
F
Fertilizer use, 55–56, 380
greenhouse gas emissions from, 48, 237
in intensive cropping systems, 70, 75
manure, 84, 381
negative environmental effects of, 75
on tree crop plantations, 113
Ficus spp., 103
Finnish International Development Agency, 161
Fires
carbon monoxide emissions from, 237–238
deforestation from, 236, 237, 415, 508–509
ecology and management, 591
environmental impacts of, 285–286
forest conversion and risk of, 48, 285
and forest regeneration, 121, 123
greenhouse gas emissions from, 236–237, 285
logging and, 126
and nitrogen in soils, 237
Flemingia spp., 96, 98
Floodplain agriculture, 151
Amazonian, 277–278, 314–316, 322–324
agroforestry, 330
intensive cropping systems, 70
research needs, 316
sustainability of, 45, 315–316
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
agroforestry program, 179
Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Project, 23, 35
forest policy review, 161
soil classification, 152
Tropical Forestry Action Plan, 165–166
Food production, sustainable, 522–523
Forest conversion
agricultural expansion and, 41–42
and biodiversity losses, 46, 47–48
carbon losses from, 22, 224
causes of, 5–6, 39–44, 138
climatic effects, 48–49
defined, 5, 33
development assistance policies and, 14, 42, 51, 88, 161
displacement of indigenous people, 7, 50
economics of, 7, 50–51, 164–166
environmental consequences, 7, 46–49, 50
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extent of, 39, 42
and fire risk, 48
government policies contributing to, 162–168
to grasslands, 86, 121
and greenhouse gas concentrations, 48–49, 102–103, 218, 224
historical patterns of, 44–45
hydrological effects of, 46, 48
infrastructure development and, 42
number of farmers engaged in, 42
to pastureland, 6, 68, 85, 88, 162, 164, 224, 316–320
to plantations, 113, 128
policies contributing to, 42–43, 164
rates, 35, 44, 45
research needs on, 46
social consequences, 7, 49–51
and soil degradation, 46, 50
sustainable agriculture and, 160
transformation processes, 68
see also Deforestation
Forest degradation
defined, 5, 35
causes, 40–41, 168–169
and greenhouse gases, 23, 231
rates, 37
Forest gardens, 107;
see also Home gardens ;
Mixed tree systems
Forest products, nontimber
examples of, 31–32
domestication of, 292
extraction of, 135, 296–297, 306–308
markets for, 135, 183–184
research needs, 308
see also Commodities
Forest regeneration
acceleration techniques, 10, 121–125
attributes of, 140–141
biomass and nutrient recovery, 120–121, 123, 140–141
constraints on, 131
ecological benefits of, 10, 29, 30, 140–141
extent of, 39
fires and, 121, 123
in grass-dominated fields, 120, 121, 123
improvement thinning and, 130
natural forest management and, 127, 128, 129, 130
pioneer species, 121
processes, 126
purposes, 118
rates, 118–119, 127–128, 130
seedling and sprout establishment, 119–120
shifting cultivation and, 81, 120–121
species appropriate for, 123
Forest reserves, 133–137, 288, 354–355, 371, 417, 419, 420, 431, 436, 450, 456–457, 497, 505, 514, 528, 534, 637, 638;
see also Buffer zones;
Extractive reserves;
Protected areas
Forestlands, designated, 397–398, 418–419
Forestry/forest management, 637–639
community-based, 593–595, 607–608
economic importance of, 402–405
enrichment planting, 596
indigenous communities' role and rights, 592–593
labor-based timber extraction, 595–596
mixed tree systems, past and present, 102–106
patches/groves, 103
plantation, 10, 115–118, 140–141, 143–144, 229
policy review, 161–168
research and development, 109–110, 602
shifting cultivation and, 424–425
small-scale, 46
social forestry programs, 179–180, 251
sustainable, 69
sustained-yield, 595
see also Agroforestry;
Natural forest management
Forests of humid tropics
appraisals of resources, 35
bioclimes in tropical zone, 5, 28
biological diversity, 29, 30–31, 450–451
boundary stabilization, intensive cropping systems and, 77
climatic interactions, 30, 48–49
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closed, 37–38
commercial areas, 635–637
conservation, 108–110, 419–420
defined, 23
ecological benefits, 29–33, 523
economic benefits, 523
exploration, 293
extents, 23, 34, 35, 36, 244
fires, 48, 415, 508–509
formations, 5, 28–29, 448, 450
managed, 29, 80–81, 103, 125, 127
modified, 11, 13, 132–133, 140–141, 143, 230, 484–485, 516
nutrient cycling, 32
patches, 103, 108
permanent, 456–457
production, 398–399
product extraction areas, 279–280;
see also Extractive reserves;
Forest products, nontimber ;
Timber and timber products
protected areas, 11, 108, 133–134, 140–141, 144, 511, 637
soils, 32, 56–57
stabilization of hydrological systems, 32–33
transformation, 35
types, 23, 560–562, 626
valuation of, 163
water availability and quality, 33
see also Forest regeneration;
Forest reserves ;
Secondary forests
Fruit tree species, 104
Fuelwood, 368
decay rates, 231
demand and harvesting, and deforestation, 6, 44, 191, 368, 645–646
greenhouse gas emissions from, 237
from leguminous trees, 95
plantations, 191
research needs, 191
G
Gabon, 38, 130
Gardens
multistory, 82
see also Forest gardens;
Home gardens
Ghana, 130
Gliricidia sepium, 87, 96, 98, 576
Global Environmental Monitoring System, 154
Global warming
biomass and, 153
deforestation and, 235, 238, 374–375
effects of, 48, 216
forest-atmosphere interactions and, 30
and land use, 48–49, 102–103, 216–219, 252
temperature increase rates, 48
see also Climate;
Greenhouse gases
Grameen Bank, 177
Grasses
in agroforestry systems, 333
effects on forest regeneration, 120, 121, 123
Grasslands
area of, 233
biomass losses from burning, 233
cattle raising on, 320–326
converted forestlands, 86, 121
fallow improvement systems, 587–589
fires, 121
floodplains, 322–324
greenhouse gas emissions from, 237
home gardens on degraded hillsides, 107
knowledge base on, 294
land tenure, 586–587
low-forage-value, 86
poorly drained, 324–326
reforestation efforts, 589–591
savannah, 86, 324–326, 321–322
well-drained, 321–322
Graviola (Annona muricata), 330, 331
Greenhouse gas emissions
from agriculture, 48–49, 223–224
agroforestry and, 250–251
atmospheric concentrations, 48
conversion of forests and, 48–49, 102–103
from deforestation, 48–49, 232, 235, 237, 238
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Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the HUMID TROPICS
estimated flux from land use changes, 216, 231–238
future impacts, 48–49, 238–249
global emissions from, 235
land use changes responsible for, 219–231
from pasturelands, 225
radiative effect of, 49, 238
reduction through sustainable land use policies and, 189–190
sources, 216
see also individual gases
Gross national product, per capita, 24–26
Guaraná (Paullinia cupana), 183, 274
Guatemala, 135, 169
Guava (Psidium spp.), 104, 106
H
Harungana madagascariensis, 98
Hedgerow systems
species appropriate for, 98
see also Contour hedgerow systems
Home gardens, 7, 94
Bari system, 107–108
biodiversity in, 107
components of, 101, 106
conservation of species in, 106
on degraded hillsides, 107
economic advantages of, 105
fruit production, 104
pekarangan, 106, 107
pest management in, 101
production and nutrition value of, 107
Honduras, 169
Humid tropics
climate, 5, 22–23, 28, 52–53
conditions and characteristics, 5, 21–22
land ownership, 45
population, 23, 40–41, 45
vegetation, 5, 23, 28–29
see also Forests of the humid tropics ;
Soils of the humid tropics
Hydrological systems
and agricultural productivity, 48
forest conversion effects on, 46, 48
stabilization by forests, 32–33
Hyparrhenia rufa, 89, 120
I
Imperata cylindrica, 86, 120, 121, 123, 182
India, 38, 86, 130
Indigenous people
Amuesha-Campa communities, 169
Bora Indians, 104, 108
Cabecar Indians, 104
collaborative research with, 14–15
displacement by infrastructure development, 169
effects of forest conversion on, 7, 50
food crops of, 58
forest management role and rights, 592–593
Guaymi Indians, 104
involvement in land use planning, 150
knowledge of land use systems, 13–14, 144–145
land tenure for, 166, 174–175, 599–600
Maya, 132, 516–519
mixed tree systems, 101–102
modification of forests, 132–133
property rights of, 166–167
resource management by, 129, 134, 162–163, 515–519
secondary forest use, 123
Surui people, 162
Yanomani, 176
Indonesia
agriculture, 45, 157, 395–396, 406–408, 425–426, 429–431
alley cropping in, 576
assessment of forest loss, 433–438
biogeographical diversity, 399–400
cattle raising in, 86
commodity price supports, 165
conservation of forest ecosystems, 419–420
deforestation history and causes, 38, 45, 164, 165, 167, 405–415, 431–433
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Monocultural systems, 8, 59–60, 75, 101–102, 330–331, 333
Mound systems, 7, 71
Mulches and cover crops, 87, 114, 158, 379–380, 381
Multipurpose woodlots, 94
Myanmar, 38, 130, 232
N
National Council of Rubber Tappers, 135
National policies
enabling environment for sustainable agriculture, 15–16, 174–180
encouraging unsustainable land use, 162–163
infrastructure development, 164
land tenure, 166, 174–177
and livestock production, 88
mission of resource management agencies, 169–170
negative effects of, 163, 242
reforms, 163, 166–167
review needs and process, 163–166
tax incentives and credits, 88
National resource management agencies, 169–170
National security, and deforestation, 509
Natural forest management, 149
benefits and costs of, 11, 126–127, 140–141
and carbon cycling, 126–127, 140
Celos Management System, 130
constraints on, 125–126, 131–132
and forest regeneration, 127, 128, 129, 130
Malayan Uniform System, 127–128
Modified Selection System, 130
purpose of, 125
research and development, 130
selection systems, 129–131
Selective Logging System, 130
Selective Management System, 130
strip shelterwood systems, 128–129
sustainability of, 127, 131–132
Tropical Shelterwood System, 128
uniform shelterwood systems, 127–128
Necromass, 233–234
Nepal, 71, 75, 86
New York Zoological Society, 187
Niangon (Tarrietia utilis), 352
Nigeria, 37, 130
Nitrous oxide
contribution to greenhouse effect, 219, 234
flux from land use changes, 237
sources, 48, 49, 234
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), education and training role , 17, 186–187
No-till systems, 185, 382
Nuclea latifolia, 98
Nutmeg, 105
Nutrient cycling
in agropastoral systems, 83–84
in alley cropping, 381
comparison of land use systems, 140, 142
in forests, 32
integrated management of, 157–158
land use and, 157–158
in monocultural systems, 60
and productivity, 154, 157–158
in regenerating forests, 120–121, 123, 140–141
research on, 88
in shifting agriculture, 77–78
in soils, 55–56
in tree plantations; 116, 140, 142
O
Oil palm production, 11, 113, 114, 128, 274, 330, 332
Orange (Citrus aurantium), 106
Orchards, 101, 108
P
Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM), 114
Panama, 104
Panicum maximum, 89
Papaya (Carica papaya), 106, 330
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Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines (PICOP), 94
Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum), 333
Paspalum spp., 120
Passion fruit, 330, 331
Pastureland
African, 86–87
area of, 233
Asian, 86
biomass losses from burning, 233
cattle, 86–88
degradation, 89, 90, 224, 225
forest conversion to, 6, 68, 85, 88, 162, 164, 224, 316–320
grass-legume mixture, 88
and greenhouse gases, 224–225, 237
knowledge about, 294
Latin American, 87–90, 294
nutrient cycling on, 88, 225
productivity, 225
reclamation of degraded pasture on deforested lands, 73, 90
technology for sustainability, 91–92
weed invasion, 89
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), 104, 183, 330
Perennial crop agriculture
land tenure and, 582
progress in, 293–294
research needs, 328
sustainability of, 68, 326–328
Perennial tree crop plantations, 110–115, 582
Peru
alley cropping in, 576
cattle raising, 88
deforestation, 38, 61, 88
indigenous people, 104, 108, 129
intensive cropping systems, 70
mixed tree systems, 104, 108
natural forest management in, 129
overexploitation of forest products, 136
Pichis-Palcazu Project, 169
soil management practices, 61
Pest management
and agricultural productivity, 57–58, 155–157, 287
comparison of land use systems, 140
with cropping systems, 83
in home gardens, 101
integrated, 157
intensive cropping and, 70, 75
land use and, 155–157
Pesticide use, 60, 70, 156
Philippines, 71
agriculture, 44, 556–557, 559–560, 570–584, 600–601
agroforestry systems, 94–95
community-based resource management, 179–180, 591–595, 598–599, 607–608
contour hedgerow systems, 571–579
dam projects, 169
deforestation, 38, 44, 164, 167, 560–569, 609–612
diversification into mixed farming systems, 583–584
fallow improvement systems, 587–589
fire ecology and management, 591
foreign aid to, 608–609
forest management, 130, 179–180, 592–596, 602, 607–608
forest types, 560–562
fuelwood use, 44
grasslands and brushlands, 584–592
indigenous communities' role and rights, 176, 592–593, 599–600
institutional changes, 606
land tenure, 166, 176, 586–587, 597–600
land use, 552–554
livestock production, 601–602
logging, 44, 607
migration to uplands, 557–558
nutrients for soils, 580–582
perennial crops, 582
permanently farmed sloping lands, 570–584
phosphorus sources for soils, 581–582
physical environment, 551–552
political corruption in, 167
population growth and pressures, 86, 554–555, 597–598
reduced-tillage systems, 579–580
reforestation efforts, 589–591
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research needs, 602–606
resettlement policies and programs, 189
rice production in lowlands, 559
shifting agriculture, 86
Sloping Agricultural Land Technology Program, 76
sustainable land use approaches in uplands, 569–612
technology development and dissemination, 600–606
timber concessions, 568–569
timber pricing reform, 607
tree crops, 582–583
upland ecosystem, state of, 551–560
Pineapple (Ananas spp.), 107, 110, 330, 331
Pinus spp., 115, 116, 332
Plantains (Musa spp.), 82, 101, 107
Plantation agriculture
components of, 110–111
crop characteristics, 10, 112
and economic development, 111–113
public management of, 112
sustainable management methods, 114
see also Tree crop plantations
Plantation forestry, 10, 115–118, 140–141, 143–144, 229
Policies, see Development assistance policies; National policies
Political and social stability, and land use, 167, 188–189
Population
and agriculture, 59
in countries with tropical moist forests, 24–26, 40
and deforestation, 45, 406–408, 647–649
growth rates, 41
issues in tropics, 40–41
and land tenure, 597–598
and land use policies, 103, 189, 241
and shifting cultivation, 78–79, 103, 148
Poverty
alleviation programs, 76, 145
debt burden of developing countries, 41
plantation agriculture and, 111
and sustainable land use, 40
Private voluntary organizations, 186
Property rights, 166–167
Protected areas
attributes, 144
biodiversity management in, 170–171, 525–526
extractive reserves, 134–137, 171
forest patches, 103, 108
forestry projects, 187
Kibale Forest Reserve, 187
land area, 133, 511
mechanisms for protection, 11, 133, 511
size and configuration of, 133, 150
social and ecological pressures on, 133–134
Puerto Rico, 225
Q
Quercus spp., 103
R
Rainfall, and soil loss, 32–33
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), 106
Rattan, 136
Recommendations
biodiversity conservation, 170–171
biomass maintenance, 152–153
design and selection of land uses, 146–150
enabling environment for sustainable agriculture, 15–16, 174–180
equitable distribution of conservation costs, 15, 172, 190
goals of, 159–160
incentives for land improvement, 16, 180–183
infrastructure development, 16, 168–169, 177–178
land titling and land tenure reforms, 174–177
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local participation in development planning, 178–180
mission of national resource management agencies, 169–170
NGO role, 17, 186–187
policy reviews, 14–15, 161–167
see also Research needs and approaches
Reforestation
and carbon flux, 103, 240
contract programs, 589–591
extent of, 39
on grasslands, 589–591
projects, 422–424
Regenerating forests, see Forest regeneration
Regreening programs, 422–424
Research needs and programs
agriculture, 62–64, 291–292, 600–601
agroforestry, 99–100, 333, 523–524
agropastoral systems, 84–85, 91–92
biodiversity, 171
climate change related to land use changes, 102, 252
commodity-specific, 62–63, 158
documentation of land use system, 13, 150–152
extension programs, 85, 187–188
extractive reserves, 135–136, 137
floodplain agriculture, 316
forest conversion, 46
forest reserves, 133, 135–136, 171
forestry, 109–110, 602
institutional capacity for fulfilling, 84–85, 336
integrated approach, 62–64
intensive cropping systems, 71–72, 75–77
international partnerships, 16–17, 185, 605–606
land attributes, 150
livestock production, 87, 320, 601–602
methodology development, 184–185, 602–605
mixed tree systems, 102, 109–110
monitoring systems and methodologies, 14, 153–154
natural forest management, 130
NGO role, 17, 186–187
nontimber resource extraction, 308
perennial crop agriculture, 114–115, 293
preservation of indigenous knowledge, 13–14, 144–145
progress in, 295
shifting agriculture, 312
social science, 76
soil-plant-animal grazing trial, 88
soils, 100
taxonomy of forest species, 30
timber extraction, 311
traditional land use systems, 63, 99, 144–145
tree crop plantations, 114–115, 118
Rice plant hopper, 157
Rice production, 86, 107
agropastoral systems, 82, 83
greenhouse gas emissions from, 48, 224, 234, 237
intensive cultivation, 73, 75
knowledge base on, 293
and land ownership, 59
lowland, 73, 75, 82, 83, 559
monoculture, 75
in shifting agriculture, 82
soils used for, 57
sustainability of, 223–224
terraces, 74
wet paddy agriculture, 7, 70–71, 223–224, 429–431
Rubber, 11, 111, 113, 114, 128, 135, 136, 274, 280, 330, 331, 332
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, 114
Rwanda, agroforestry systems, 94, 95
S
Sahel, soils, 54
Samanea saman, 98
Samba (Triplochiton scleroxylon), 352
Sapodilla tree (Achras zapota), 135
Secondary forests
area of, 39, 123
benefits, 10, 30, 118, 119, 140–141, 144
biological diversity in, 81
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carbon cycling, 30, 49, 103, 228, 231
characteristics, 29, 124
clearance for low-input cropping, 82
defined, 122
fires, 121
growth rates, 182
in situ experimental research, 520–521
and shifting cultivation, 123
sustainable use of, 10, 61, 123–125, 330, 331
tree species in, 123
Sedimentation, 46–47, 169
Shifting cultivation, 45
agricultural programs affecting, 425–426
agroforestry and, 94, 100, 101, 103
agropastoral systems, 83, 88
attributes of, 140–141
and biomass maintenance, 153
carbon losses from, 225–226, 246, 247
categories of, 41–42, 77
defined, 77
and deforestation, 41, 173–174, 226, 370, 409–411
encroaching cultivation, 228–229
fallow period, 9, 78–80
and forest regeneration, 81, 120–121
forestry programs affecting, 424–425
and greenhouse gases, 225–229
land ownership and, 175
low-input cropping, 81–82
managed fallows and forests, 80–81, 101
multiple cropping arrangements, 79–80
and nutrient cycling, 77–78, 79
population pressures and, 78–79, 103, 148
rationalization of, 424–428
research needs, 314
short-rotation, 8, 9, 86, 173–174, 226–228
slash-and-mulch, 77–78
social welfare program for isolated societies, 427
soil management practices, 79
soils used for, 54, 55, 81, 86
stabilization guidelines, 9, 79–80
sustainability of, 78, 225–226, 227–228, 313–314
traditional, long-rotation, 7–8, 9, 41, 59, 68, 78, 94, 140–141, 143, 225–226
transmigration and, 9, 41–42, 59, 426–428
Shorea spp., 127
Silviculture, 125, 127, 131
Silvopastoral systems, 68, 93–94, 229, 332–333
Social forestry programs, 179–180, 251
Sociocultural conditions, and sustainable agriculture, 288–289
Socioeconomic factors
comparison of systems, 141–143
conversion of forests, 49–51
documentation needs, 13, 152
in infrastructure building, 169
in land use changes, 241–242
models, 242–249
monitoring, 153–154
spatial patterns of land use and, 147
and sustainability of land use, 249
Soil conservation
in agrisilvopastoral systems, 95
agroforestry and, 380, 381
comparison of land use systems, 140, 143
in contour hedgerow systems, 99, 381
intensive cultivation and, 76
methods, 113
organic matter management, 79, 114
and productivity, 154–155
tree crop plantations and, 114, 467–468
Soil degradation
agricultural inputs and, 75
alley cropping and, 99
conversion of forests and, 46, 50
deforestation and, 38–39, 56–57
logging and, 126
monitoring, 14, 153
pastureland, 89
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reversal of, 3
shifting cultivation and, 79
from tree crop plantations, 113
Soils of the humid tropics and agricultural productivity, 1–2, 53–57, 575–576
Alfisols, 99, 100
aluminum toxicity, 55, 57, 575–576
calcium content, 56, 57, 99
carbon content, 220, 221, 224, 226, 233–234
characteristics, 23, 27–28
classifications, 152, 293
data availability on, 14, 153
deforestation effects on, 56–57
Entisols, 27, 57
forest, 32, 56–57
geographic distribution, by order, suborder, or type, 23, 27, 53–55
greenhouse gas emissions from, 234, 237
Inceptisols, 27, 57
for intensive cropping, 54, 55, 57, 70
iron compounds, 57
laterite formation, 54–55
magnesium content, 56, 99
misconceptions about, 54–56
Mollisols, 55
nitrogen content, 56, 89, 99, 237, 576
nutrient cycling, 23
55–56, organic matter content, 23, 55, 99, 116, 225, 379, 576
Oxisols, 23, 27, 54, 55–56, 70, 249
pH, 99
phosphorus content, 56, 57, 89, 99, 576
potassium content, 57, 99
research needs, 100
and sustainable agriculture, 53–57, 287–288
Ultisols, 23, 27, 55–57, 70, 249, 576
South America
soils, 23, 53, 54
see also Latin America;
individual countries
Southeast Asia
forest harvest intervals, 166
forest regeneration on grasslands, 120, 121, 123
range of land use systems, 152
social forestry programs, 179–180
see also individual countries
Spondias spp., 103
Sri Lanka, 107, 112
Star apple (Pouteria caimito), 104
Steeply sloping areas, see Uplands/ steeply sloping areas
Subsidies, and adoption of technology, 90
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), 107, 110
Suriname, 125, 130
Sustainable agriculture
agroforestry and, 380–382
in agropastoral systems, 84–85
basis for, 64–65
benefits of, 61–62, 160
biological constraints on, 57–58
biotic pressure and, 287
and carbon releases, 247
characteristics of, 22
climate and, 286–287
conservation tillage, 382
constraints on agricultural productivity, 52–58
credit access for small-scale farmers, 177
defined, 66
design and management considerations, 145–146
development assistance policies and, 51
diversification and, 3–4
enabling environment for, 174–180
environmental bottlenecks to, 290–291
external factors in, 250
fertilizer use in, 380
and greenhouse gas emissions, 189–190
incentives and opportunities for, 180–188
infrastructure investments and, 177–178
institutional and policy changes, 84–85
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intensification in, 72–73
interventions, 377–385
labor-intensive mixed cropping systems, 68
land tenure reforms and, 59, 174–177
local decision making and, 178–180, 591–592
markets for products, 183–184
mixed farming systems, 583–584
mulches and cover crops, 379–380
nutrient sources, 560–562
organic matter for soils, 379
pathways to, 58–62, 69
perennial crops, 68, 582
phosphorus sources, 581–582
political considerations, 289–290
practices associated with, 60–61
reduced-tillage systems, 579–580
research, development, and knowledge transfer, 184–188
sociocultural conditions and, 288–289
soils and, 53–57, 287–288
supporting, 173–188
technological interventions and, 377–382
traditional methods, 58–59
transition to, 61
see also Agricultural productivity;
Contour hedgerow systems
Sustainable resource management
barriers to, 1–2
characteristics of, 2
chinampa technology, 520
definition of, 511–513
demonstration projects, 533–534
determinants of, 138
education in, 532–533
employment opportunities and, 50
global requirement for, 4–5
by Huastec Maya, 518–519
implementation of, 534–536
by Lacandon Maya, 518
by lowland Maya, 516–518
Plan Puebla, 519–520
policy issues, 527–529
practices in Mexican humid tropics, 513–515
research needs, 529–532
secondary forests, 520–521
secondary problems, 536–537
traditional approaches, 515–519
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), 107
Swietenia spp., 115, 116
T
Tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis), 333
Tax incentives and credits, 88, 164, 172
Tea plantations, 112
Technology
agroindustrial, 294–295
and deforestation, 388
diffusion and utilization, 90, 295–296, 600–606
interventions, 377–382, 388
local decision making on, 178–180
for reclamation of pastureland, 90, 91–92
and resource degradation, 9, 75
success factors, 148
and sustainable agriculture, 143, 377–382
Tectona spp., 115
Terrace systems, 7, 71, 74, 114, 147, 148
Thailand, 71, 86, 108, 232
Tillage practices, 158
Timber and timber products
concessions, 167
economic importance of, 45, 402–403
exploitation of, and deforestation, 164, 376–377, 510, 568–569
extraction of, 39, 129, 308–311, 595–596;
see also Logging;
Natural forest management
harvest intervals, 166
industrial roundwood production, 639
labor-based timber extraction, 595–596
potential, 376–377
pricing reform, 165, 167, 607
species important for, 352
research needs, 311
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sustainability of extraction, 310–311
Trade reforms, 172
Transmigration
and deforestation, 160, 411–413
and intensive cropping, 9, 75
and shifting cultivation, 9, 41–42, 59, 426–428
sustainable agriculture and, 160
Tree crop plantations, 136
age factors, 116
and biodiversity, 113, 450–451, 470–471
biomass production in, 115, 116, 153, 229
common characteristics, 115, 140–141, 142–143
and deforestation, 68, 413–415
ecologic benefits of, 29, 115–116, 140, 142, 143–144
and economic development, 11, 113, 329–330
economic feasibility of, 141, 142–143, 461–463
environmental effects, 103, 113–114, 466–471
farm forestry, 582–583
and greenhouse gases, 229
inputs, 114
intercropping on, 229
investments for sustainability, 114–115
land area, 115
management, 117–118
mixed, 107
monocultures, 101–102, 229
nutrient cycling in, 116, 140, 142, 157, 229
perennial, 6, 10, 11, 107, 110–115, 140–141, 142–144, 157, 582
policies affecting expansion of, 463–466
productivity, 115–116
prospects for, 471–473
research and development, 114–115, 118
with secondary crops, 75
small-scale production, 101–102
and soil conservation, 467–468
species used in, 115, 117–118
sustainability of land use for, 10, 68, 110, 229, 459–461
uses, 115, 116, 117, 191
and water systems protection, 468–470
Trees
agroforestry species, 96–98, 330–331
alley cropping species, 524–525
biomass production, by species, 97
coppicing, 81, 96
for forest regeneration, 123
fruit, in humid tropics, 104
leguminous/nitrogen fixing, 95, 79, 96, 98
marketable species, 125–126, 333, 352
with negative effects on soils, 98–99
plantation species, 115, 116–117
from stem cuttings, 98
Trinidad, 130
Tropical Forestry Action Plan, 165–166, 521–522
Tropical moist deciduous forests, extent of, 35
Tropical rain forests, extent of, 35
Tropical zone, forested bioclimesin, 28
Trypanosomiasis, 86–87
Tsetse fly control, 86, 87
U
Uapaca togoensis, 353
Uganda, 130, 187
United Nations
Development Program, 166
Environment Program, 154
Uplands/steeply sloping areas
deforestation of, 45
intensive cropping systems on, 72–73, 76
land use patterns on, 151, 249
livestock integration into farming in, 381, 601–602
no-tillage agriculture on, 185
soil conservation on, 76
terracing on, 148
Urban population, 24–26
Urucu, 330, 332
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U.S. Agency for International Development, 187
Uvillia (Pourouma cecropifolia), 104
V
Vanilla, 104
Venezuela, 38, 120–121, 160, 225
W
Water
availability and quality, forest conditions and, 33
conservation, 140
control systems for intensive agriculture, 71
management, land use and, 158
pollution, 75
systems, protection of, 468–470
Waterborne diseases, 33, 75
Watersheds, protective role of forests, 32–33
Weather, storm mitigation by forests, 33
Weed suppression, 287, 380
West Africa
soils, 54
tree crop plantations, 114
Wetlands, cultivation of, 75, 237
Women, land tenure, 176
Wood-based industries
economic importance of, 402–403
primary, 402
secondary, 402–403
World Bank, 161, 166, 169, 172
World Resources Institute, 166
X
Xate (Chamaedorea spp.), 135
Y
Yam (Dioscorea trifida), 82, 107
Z
Zaire
advancement of agricultural frontiers, 645
agriculture, 156, 652–653
climate, 627
deforestation, 38, 641–649
extension service, 653
extractive reserves, 149
forest management, 130, 149, 637–639, 652–653, 656
forest resource distribution, 635–637
forest types, 626
fuelwood demand and harvesting, 191, 645–646
funding for sustainable management, 656
human resources development, 653–655
industrial roundwood production, 639
institutional arrangements and possible reforms, 649–652
land tenure, 627, 634, 656
logging, 640–641, 646–647
macroeconomic setting, 634–635
natural resources, 625
population, 627, 634, 647–649
research agenda, 652–653
society and culture, 627, 634
sustainable management suggestions, 652–656
tax policies and investment procedures, 639–641
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Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the HUMID TROPICS
RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD ON AGRICULTURE
Policy and Resources
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3.
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2.
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5.
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5.
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9.
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1.
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9.
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03987-8; ISBN 0-309-03985-1 (pbk).
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3.
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk).
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X.
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8.
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5.
Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3.
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5.
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2.
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5.
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included.
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4.
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X.
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X.
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8.
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5.
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1.
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7.
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Eighth Revised Edition (1984), 71 pp., ISBN 0-309-03486-8.
More information, other titles (before 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418 USA, 202/334-3313 (information only); 800/624-6242 (orders only); 202/334-2451 (fax).
OCR for page 704
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the HUMID TROPICS
RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Energy
Alcohol Fuels: Options for Developing Countries (1983), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-04160-0.
Producer Gas: Another Fuel for Motor Transport (1983), 112 pp., ISBN 0-309-04161-9.
The Diffusion of Biomass Energy Technologies in Developing Countries (1984), 120 pp., ISBN 0-309-04253-4.
Technology Options
Priorities in Biotechnology Research for International Development: Proceedings of a Workshop (1982), 261 pp., ISBN 0-309-04256-9.
Fisheries Technologies for Developing Countries (1987), 167 pp., ISBN 0-309-04260-7.
Applications of Biotechnology to Traditional Fermented Foods (1992), 199 pp., ISBN 0-309-04685-8.
Plants
Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop (1983), 81 pp., ISBN 0-309-04171-6.
Jojoba: New Crop for Arid Lands (1985), 102 pp., ISBN 0-309-04251-8.
Quality-Protein Maize (1988), 130 pp., ISBN 0-309-04262-3.
Triticale: A Promising Addition to the World's Cereal Grains (1988), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-04263-1.
Lost Crops of the Incas (1989), 415 pp., ISBN 0-309-04264-X.
Saline Agriculture: Salt-Tolerant Plants for Developing Countries (1989), 150 pp., ISBN 0-309-04266-6.
Innovations in Tropical Forestry
Mangium and Other Fast-Growing Acacias for the Humid Tropics (1983), 63 pp., ISBN 0-309-04165-1.
Calliandra: A Versatile Small Tree for the Humid Tropics (1983), 56 pp., ISBN 0-309-04166-X.
Casuarinas: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees for Adverse Sites (1983), 118 pp., ISBN 0-309-04167-8.
Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics (1984), 2d ed., 100 pp., ISBN 0-309-04250-X.
Neem: A Tree that Could Help the World (1992), 149 pp., ISBN 0-309-04686-6.
Managing Tropical Animal Resources
Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983), 36 pp., ISBN 0-309-04168-6.
Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983), 60 pp., ISBN 0-309-04169-4.
Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983), 133 pp., ISBN 0-309-04170-8.
Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1990), 449 pp., ISBN 0-309-04265-8.
Resource Management
Environmental Change in the West African Sahel (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-04173-2.
Agroforestry in the West African Sahel (1984), 86 pp., ISBN 0-309-04174-0.
Conserving Biodiversity: A Research Agenda for Development Agencies (1992), 127 pp., ISBN 0-309-04683-1.
Additional titles and ordering information are available from the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Publications and Information Services (FO-2060), Office of International Affairs, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418 USA, 202/334-2688.
