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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×

Index

A

Ablation, 104

Abyssal storms

see Benthic storms

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), 11, 108, 111

Acidity

mineral dissolution factors, 38, 40-42

neutralization and mineral dissolution, 40-42

Acoustic reflectors, 111

Adirondack Mountains, 42

Africa

eolian dust transport and deposition, 117, 119

paleohydrological studies, 92-93

fluvial sediment discharge, 81

African lakes, 122

Air pollution

nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions, 42

Algeria, 81

Alkalinity, 40-42

Allochthonous deposition, 101

Alps, 7, 79

fluvial sediment discharge, 83

Aluminosilicates, 151

ocean sediment biogenic aggregation, 136

Aluminum

ocean sediment rain and burial, 128-130, 137-138

Amazon River

continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49

dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67

paleohydrological studies, 92

sediment discharge, 76, 79

Anatolian Mountains, 80

Andes, 122

carbon dioxide consumption, 54

sediment source, 76

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67

Antarctica

biogenic silica sediment preservation, 154

ice discharge to oceans, 70

ice sheet contribution to dissolved silica, 52

ice sheet temperature dynamics, 51-52

ice stream sediment transport, 104-105

Anthropogenic factors, 4, 11

effects on chemical weathering, 30

Arabian Desert, 117

Arctic

fluvial sediment discharge, 78

Arid regions

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71

Artifacts, 145

Asia

continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49

eolian dust transport and deposition, 118

loess deposition, 55-56

Atlantic Ocean

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149-150

eolian dust transport and deposition, 118-122

marine carbonate sediments burial efficiency, 152-153

ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20

Atmosphere

carbon dioxide concentration, 38

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 70-71

Atmospheric aerosols

stream water chemistry, 64

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 127

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×

Australia

fluvial sediment discharge, 82

paleoflood records, 88

paleohydrological studies, 92-93

preserved paleochannels, 87

Australian Desert, 117

B

Bacterial activity

association with temperature and mineral dissolution, 39

Bactericides, 127

Baffin Island

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106-111

Baltic Sea

sediment accumulation rates, 20

Bathymetry, 103

Bengal Delta, 83

Benthic flux chambers, 144-147

Benthic sediment flux

diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160

ocean sediment rain and burial, 125-141

Benthic storms, 10, 139

Bering Sea

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21

Biogenic debris, 131, 139-140

Biogenic materials

carbon removal from ocean, 139-140

ocean sediment biogenic aggregation, 136-139

silica flux, 101

Biostratigraphy, 108

Black Sea

fluvial sediment discharge, 80

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21

Black Waters, 63

Brahmaputra River

sediment discharge, 76

Brahmaputra River, 83

British Columbia, 87

Burdekin River, 82

Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, 158

C

Calcite, 135

Calcium

weathering rate, 39-40

Calcium compensation depth, 57

California Current

ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141

Canadian Arctic

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106-112

Canadian Rockies, 52

Canadian Shield

erosion by Laurentide Ice Cap, 24

Cape Lookout Bight, 155

Carbon

benthic diagenetic flux, 147-151

organic carbon as acidity source, 42

organic carbon ocean burial efficiency, 156-159

organic carbon ocean rain and burial, 129-141

removal of carbon from ocean, 139

Carbon dioxide

atmosphere and water acidity, 38, 40-42

climate, weathering, and carbon dioxide, 54-55

glacial meltwater, 52

low atmospheric concentration and ocean carbon transfer, 132

Carbonate minerals

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 147-160

dissolution and weathering rates, 35-40

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 110-111

ocean sediment rain and burial, 129-141

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68

sea level rises and falls, effect on sedimentation, 22-23

sediment accumulation rates, 19

Caribbean

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149

Catastrophic events, 7

cataclysmic floods, 88, 90-94

effect on chemical weathering, 30

Caucasus Mountains, 80

fluvial sediment discharge, 83

Chao Phya River, 82

Chemical reactions

organic carbon degradation at seafloor, 145-160

Chemical weathering, 8

France, 63

glacial time scale, 46-58

Pleistocene-Holocene rates, 15-25

rates of dissolution and weathering, 30-43

China

eolian dust transport and deposition, 117, 118

paleoflood records, 88

China Loess Plateau, 120

Chira River, 79

Clastic sediments, 23

Clasts, 53

Clathrates, 9

Clay, 129-130

glaciated coastlines, sediment sources, 108-111

Climatic changes

carbon dioxide, weathering, and climate, 54-55

glacial sediment transport, 55-56

ice age and present, 47-48

tectonic activity and climate, 24-25

Cold regions

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71

Colorado River, 76, 78

Columbia River, 87-88

sediment discharge from Mount St. Helens, 84

Commission on Global Continental Paleohydrology (GLOCOPH), 90

Continental glaciation, 4

chemical weathering, 46-58

effect on forests, 55

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-94

glacial-interglacial alternations, effect on sedimentation, 24

ice sheet temperature dynamics and water production, 51-53

Neoglaciation and paraglaciation, sediment flux, 105

sediment transport and deposition, 24

Continental margins, 5

active/passive margins and sedimentation, 83-84

benthic diagenic flux and sedimentation, 148-150

high-latitude glaciated, sediment flux, 100-113

Continental rises

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-19

Continental shelf, 6

sediment accumulation rates, 22

high-latitude glaciated margins, sediment flux, 100-113

ice age exposure, 48-49

Cooper River, 82

Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project (COHMAP)

paleohydrological mapping, 93

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×

Cordilleran Ice Sheet

glacial cataclysmic floods, 90

Core sectioning, 144

Cowlitz River, 84

D

Dams, 83

Danube River, 80

Deep ocean moorings, 126

Deep sea

fiord-to-deep sea sediment flux, 111-112

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20

sediment off-loaded from continental shelves, 23

see also Ocean floor

Deforestation, 76

Denitrification, 151

Deserts

eolian dust sources, 117

Diagenesis, 10, 140

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160

Diamict, 102, 111

Diatoms, 122

Dissolved materials

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160

dissolution and weathering, 33-43

organic carbon, 64

stream water chemistry, 62-63

Dredging, 76

Dropstones, 111

Drought, 9, 117

Drumlins, 89

Dust

eolian transport and deposition in oceans, 116-122

E

Earthquakes

fluvial sediment discharge, 84

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 104-105

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 92

Electrodes, 144

Eolian dust transport, 104

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106-111

glaciogenic silt, 55

particulate, 140

pelagic oceans deposition, 116-122

Equatorial region

fluvial sediment discharge, 78

Erosion

see Chemical weathering

see Physical weathering

Estuaries, 5

Euphotic zone, 131

Eurasia

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-90

Europe

continental glaciation and chemical weathering, 48-58

paleohydrological studies, 91-92

Evaporation, 30, 69

Evaporites, 9, 70

relative dissolution rates, 37

Evapotranspiration, 63, 76

Feldspar, 110

F

Fennoscandian Ice Sheet

glacial cataclysmic floods, 90

temperature dynamics, 51-52

Fiords

sediment transport and deposition, 100-113

Floods, 9

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-94

paleoflood hydrology, 87-88

Fluvial paleohydrology

river water and sediment fluxes, 86-94

Fluvial sediment transport, 4, 55

basin area and basin elevation, 74-84

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149

dissolved elements and sediment, 62-71

glacial cataclysmic floods, 90

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 104-105

transport rates, 68-69

Flux rates, 18, 150-151

Foraminifera, 108, 111, 120

Forests

and chemical weathering, 54-55

Fossil fuels

nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions, 42

France

stream water chemistry, 64

G

Gamma Ray Attenuation Porosity Evaluation (GRAPE), 17

Ganges River, 83

Geothermal flux, 51

Glacial outwash plains

eolian silt transport, 55

Glacial sediments

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 23

sources and grain size, 118-111

Glaciers

carbon dioxide and chemical weathering, 52

chemical weathering, 46-58

plucking, abrasion, and fluvial action, 52

shear stresses, 53

temperature dynamics and water production, 50-53

Glaciology

fiord basins sediment transport mechanics, 104-105

Global Hydrological Model, 91

Gobi Desert, 117

Granite, 42

Grasslands, 55

Gravity flow deposition, 101

Great Lakes, 31

Great Salt Lake, 5

Greenland

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 106, 111-112

ice sheet temperature dynamics, 51-52

Groundwater, 30, 50

Gulf Coastal Plain

preserved paleochannels, 87

Gulf of Mexico

continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20-21

H

Hatteras Abyssal Plain

ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141

Heterotrophic organisms, 127

High-resolution dating, 11

Himalayas, 7

fluvial sediment discharge, 81

Huang He, 64, 81, 82

paleoflood records, 88

Hydrographers Range, 75

Hydrothermal discharge, 65, 127

I

Ice-rafted detritus, 101

Icebergs, 101, 102, 104

India

paleoflood records, 88

paleohydrological studies, 93

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×

Indian Ocean

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149-150

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20

Indus River, 76

Instrumental neutron activation, 127

Interglacial periods, 4

eolian dust transport and deposition, 121

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 105

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20

sediment transport and deposition, 24

International Geological Correlation Programme, 91, 94

International Union of Quaternary Research (INQUA), 90

Intertropical Convergence Zone, 118

Intracratonic basins, 75

Ions, 40-41

Iron

ocean sediment rain and burial, 128-130

Isopycnal surfaces, 146

Israel

paleoflood records, 88

Isser River, 82

Itirbiling Fiord, 106-111

J

Japan

dams effect on fluvial sediment discharge, 81

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67

Juan de Fuca Ridge

ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141

K

Kangderlugssuag Fiord, 111

Karst, 50

L

Labile elements, 129

Lake Baikal, 31

Lake Bonneville, 5

glacial cataclysmic flood, 89-90

Lake Constance, 80

Lake Lahontan, 5

Lake Missoula

glacial cataclysmic flood, 89-90

Lakes, 5

African lakes drying and eolian dust, 122

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-90

retention of minerals, 65

water residence time, 30-31

Lapland, 90

Laurentide Ice Sheet, 5, 109

depth of erosion, 53

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89-90

temperature dynamics, 51-52

Leaching, 37

Limestones

exposure of rock types, 49-50

Limpopo River, 81

Lithology

see Rock types

Little Ice Age, 102

Loess, 64

deposition, 55-56

eolian deposition, 117

M

Mackenzie River, 78

dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67

glaciation reorganization of basins, 24

Magdalena River, 78

Magnesium

benthic diagenetic flux, 147

Maps, 11

Marginal seas

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20-21

Marine climates

high mountain glaciers, weathering, 52

Marine snow, 126, 136

Mass accumulation rate (MAR)

eolian dust deposition, 117

McBeth Fiord, 103, 107-111

Measurement methods and devices

benthic diagenetic flux and sediment, 143-147

Mediterranean Sea, 79

fluvial sediment discharge, 83

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21

Mid-Brunhes Climate Event, 121-122

Mineral dissolution rates, 37-39

Mississippi River, 76, 78

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89

glaciation reorganization of basins, 24

Models

benthic diagenetic flux and sediment, 143-147

fiord glacier sedimentation, 102

global circulation models, 93

Global Hydrological Model, 91

hydraulic flow, 87

hydrological change, 93

opal dissolution, 135-136

organic carbon sediment burial efficiency, 156-159

sediment flux computer simulations, 112

Molecular diffusion

benthic diagenetic flux and sediment, 143-147

Mongolia,118

Monsoon

ice age climate, 47

Morocco, 81

Mount Pinatubo, 8

Mount St. Helens, 84

Mountains

small mountainous rivers, sediment discharge, 74-84

Mudslides, 84

Murray River, 82

Nares Abyssal Plain

ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141

Narmada River

paleoflood records, 88

N

Neoglaciation, 105, 109

Nepal, 76

Niger River, 77, 81

Nile River, 76, 81, 91

Nival, 104

Nonglacial continental sediments

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 23

North Africa

eolian dust plume, 119

North America

continental glaciation and chemical weathering, 48-58

fluvial sediment discharge, 78

paleohydrological studies, 91-92

Northwestern United States

glacial cataclysmic floods, 90

O

Ocean aerosols

source of atmospheric elements, 64

Ocean floor, 4

diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 143-160

see also Deep sea

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×

Oceania

continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49

fluvial sediment discharge, 81-82

mountainous river sediment discharge, 77

Oceans

calcium compensation depth, 57

carbon dioxide concentration of surface water, 38

eolian dust transport and deposition, 116-122

mixing time and diagenetic cycles, 147

Oder River, 82

Opal

ocean sediment accumulation, 154

ocean sediment rain and burial, 129, 135-136, 138

Orange River, 82

Ord River, 82

Orinoco River, 67, 78

paleohydrological studies, 92

Oxidants, 151

Ozone layer, 8

P

Pacific Ocean

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 149-150

eolian dust transport and deposition, 118-122

marine carbonate sediments burial efficiency, 152-153

ocean sediment rain and burial, 127-141

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 18-20

Pacific Rim, 9

volcanic arcs, eolian ash deposition, 122

Paleochannels, 87

Paleoclimatology, 86

proxy indicators of eolian dust flux, 120-121

Paleomagnetic boxes, 108

Paleostage indicators

hydraulic flow models, 87-88

Papua New Guinea, 75

Paraglaciation, 105

Parana River, 78

Particle size

weathered rock and soil, 35-36

Particulate organic matter, 132

Persian Gulf

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 20

Petroleum maturation, 84

pH

acidity, alkalinity, and pH in natural waters, 40

relation to mineral dissolution rates, 38

Photic zone, 3

Photosynthesis, 147

Physical weathering, 7-8

France, 63

glacier erosion, 53-54

Piston cores, 106-112

Plankton, 147

Plant productivity

association with temperature and mineral dissolution, 39

Poland

paleohydrological studies, 91

preserved paleochannels, 87

Pore space, 32

Pore water sampling, 144-147

Porosity, 144

chemical weathering, 34

Potassium

benthic diagenetic flux, 147

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68

Precession cycle, 6

Precipitation, 30

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 103-104

ice age and present, 47-48

mechanical erosion and sediment transport, 63

Pressure melting point, 104

Purari River, 82

Q

Quartz, 110

dissolution rates, 38

dust from weathering, 117

R

Rare earth elements, 122

Red Sea

sediment mass and accumulation rates, 21

Refractory elements, 129

Regime theory, 87

Resuspension of sediment, 101, 127-128, 140

Rhine River, 80

Rifiji River, 81

River basin area

fluvial sediment discharge, 75

River water chemistry, 62-63

Rivers, 7

diversions, 94

drainage toward continental interiors, 69

glaciation reorganization of basins, 24

sediment transport rates, 68-69

Rock types

dissolved major elements, by stream lithology, 62-63

glacier coverage and climatic change, 49-50

Runoff, 30, 52

sediment discharge, 76-77

Russia, 80

S

Sahara Desert, 117, 119

Sahel, 117

San Clemente Basin

Sand

glaciated coastlines, sediment sources, 108-111

Satellites, 3

Scandinavian Shield, 42

Sea ice, 104

Sea level changes

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 105

sedimentation effects of rises and falls, 22

Sea of Okhotsk

sediment accumulation rates, 21

Seafloor

see Ocean floor

Sediment cores, 117-122

Sediment cycling, 23-24

Sediment deposition

accumulation rates, 17-25

basin area and basin elevation, 74-84

delivery ratio, 68

glaciated high-latitude continental margins, 100-113

gravity flow deposition, 101

loess, 55-56

marine sediments burial efficiency, 152-156

ocean sediment, organic carbon, 134-135

ocean sediment rain and burial, 125-141

Quaternary total sediment mass and components, 17-25

river basin area and elevation, 74-84

transport mechanics, 87

Sediment traps, 106

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×

ocean sediment rain and burial, 126-129

Sediment-water interface, 143-144

Sedimentology of Arctic Fjords Experiment (SAFE), 106

Seismic stratigraphy, 106, 111, 112

Semani River, 79

Senegal River, 81

Severn River, 94

Siberia, 94

Silicate minerals

benthic diagenetic flux and sedimentation, 147-160

carbon dioxide consumption during weathering, 58

dissolution and weathering rates, 35-40

exposure of rock types, 49-50

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68

weathering, carbon dioxide, and climate, 54-55

Silt

glaciated coastlines, sediment sources, 108-111

Slackwater deposits

hydraulic flow models, 87-88

Sodium

benthic diagenetic flux, 147

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-68

Sodium azide, 127

Soil

weathering and dissolution, 33

Soil moisture, 54, 56

ice age and present, 47-48

Solid phase elemental ratios, 146

Solo River, 82

Solubility, 37

Sous River, 82

South America

continental shelf exposure in ice age, 48-49

fluvial sediment discharge, 78-79

paleohydrological studies, 92

South Asia

mountainous river sediment discharge, 77

Southeast Asia

carbon dioxide consumption, 54

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71

Southeastern United States

carbon dioxide consumption, 54

Southern Asia

fluvial sediment discharge, 81, 82

paleohydrological studies, 92-93

Southwestern United States

ice age climate, 47

paleofloods, 91

Spain

paleoflood records, 88

SPECMAP, 120

St. Lawrence River

glacial cataclysmic floods, 89

glaciation reorganization of basins, 24

Stoichiometry, 146-147

Storms, 117

Stream power, 90

Subduction, 84

Sulfuric acid, 38

Surface area

reactive areas of minerals, 34-35

Sweden, 17

T

Taurus Mountains, 80

Tectonic activity

continental ice cap formation, 24-25

sediment transport role, 65

Temperate regions

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71

Temperature

glaciated coastlines, sediment flux, 103-104

glacier formation, 51

glaciers, temperature dynamics, 50-52

ice age and present, 47-48

mechanical erosion and sediment transport, 63

mineral dissolution factors, 37

Terrestrial plant wax alkanes, 132

Thailand

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 66-67

Tills, 53

Titanium

ocean sediment rain and burial, 128-130

Total suspended sediment

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 62-71

Tropical regions

rivers, dissolved elements and sediment, 71

Tsunamis, 9

Tunisia, 81

Turkey, 80

U

Ukraine, 80

Uplift rates

sediment transport role, 65

V

Variability

importance in river fluxes, 93-94

Vegetation

mechanical erosion and sediment transport,64

Volcanic activity, 8

ash, eolian deposition, 117, 122

fluvial sediment discharge, 84

sediment transport role, 65

W

Waiapu River, 77

Water

fresh water acidity, alkalinity, and mineral weathering, 40-42

ice sheet temperature dynamics and water production, 51-53

residence times on land, 31-33

Water quality

stream waters, dissolved elements and sediment, 65-68

Weathering rates

glacial time scale, 46-58

glaciers frozen in a rigid bed, 50-51

Pleistocene-Holocene rates, 15-25

rates of dissolution and weathering, 33-43

Wetlands, 10

Whole-core squeezers, 144

Wisconsin, 42

Y

Yangtze River, 83

Yellow River

see Huang He

Younger Dryas cooling, 17, 88-89

Z

Zambesi River, 76, 81

Zooplankton fecal pellets, 126, 136

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×
Page 165
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×
Page 166
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×
Page 167
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×
Page 168
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×
Page 169
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1992.
×
Page 170
Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth Get This Book
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Understanding the ebb and flow of materials on the earth's surface is vital to comprehending environmental change. We need to differentiate between those that represent a progression of natural events from those that might be human induced. The latter can be managed by changing policies; the former probably cannot.

This volume presents what researchers know and do not know about the base (or natural) level of surficial fluxes and their dynamics.

Leading experts in the field offer a historical perspective on geofluxes and discuss the cycles of materials on the earth's surface, from weathering processes to the movement of material through the river system and oceans to their deposition.

The committee sets research directions in five areas: shallow-water studies, mapping, rates of change, sample dating, and—most critical—understanding whether human influence can exceed the natural variability in geoflux processes.

This volume will be important reading for geophysical scientists, researchers, faculty, and students, as well as environmental policymakers.

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