technology transfer in, 71, 72
Biotechnology industry
establishment of commercial, 71
federal funding for, 51, 55-57
relationships between universities and, 166
technology transfer in, 146-150
Boeing, 58
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 68
Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, 111
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 14
C
Capital
availability of venture, 110, 146, 147
cost of to U.S. firms, 39-40
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 58, 60
Civilian aircraft industry, 57-58, 60
Civilian Industrial Technology Program, 115
Civilian technology.
See also Technology
conclusions regarding federal programs in, 97-98
federal policy toward, 5
government's role in, 1
guidelines for federal involvement in, 1-2
Civilian Technology Agency (CTA)
advantages of, 126-127
disadvantages of, 127-128
establishment of, 124-125
organization and structure of, 125-126
Civilian Technology Corporation (CTC)
disadvantages of, 133-134
initial investment areas for, 131
operation, instructions, and performance of, 130-133
organization and structure of, 129-130
panel recommendations regarding, 135
Clean Air Act of 1970, 150
Clean Coals Technologies Program, 151
Collaborative research and development (R&D)
evaluation of, 121-122, 174-175
federal support for, 80-82
foreign participation in, 119, 175
government-industry. See Government-industry collaborative research and development (R&D)
Japanese, 83-89, 91, 158, 173-174
organization and goals of, 82, 156
private sector. See Private sector collaborative research and development (R&D)
technology transfer through, 146
university-industry. See University-industry collaborative research and development (R&D)
Combustion Research Facility, 151
Commercialization. See Technology commercialization
Commission of the European Communities, 83
Competitiveness
challenges for U.S. in, 41-42
methods of strengthening U.S., viii
Computer industry, 54-55
Consortia.
See also Collaborative research and development (R&D)
definition of, 156
managers of, 162
promise and outlook for, 158-159
role of, 162
Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs)
authority to participate in, 79
cost-sharing provisions in, 117
establishment and description of, 71, 194
in selected federal agencies, 73-74
technology transfer through, 146, 147, 149, 155
Cost sharing
in collaborative programs, 92
between government and industry, 60-61
policy guidelines for, 116-117
Cray Research, Inc., 55
D
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), viii, 48, 61, 125, 126
description of, 62-63
panel recommendations regarding, 63-65, 98, 124
relationship between SEMATECH and, 81, 195
role in dual-use technology development, 2, 62-63, 70, 98
Defense Authorization Act for FY 1991, 155
Department of Agriculture
funding of agricultural research by, 53, 54
funding of biotechnology research by, 56
laboratory program spending by, 70
Department of Commerce (DOC)
Advanced Technology Program, 2, 66-67, 152, 195
creation of Industrial Extension Service at, 2
role in technology transfer, 145
Department of Defense (DOD), 53
federal laboratory funding by, 70
relationship between DARPA and, 62-63
relationship between SEMATECH and, 81
role in technology transfer, 145
Department of Energy (DOE), 69-70, 117-119, 124
Cooperative Research and Development Agreements program, 194
funding of Superconductivity Pilot Centers by, 82
human genome project administered by, 56
technology transfer programs in, 72, 76, 78, 151, 152
Department of Health and Human Services, 56
Domestic Policy Council, 124
Dual-use technology
panel recommendations regarding, 63-65
relationships between, 61
role of DARPA in, 2, 62-63, 70, 98
E
Economic Growth Act of 1990, 125
Economic Recovery Act of 1981, 111
Economy, changes in global, vii, 50, 108
Edison Technology Centers, 153
Education, state of primary and secondary, 40, 95
Electric Power Research Institute, 80
Energy Conservation Utilization Technology Program, 151
Energy-related technologies, 94
Engineering
compensation for careers in, 39-40
women and minorities in, 18, 21
Engineering Research Associations (ERAs), 83
Engineering Research Centers (ERCs), 82, 145, 158, 170, 192-193
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 150
ESPRIT program, 90
EUREKA project, 89-90
See also individual countries
European Community (EC), 89, 90, 172
Executive Order 12591, 71
Exports
merchandise, 32-33
of technology-intensive products, 22-23
Extension programs. See Agricultural extension programs; Industrial extension programs
F
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology , 124, 158
Federal laboratories
collaboration with industry, 170-171
contributions to private sector technology goals by, 68-69, 72-76
guidelines for improvements in technology transfer by, 76-79
missions and funding of, 69-70
overview of, 67-69
panel recommendations regarding, 77
technology transfer and commercialization and 2, 68, 70-71, 98, 147
Federal Laboratory Consortium, 154, 155
Federal Science and Technology Survey Committee, 153
Federal technology programs
administered by Commerce Department, 65-67
administered by Small Business Administration, 65.
See also Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)
in agriculture, 53-54
assessment of, 59-61
in biomedicine, 55-56
in computers and microelectronics, 54-55
conclusions regarding, 97-98
conducted by federal laboratories. See Federal laboratories
in dual-use technology, 62-65.
See also Dual-use technology
support for basic research in, 49-53
in synthetic fuels, 58-59
Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 71, 73, 79, 146, 154, 194
Fellowships, 51-52
Filiere Electronique, 90
Fourth Generation Computer Systems, 83
Framework Programs, 89
France, 90
Fujitsu, ICL, 90
G
Gas Research Institute, 80
General Electric Co., 58
Georgia Institute of Technology's Research Institute, 93
Germany
competitive ability in, 15
payments of royalties and fees to, 37-38
programs to enhance work force skills in, 40
subsidies for jet aircraft development in, 90
Government-industry collaborative research and development (R&D)
description of, 169-170
factors in successful, viii-ix
Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratories (GOCO).
See also Federal laboratories
conversion of government labs to, 78
funding for, 70
Government-owned, government-operated laboratories (GOGO).
See also Federal laboratories
closure of, 79
conversion to GOCOs, 78
discussion of, 69
funding for, 70
Government Patent Policy Act of 1980, 148, 154
Gross national product (GNP)
by industry, 24-25
real output by industry as percentage of, 26-27
H
Hatch Act (1887), 54
High Performance Computing and Communications Program, 158
Human genome project, 56
I
IBM, 55
IBM-Europe, 90
Imports, 32
Industrial extension programs
administration of, 93
investment by foreign governments in, 95
panel recommendations regarding, 97
state, 153
Industrial Extension Service (IES)
panel recommendations regarding, 97
Industrial Innovation Initiatives program, 115
Industry-government collaborative research and development (R&D). See Government-industry collaborative research and development (R&D)
Industry-university collaborative research and development (R&D). See University-industry collaborative research and development (R&D)
Infrastructure, 41
Innovation. See Technological innovation
Insurance, product liability, 149
Invention. See Technology creation
J
Japan
artificial intelligence project in, 193
collaborative R&D programs in, 83-89, 91, 158, 173-174
competitive ability in, 15
Key Technology Center program in, 84-89, 173-174
payments of royalties and fees to, 36-38
work force skills enhancement in, 40
Japan Development Bank (JDB), 85
Japan Industrial Technology Association, 84
Japanese Technology Literature Act of 1986, 154
Japanese Tobacco Company (JNR), 85
JESSI project, 90
K
Key Technology Center program (Japan), 84-89, 173-174
L
Legislative request for study, 179-181
Liability insurance, product, 149
Licenses
agency listings for 1989, 73
role of university scientists in, 149
technology transfer and timing of, 147
Linear model of technology development, 16
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 55
M
Macroeconomic policy, 6
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987, 154
Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award Program, 66
Managed collaboration, 144
Manufacturers
cost of adoption and size of, 15
disparity in technology adoption by, 29
Manufacturing output
changes by industry, 28
as percentage of total GNP, 26-27
share of GNP for, 24-25
status of U.S., 21-23
in adoption of new technology, 51
in pre-commercial areas, 50
stages of, 109
Microelectronics, 54-55
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), 80, 159 , 163, 193-194
Military research and development (R&D).
See also Dual-use technology
implications for, 61
reorientation of priorities regarding, 98
as source of civilian technology, 34-35
Ministry of Industrial Trade and Industry (MITI) (Japan), 83, 84, 86, 88
Minorities, 18
N
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 53, 194
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 57, 71, 159, 194
National Aerospace Plane, 62
National Apparel Technology Center, 80, 193
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS), 81, 114, 115, 117, 151
National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act (1989), 71, 155
National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 (NCRA), 71, 80, 151, 154 , 157, 193
National Defense Manufacturing Technology Plan, 155
National Energy Strategy, 152
National Heart Institute, 56
National Institute of Mental Health, 56
National Institute of Standards and Technology Authorization Act for FY 1989, 155
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
management of technology adoption programs by, 97
Manufacturing Technology Centers, 93-94, 97, 152
structure and function of, 65-67, 118, 194-195
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 53, 124
biomedical R&D funding by, 55-57, 118, 148
budget of, 70
role in technology transfer, 71, 72, 145, 148-150
National Quality Award, 154
National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976, 153
National Science Foundation Authorization Act for FY 1986, 154
National Science Foundation (NSF)
biotechnology research funding by, 56
Engineering Research Centers, 82, 145, 158, 170, 192-193
federal laboratory spending by, 70
industry-university collaborative research centers of, 158, 192
legislation affecting, 154
role in technology transfer, 145
National Science Foundation (NSF) University-Industry Cooperative Research Center program, 82
New Technological Opportunities program, 115
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company (NTT), 85
North Carolina Microelectronics Center, 82, 193
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 76
Office of Industrial Technology, 154
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 77, 124, 129, 153
Offices of Research and Technology Applications, 71
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, ix, 65, 93, 152, 154-155, 179-180
Optoelectronics Technology Research Corporation (OTRC), 86-87, 174
P
Panel on the Government Role in Civilian Technology
biographical information regarding, 186-190
conclusions
regarding ATP program, 67
regarding expanded mission agency funding, 123-124, 135
regarding technology adoption, 12, 29
regarding technology commercialization, 29
regarding technology policy, 97-98, 114, 135
recommendations
regarding creation of Civilian Technology Corporation, 135
regarding dual-use technology, 63-65
regarding establishment of Industrial Extension Service, 97
regarding federal laboratories, 77
regarding SBIR program, 65
regarding technology policy, 96, 97
Patent and Trademark Amendments Act, 71
Patents
agency listings for 1989, 73
legislation regarding, 148
technology transfer and, 147, 148
U.S. receipts and payments for, 36-38
Per capita personal income, 5
Personal income, 5
Pharmaceutical industry, 165-166
Political interference, 60, 118, 130
Pre-commercial research and development (R&D)
antitrust regulations and, 157
expanded mission agency funding of, 122-124
panel conclusions regarding, 12
promotion of investment in, 2-3
President's Council on Science and Technology, 124
Private sector
federal laboratory support for, 68-69, 72-76
funding for, 19
investment risk borne by, 134
success of federal incentives for, 60-61
Private sector collaborative research and development (R&D)
advantages of, 158
agenda broadening for, 164
assessment of, 91-92
elements of successful, 161, 162
examples of, 193-194
expected returns of, 161
importance of, 159-161
number of participants in, 164
overview of, 159
technology and information sharing problems in, 163-164
technology transfer and, 162-163
Private sector funding
in biotechnology, 56
extent of, 87
incentives for, 50
Product liability insurance, 149
Productivity growth
capital investment and, 9-10
demographic shifts and, 10
discussion of U.S., 6-9
energy costs and, 10-11
international manufacturing, 35-36
long-term, 3
research and development spending and, 11
Public Health Service Act (1944), 56
R
Radioastronomy, 13
Research.
See also Basic research
federal support for basic, 49-52
foreign access to U.S., 52-53
Research and development (R&D).
See also Collaborative research and development (R&D);
Pre-commercial research and development (R&D)
cost in technology-intensive sectors, 34
dispersion of transnational, 33-34
factors in successful joint government-industry, viii-ix
government involvement in private sector, 112-113
mechanisms to facilitate pre-commercial, ix
military-funded, 34-35.
See also Military research and development (R&D)
tax credits for, 111-112
transnational, 33
Research Association for the Promotion of Mining and Industrial Technology Act (1961), 83
Research funding
in biotechnology, 56
for defense-related programs, 61, 122-123
extent of, 18
for federal laboratories, 68
need for stable, 60
for pre-commercial state of technology development, 30
for private sector, 19
S
SAGE air defense program, 54, 55
Semiconductor industry
research collaboration in, 80, 81, 91
technology commercialization in, 29, 30
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology Research Corporation (SEMATECH)
anticipated returns of, 171-172
certification of vendors by, 162
description of, 117, 119, 171, 194-196
establishment of, 114, 115, 170
role in diffusion and adoption of semiconductor manufacturing equipment , 91
Semiconductor Research Corporation, 80, 159
Small Business Competitiveness Demonstration Program Act of 1988, 155
Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)
cost-sharing provisions in, 117
description of, 65
funding for, 2
panel recommendations regarding, 65
technology transfer through, 151
Smith-Lever Act (1914), 54
Software Productivity Consortium, 80, 159
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), 72
Spain, 90
Specialty Metals Processing Consortia, 152
State and Local Extension Initiatives programs, 94
State governments
administration of industrial extension programs by, 93
stimulation of technology transfer by, 153
Steveson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, 71, 154, 155, 194
Strategic Defense Initiative, 62
Stretch program, 55
Supercomputers, 55
Superconductivity Pilot Centers, 82, 151
Supersonic Transport program, 50
Suppliers, 145
Sweden, 15
Synthetic Fuels Corporation (SFC), 58-59
Synthetic fuels industry, 58-60
T
Tax incentives for R&D, 111-112
Tax Reform Act of 1986, 111
Technological innovation.
See also Technology commercialization
challenges to U.S. advantage in, 95-96
explanation and discussion of, 12-14
U.S. dominance in, 12
Technology.
See also Civilian technology
economic return of new, 13-14
problems in sharing information and, 163
structure of postwar, 31-39
U.S. as exporter of, 21
U.S. performance in, 18, 21, 41-42, 108
Technology Administration, 97
Technology adoption
explanation and discussion of, 14-15
federal role in, 92-98
panel conclusions regarding, 12, 29
panel recommendations regarding, 96, 97
weaknesses in, 29
Technology commercialization.
See also Technological innovation
explanation and discussion of, 12-14
of immature technology, 61
interactive character of, 157
role of federal laboratories in, 67, 69.
See also Federal laboratories
Technology Corporation of America Act of 1990, 125
Technology creation
explanation of, 12
federal support for, 122
time lag between innovation and, 13, 157
Technology policy
characteristics of postwar, 31
panel conclusions regarding, 12, 97-98
panel recommendations regarding, 96, 97
structure of postwar, 32
Technology policy guidelines
overview of, 115-116
regarding cost sharing, 116-117
regarding diversification of investment, 118-119
regarding industry involvement in project initiation and design, 117-118
regarding political interference, 118
regarding program evaluation, 121-122
regarding projects open to foreign firms, 119-121
Technology policy options
Civilian Technology Agency as, 124-128
Civilian Technology Corporation as, 128-134
conclusions regarding, 134-136
expanded mission agency funding of pre-commercial R&D as, 122-124
Technology transfer
in automotive electronics industry, 150-151
beyond industrial laboratories, 144-146
in biotechnology industry, 146-150
