ly sponsored R&D performed at the laboratories. For FY 1989, 297 research-oriented federal laboratories surveyed by the General Accounting Office produced only $6.3 million in royalties and 676 patents. Approximately 31 percent of these laboratories had not received guidance for implementing the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. “The major provisions [of the Act]," the agency concluded, “still have not been fully implemented."⁷⁸

Table 2–2 provides an overview of one measure of federal output in technology transfer. The amount of technology transferred from the laboratories is strikingly meager, particularly when compared to the $23 billion per year in total federal laboratory R&D expenditures. There are other measures of output that indicate limited progress in linking federal laboratories to provide sector R&D—at least in the initial stages of the development process. Table 2–3 shows the total number of CRADAs that federal