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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

Index

A

Adequacy of implementation of FDCA

charge to Committee, 2, 30

committee deliberations on, 73-80

compliance and, 5

consumer interest group views on, 72-73

criteria for determining, 4-7, 31, 80-82

definition of adequate, 4, 64, 69-70, 73, 80

enforcement and, 4, 5, 74, 77-78, 81, 142-144

evaluation process, 5-6, 30-33, 73-76

industry views on, 71-72

nonregulatory indicators of, 5, 76-78

regulations and, 4, 5, 74, 81

State and local views on, 69-71

State requirements as indicators, 78-80

Administrative Conference of the United States, 66

Administrative Procedure Act, 66, 67

Adulteration of foods

defined, 126, 128, 134

economic, 87, 88, 125, 134

honey, 119

poi, 125

pre-1900 concerns, 37

1900-1940, 41

noninjurious, 42

Advisory Committee on the Food and Drug Administration, 143-144

Advisory opinions

catfish, 21, 123

defined, 67

documents accorded status of, 76-77

implementation of FDCA with, 6-7, 66-67

procedure for obtaining, 76

significance given by Committee to, 6-7

wild rice, 126

Alabama requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 184

misleading containers, 93

prominence of required information, 100

Alaska requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

common or usual name, 121

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

materials provided to Committee, 184

misleading containers, 93

Animal Drugs Amendments of 1968, 47

Apples, 196-201

Aquaculture products, 10, 121

Arizona Consumers Council, 113, 196

Arizona requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 131

bottled water, 116 n.8

common or usual names, 110

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

materials provided to Committee, 185

placement of required information, 101 n.6

Arkansas requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

common or usual names, 121

discrepancies between federal requirements and, 196

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 184

placement of required information, 99 n.1, 100 n.3

Armour meat products, 40

Artificial flavorings, colorings, or chemical preservatives, 29, 44

in bulk foods, 131

common or usual names, 127, 128, 131, 134-135

in dairy products, 130

discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 129, 197, 200

enforcement activity, 128, 132-133

exemptions from declaration, 134-135

Federal requirements, 127-132

food innovations and, 59

industry opposition to legislation, 41

mixtures of preservatives, 131

prohibitions in specific foods, 130

prominence of required information, 101

quantity restrictions, 131

in restaurant/bakery foods, 132, 133

safety regulation, 47

in specific foods, 130

State requirements, 129-133, 134

sulfites, 128, 129, 132, 133, 196, 200, 201

Aseptic processing, 45, 48

Association of Food and Drug Officials (AFDO), 31, 32

membership, 55-56

Model Bottled Water Regulation, 18, 116-117, 217

purpose, 39-40

Uniform State Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Bill, 8, 55, 58

views on factors influencing adequacy of implementation, 69, 143

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 39

Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 39

Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, 32

B

Beverages

colors, flavors, and preservatives, 131, 197, 199, 200

fruit, 112

nonalcoholic, 101

powdered mixes, 93

water component in flavored products, 116

Blended foods, 44, 100-101, 123

Borden Foods, 153

Bottled water labeling

AFDO Model Regulation, 18, 116-117, 216

carbonation, 117

case study, 209-217

Committee conclusions, 9, 18, 117, 217

common or usual name, 18, 110, 111-112, 115, 116, 209-210

Congressional scrutiny, 213-217

discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 196-200

distilled water, 212

false and misleading claims, 18, 117

Federal requirements, 204, 209

Good Manufacturing Practice for, 116, 212-213

identifying terms, 115

industry perspective on, 106

mineral water, 116, 209

recalls, 209, 214

spring water, 89, 112, 212

standards of identity, 18

standards of quality, 104, 111, 115, 116, 209, 210-213

State requirements, 70, 89, 110, 111-112, 116, 204, 217

water component in flavored beverage products, 116

well water, 111, 212

Bulk foods, 43, 127, 196, 197, 199

Burditt, George, 145

Bureau of Enforcement Guideline, 128

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

C

California requirements

artificial colors and flavors, 130, 131

bottled water, 70, 110, 116 n.8

common or usual names, 110

container fill, 13, 92, 94, 95, 97

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 185

olive and vegetable oils, 123

placement of required information, 99 n.1, 100

Candy, 88, 92

Caramel, 128

Case law

Hobby Industry Association of America, Inc. v. Younger, 94

U.S. v. 30 Cases, 105

U.S. v. 46 Cases, 98

U.S. v. 62 Cases, 105

U.S. v. 70 Gross Bottles, 99

U.S. v. 88 Cases, 88

US. v. 95 Barrels, 88

U.S. v. 116 Boxes, 92

U.S. v. 174 Cases (Delson Thin Mints), 92

U.S. v. 274 Boxes, 99

U.S. v. Antonio Corrao Corp., 129

U.S. v. Caraldo, 92

U.S. v. Sullivan, 129

Catsup, 130

Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), views on adequacy of FDCA implementation, 72, 96, 102, 133, 149

Cereals, 93

Cholesterol labeling terminology, 53

Cider, cider vinegar, and other vinegar products, 9, 18, 88, 100, 110, 112, 117-118, 130, 197, 198, 199, 208

Citrus products, 10, 18-19, 44, 111, 118-119, 131, 196

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21, Parts and Sections (§)

Part 1, 67

§1.20, 58

§1.21, 58

§1.24, 88

§10.85, 5, 67, 68, 76

§10.90, 68, 77

§70.3(f), 127

Part 74, 128

§101.1158, 98

§101.2, 58, 98

§101.3, 59, 98, 107, 112

§101.4, 58

§101.5, 58

§101.10, 129

§101.15, 58

§101.18, 58, 88, 95

§101.22, 58, 127-128, 131, 133, 135, 136

§101.35, 135

§101.100, 127, 128

§101.105, 58, 95

Part 102, 17, 58, 59, 66, 89, 107, 108, 112, 113-114, 120, 204

§103.14, 58, 104

§103.35, 106, 204

§105.62, 135

§105.65, 135

Part 129, 116, 204, 212-213, 217

Part 139, 124

Part 161, 206

§168.40, 206

§172.510, 127

§172.515, 127

§182.10, 127

§182.60, 127

§182.3739-.3862, 128

Part 184, 127

preambles to regulations, 6, 7, 66, 67, 76

Coffee and tea, 44, 48, 93

Color Additive Amendments, 47, 126

Colorado requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 131

honey, 119 n.10

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

materials provided to Committee, 185

placement of required information, 99 n.1

Common or usual names, 29, 59

blended oils, 123-124

CFR list, 108

delay in establishment of, 90

Federal requirements, 107-110

flavorings, 127

imitation, alternative, and substitute food products, 109-110

implementing regulations, 89, 107-108

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

overlap with standards of quality and identity, 7, 80, 89, 110

petition process, 17, 90, 107, 108-109

preservatives, 128

purpose of, 88-89

rulemaking on, 66

for specific foods, 17-22, 89, 114-122

State requirements, 110-112

violations, 77

see also individual foods;

FDCA Section 403(i)(1)

Compliance Policy Guides, 7, 20, 76, 121, 122, 124

Connecticut requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 132, 133

bottled water, 110, 116 n.8

cider products, 118 n.9

common or usual names, 110

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 185

misleading containers, 94

preservatives, 129

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 nn.2, 4, 101

Constitutional Convention of 1789, 37-38

Consumer education, 28, 51, 54

Consumer interest groups

views on adequacy of FDA implementation of FDCA, 71-72, 89, 96, 102 , 113, 133-134

see also individual groups

Consumer Product Safety Commission, 150

Container fill, see Misleading containers;

Slack fill;

Standards of quality and fill

Crawford, Bob, 142-143

Crepe labeling, 104, 106

D

Dairy products, see Milk, milk products, and other dairy products

Delaware requirements

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

prominence of required information, 99 n.1

Dietary recommendations, and food descriptors, 109

Dietary supplements, 52

Dingell, John D, 213-214

District of Columbia, food and drug legislation, 37

E

Economic costs of nonuniformity, 23, 25

to consumers, 153

information requested on, 33

interstate commerce and, 43, 44, 47, 50

legal confrontations, 153, 156

monitoring of State legislative and regulatory activities, 153, 154 -155

practical value of uniform labeling, 157-159

product negotiations with individual States, 153, 155-156

product retrieval, relabeling, and scrapping, 154, 156-157

Eggs, 88, 92

Enforcement of Federal requirements

and adequacy of FDCA implementation, 4, 5, 74, 77-78, 81

concerns about, 23-24, 90, 142-144

court actions, 65;

see also Case law

defined, 74

evaluation of, 5, 77-78

FDA priorities, 74

fiscal and resource constraints on, 23-24, 74, 78, 142, 144, 145, 148, 159, 215-216

formal remedies, 146

informal remedies, 44, 74-75, 146-147

under multiple sections of FDCA, 77, 86, 87

NLEA mandate, 28, 54

prior notification requirement, 29, 145, 146

process, 24, 144-147

sanctions, 44

State concerns about, 32

uniform code for, 148

Enzyme technology, 45

Europe, standardization of labeling, 158-159

Executive Order 12612, 68, 152

Extrusion of carbohydrate and protein foods, 45

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

F

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966

implementing regulations, 47

nonfunctional slack fill provision, 12, 14, 92, 97

preemption of State regulation, 47

statement of identity, 107

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (FDCA)

advisory opinions and implementation of, 66-67

amendments, 47, 52, 65, 116, 126

automatic adoption by States, 55, 70-71

court enforcement actions, 65

enactment, 3, 27

enforcement by States, 29

food defined, 43-44

interstate commerce jurisdiction, 47

overlap in provisions of, 1, 86

provisions studied, 1-2, 28

purpose of misbranding provisions, 3, 46

rulemaking authority and activities, 65, 66

violations of labeling provisions, 46

see also Adequacy of implementation of FDCA

FD&C Yellow Dye No. 5, 128

FDCA Section 201(f), 43-44

FDCA Section 401, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 91, 92, 103, 120, 210, 211

FDCA Section 402, 87, 88, 128, 136

FDCA Section 403(a)(1), 4, 77, 80

FDCA Section 403(b), 1, 11-12, 28, 87-90

adequacy of implementation, 9, 77

case law, 88

Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 12, 90

consumer perspective on, 11-12, 89

enforcement of, 89

exempted foods, 88

Federal and State requirements compared, 11-12, 87-89

industry perspective on, 11-12, 89

intent of, 11, 87-88

nomenclature issues, 59, 90

overlap with FDCA Section 403(i)(1), 11-12, 87

preemption date, 29, 63

see also Food sold under the name of another food;

Section 403(i)(1)

FDCA Section 403(c) preemption date, 29, 63

FDCA Section 403(d), 28

Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 13-14, 96-97

consumer perspective on, 13, 96

enforcement of, 95, 97

Federal and State requirements compared, 12-14, 72-73, 90-92

implementation of, 9, 91-92

industry perspective on, 13, 95

packaging innovations and potential violations, 59

preemption date, 29, 63

related statutory sections, 92

see also Misleading container, Slack fill

FDCA Section 403(e), 4, 29, 77, 80

FDCA Section 403(f), 1, 14-15, 28, 97-103

case law, 98-99

Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 14-15, 102-103

consumer perspective on, 14, 102

Federal and State requirements compared, 14-15, 97-101

implementing regulations, 14, 98

industry perspective on, 14, 102

packaging innovations and potential violations, 59

preemption date, 29, 63

see also Prominence of required information

FDCA Section 403(g), 29, 87

FDCA Section 403(h), 1, 15-16, 28, 103-106

case law, 104-105

Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 16, 106

consumer perspective on, 106

Federal and State requirements compared, 15-16, 72-73, 103-105

industry perspective on, 105-106

preemption date, 29, 63

related statutory provisions, 15, 92, 101

see also Standards of quality and fill

FDCA Section 403(i)(1), 2 16-21, 28, 107-126, 209-210

adequacy of implementation, 9-11, 77

Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9-11, 17, 113-126

consumer perspective on, 17, 113

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

distinction from FDCA Section 403(b), 87

enforcement of, 17

Federal and State requirements compared, 16-17, 107-112

industry perspective on, 17, 112-113

nomenclature issues, 59

overlap with other statutory provisions, 11-12, 110

petition process, 17, 108-109

preemption date, 29, 63, 80

see also Common or usual name

FDCA Section 403(i)(2), 4, 28, 77, 80

FDCA Section 403(k), 2, 22-23, 28, 59, 126-136

case law, 129

Committee conclusions and recommendations, 11, 22-23, 134-136

consumer perspective on, 22, 133-134

exemptions from, 127

Federal and State requirements compared, 16-17, 22-23, 126-133

implementing regulations, 127-128

industry perspective on, 22, 133

preemption date, 29, 63

related statutory provisions, 16, 101

see also Artificial flavorings, colorings, or chemical preservatives

FDCA Section 403(q), 29

FDCA Section 403(r), 29

FDCA Section 410, 116

FDCA Section 701(a), 65

FDCA Section 706(a), 65

Federal Register notices, use of, 76

Federal Trade Commission, 3, 52

Fish List, The 10, 21, 67, 120, 122

Fish

catfish, 10, 121, 123, 198

common or usual names, 120-121

discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 196, 204

halibut, 121, 199, 201, 204

misleading containers, 93

nonstandardized products, 59, 89

red snapper, 121

substitutes, 10, 121-122

Florida requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

bottled water, 111, 116 n.8

citrus code, 18-19, 69, 111

common or usual names, 19, 111, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

enforcement concerns, 142-143

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 185

misleading containers, 93

prominence of required information, 100 n.3

standards of fill of container, 105

Foam-mat drying, 44-45

Food, statutory definition, 43

Food additives

guidance on safety studies, 67

legislation, 126-127

see also Artificial flavorings, colorings, or chemical preservatives

Food Additives Amendment of 1958, 47, 126

Food and Drug Administration, 3

authority under NLEA, 54

cooperative relationship with States, 23, 24, 142, 147-149

expenditures on food activities, 56, 57

Fish List, The 67

food program categories, 56

joint initiatives with States, 56-57

National, Regional, and State Telecommunications Network (NRSTEN), 31, 32

preemption policy, 69-69, 151-153

Red Book, The 67

regulatory authority, 27, 28

review and reform of food labeling, 52, 53

Food descriptors, 28, 52, 54, 102, 106, 109

Food industry

concerns about nonuniformity of regulations, 27-28

protectionist requirements, 69

support of legislation by, 42, 54

views on adequacy of FDA implementation of FDCA, 71-72, 89, 95, 102 , 105-106, 112-113, 133

Food labeling

Federal and State requirements compared, 7-23, 85-136

value of uniformity in, 39

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

Food labels

criticisms of, 4, 52

Food labels

format, 14, 52, 53, 54, 102, 104

prior approval, 43

Food production and marketing

before 1900, 36

1900-1940, 40

1940-1970, 44-46

1970-1990, 48-50

diverting network, 49-50

innovations in, 44-45

Food products, evolution of, 3, 36, 40, 49

Food safety

common or usual names and, 21, 113, 122, 128, 135-136

guidance on studies, 67

regulation of, 41, 44, 47

warning statements on labels, 22, 134, 136

Food sold under the name of another food, 29, 77, 87-90

see also FDCA Section 403(b)

Fortification/enrichment of foods, 46, 52

Freshly prepared and catered products, 49

Fruit juices, 19, 110, 111, 118, 200

Frozen desserts, 100, 112, 199, 200, 201

Frozen foods, 40, 44, 199

G

Gelatin desserts, 40, 91-92

Georgia requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

common or usual names, 111, 125

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 185

misleading containers, 95

Vidalia onions, 10, 21, 125, 196

Good Manufacturing Practice, 116, 212-213

Grading systems, 19, 118, 119, 123, 196, 197

Grain mixtures, 198

Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P), 36, 40

Grits, 198

Grocery Manufacturers of America (GMA), views on FDCA implementation , 72, 89, 105, 106-107, 113, 145, 153

Grocery stores

chains, 36, 40

self-serve, 40

H

Harden, Betty, 143

Hawaii requirements

bottled water, 112, 116 n.8

common or usual names, 112

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 185

oriental noodle products, 124

poi, 20, 125, 152, 197

standards of identity, 124, 125

Health and organic foods, 45

Health and nutrition claims, 4, 28, 29

petition mechanism under NLEA 54

regulation of, 51, 52-54

Health Research and Health Services Act, Proxmire Amendment, 52

Honey, 10, 19, 100, 119-120, 196-201, 205-206

House Committee on Energy and Commerce's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 116, 209, 213

Hutt, Peter Barton, 64

Hypoallergenic foods, 135

I

Idaho requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 186

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 nn.2, 3

Identity labeling of food, 98

Illinois requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 186

Imitation foods, 29, 52, 63

defined, 109

Federal labeling requirements, 109-110, 121-122, 197

flavors, 199

seafood, 121-122

Implementation of FDCA

advisory opinions as means of, 6-7, 66-67, 74

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

court enforcement actions, 65

historical approach of FDA, 65-69

informal communications and, 6, 67-68

preemption policy of FDA, 68-69

rulemaking used for, 66

see also Adequacy of implementation of FDCA;

Code of Federal Regulations

Indiana requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 186

placement of required information, 99-100

Industry, see Food industry

Infant foods, 135

Infant Formula Act, 52

Information panel, 98

Ingredient statement, 28, 29, 52

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives in, 134, 135

blended oils, 123-124

importance to consumers, 59

reforms, 53, 54

trade secrets and, 134

violation, 77

International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), 213

Interstate commerce, 43, 44, 47, 49-50, 58-59, 146, 150, 154

Intrastate commerce, 145, 146

Iowa requirements

cider products, 118 n.9

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 186

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 n.5, 101 n.7

Irradiation of foods, 48, 201

K

Kansas requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 186

prominence of required information, 99 n.1

Kellogg Company, 153

Kentucky requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 187

Kessler, David, 110, 143

Kraft General Foods, Inc., 71, 113

L

Land O'Lakes, 153

Legislation, see specific statutes

Life expectancy, 41

Louisiana requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 187

M

Macaroni, 130, 199

Madison, James, 38

Maine requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 132

bottled water, 116 n.8

cider products, 112, 118

common or usual names, 112, 118, 122

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 187

seafood, 122

Manufacturer's name and address, 29, 77

Maple products, 10, 19, 100-101, 112, 123, 197, 198, 199, 201, 206

Maryland requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 132

bottled water, 116 n.8

common or usual names, 122

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

enforcement concerns, 142-143

materials provided to Committee, 187

seafood, 122, 132

standards of fill of container, 105

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

Massachusetts requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

cider products, 118 n.9

common or usual names, 121

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 188

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101 n.7

Meat and poultry products

common or usual name, 110

inspection programs, 54-55

nutrition labeling, 51-52

regulation of, 43, 47-48

Meat Inspection Act of 1907, 43

Membrane Processing systems, 45

Michigan requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 133

cider products, 112, 118

common or usual names, 112, 118

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

materials provided to Committee, 188

misleading containers, 93

prominence of required information, 99 n.1

Microbiological standards, 19, 119

Microwave cooking, 48

Milk, milk products, and other dairy products

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 129, 130, 135

Committee conclusions, 10, 19-20, 120

discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 19-20, 129, 196-201

instant and dried milk powders 44, 45

monitoring of legislative activities, 154

packaging innovations, 36

pasteurization, 36

product negotiations, 155

prominence of label information, 14, 99-100

standards of identity, 20, 112, 120

substitutes, 14, 99-100, 154, 201

Minnesota requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12 131, 133

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 188

misleading containers, 94

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101

standards of quality and fill, 101, 105

wild rice, 125

Misleading containers, 29, 37, 59

downsizing or package shorting, 70, 93, 96, 198

case law on, 91-92, 96

deceptive packaging, 90, 198

evaluation criteria, 92

Federal requirements, 90-92

slack fill, nonfunctional, 47, 90, 92, 94, 95, 196

State regulation of, 12-14, 70, 72-73, 91, 93-95, 96, 97

see also FDCA Section 403(d)

Mississippi requirements

bottled water, 116 n.8

common or usual names, 121

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 188

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100

Missouri requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

materials provided to Committee, 188

prominence of required information, 100 n.2

Monosodium glutamate, 127, 132, 133-134, 135-136, 197

Montana requirements

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

materials provided to Committee, 188

prominence of required information, 100 n.4

N

National Association of Attorneys General, 32

National Association of Consumer Affairs Administrators, 31

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, 31

National Association of State Directors of Agriculture, 32

National Conference of Weights and Measures, 31

National Food Processors Association (NFPA), 150, 153

National Frozen Pizza Institute (NFPI), 95, 102

National Primary Drinking Water Standards, 116

National, Regional, and State Telecomunications Network (NRSTEN), 31, 32

Nebraska requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

materials provided to Committee, 188

Net weight statement, 29, 47, 91, 94, 95

Nevada requirements

common or usual names, 112

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 188

prominence of required information, 99 n.1

New Hampshire requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

cider products, 118 n.9

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 188

prominence of required information, 100 n.2, 3, 101 n.7

New Jersey requirements

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 188

misleading containers, 94

prominence of required information, 101 n.7

New Mexico requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 189

pine nuts, 20, 124

New York requirements

bottled water, 70

cider products, 118 n.9

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199

honey, 119 n.10

maple syrup, 123

materials provided to Committee, 189

misleading containers, 72-73, 93

olive and vegetable oils, 123-124

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101 n.7

standards of fill of container, 105

Niles, Ray, 89, 111

Nonorganic solvent techniques, 48

North Carolina requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199

materials provided to Committee, 189

North Dakota requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199

materials provided to Committee, 189

prominence of required information, 100 n.3

Nutrient claims, see Health and nutrition claims

Nutrient content information, 28, 29, 53, 54

rulemaking on, 66

Nutrition

deficiency diseases, 41

and health, 46, 50-51

Nutrition labeling

amendment of FDCA and provisions for, 52

appropriateness review of, 3-4, 52

dietary recommendations and, 51

mandatory, 28, 51, 53, 54

reform efforts, 52-54

preemption schedule, 29

prevalence and adequacy of, 51-52

voluntary, 28, 51, 54

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA)

ambiguities in, 16, 106

enactment, 1, 28, 54

enforcement authority under, 29, 40, 74, 141, 144-147

exemption policies, 68, 142

FDA authority under, 28

overlap with FDCA, 1

purpose of, 63, 141

reforms addressed by, 4

requirements of, 28, 54

Section 4, 144-146

Section 6, 28, 63, 64-65, 74, 85, 136

Section 7, 136

Section 403A(b), 150, 151

study mandate to IOM, 29-30, 64, 85, 165-166

see also Preemption of State and local regulations

Nuts, 11, 20, 124, 196, 198, 199, 207

O

Ohio requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 131

bottled water, 116 n.8

cider products, 118 n.9

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 189-190

Oklahoma requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 191

Oleomargarine/margarine, 99-100, 131, 199, 200

Olive and vegetable oils, 44

adulteration, 129, 130

Committee findings and conclusions on, 10, 20, 123-124

discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 123-124, 196 , 199, 200, 207

prominence regulations, 100

Onion rings, 59

Onions, 21, 199,

see also Vidalia onions

Open dating, 52

Oranges, 131

Orange juice, 69, 88, 89

Oregon requirements

common or usual names, 121

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199

materials provided to Committee, 191

prominence of required information, 100 n.3

Oriental noodles, 10, 20, 112, 124, 197

Oysters, canned, 75, 105, 196, 197

P

Packaging

branded, 40

innovations, 36, 44, 45-46, 59

and marketability, 3

materials, 40, 45

microbiological growth control, 49

misleading containers, 59, 90-91

plastics, 45-46, 48-49

retort pouch, 45

Uneeda Biscuit, 36

see also Misleading containers

Peanut spreads, 89

Pecans, 196, 198, 207

Pellagra, 41

Pennsylvania requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 131

cider products, 118 n.9, 130

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 191

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101

Pepsico-Frito Lay, 153

Pesticides Amendment of 1954, 47

Petition process, 23, 25, 68-69, 142, 144-147, 149-153

Piggly-Wiggly, 40

Pine nuts, 11, 20, 124, 198

Poi, 11, 20, 112, 125, 152, 197

Potato chips 59, 89

Poultry inspection program, 43, 47

Poultry Product Inspection Act of 1957, 47

Preemption of State and local regulations

conditions for, 29, 63

exemption policy, 24, 68, 150

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

under Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966, 47

FDA policy, 68-69, 151-153

impact evaluation, 31

implementation problems, 38

industry support of, 42, 54

on meat and poultry inspections, 47-48

origin of doctrine of, 37-38

petition process for exemptions, 23-25, 32, 142, 144, 149-153

schedule for, 1, 28, 54, 63-64

strictness of requirements as a consideration, 4, 75, 81, 133

uniformity without, 39-40

Principal display panel, 98

flavors on, 127

identity labeling, 98

Prior label approval, 47

Processed foods, 47

Processed Products Inspection Improvement Act of 1986, 47

Procter & Gamble Company, 153

Produce, nutrition labeling of, 28, 54, 196-199, 201

Prominence of required information, 29, 47, 54, 59

blended products, 100-101

colors flavors, and preservatives, 101

dairy product substitutes, 99-100

Federal requirements, 98-99

State requirements, 99-101

see also FDCA Section 403(f)

Public health

before 1900, 37

1900-1940, 41-42

1940-1970, 46

1970-1990, 50-51

Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, 149

Puerto Rico requirements materials provided to Committee, 191

Pure Food and Drugs Art of 1906, 3, 27, 41, 42-43, 86, 87, 88, 126

Q

Quaker Oats Company, 95, 153

R

Recycling, 45

Red Book, The, 67

Reference values, 53

Refrigerated prepared foods, 48

Regulation of misbranded food

before 1900, 37-40

1900-1940, 42-44

1940-1970, 47-48

1970-1990, 51-54

current Federal and State roles, 54-58

exemptions to protect local interests, 58

historical context for, 3-4, 35-54

increasing use of rulemaking, 66

interstate commerce and, 43, 44, 47, 50, 58-59

see also Code of Federal Regulations;

Preemption of State and local regulations

Regulatory Amendments of 1948, 47

Restaurant/bakery foods, 132, 133

Rhode Island requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 132

cider products, 118 n.9, 130

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 192

olive and vegetable oils, 123

Rice, 200;

see also Wild rice

RJR Nabisco, 153

Roosevelt, Theodore, 147-148

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 116, 212

Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, 65

Salad bars, 132, 133

Salt/sodium, 127

Sanitation, 37, 39, 41

Schreiber Foods, Inc., 95

Schultz, William, 64

Seafood, 20-21, 120-123

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 132, 200

Committee findings and conclusions, 10, 20-21, 120-123

common or usual names, 20-21, 110, 113, 120-122

Federal requirements, 197

finfish and shellfish, 113, 120-121

misleading container, 93

nutrition labeling, 28, 54

State requirements, 93, 197

surimi-based imitations and substitutes, 10, 21, 121-122, 207

see also Fish

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

Serving size, 53

Shank, Fred, 215-216

Silverglade, Bruce, 149

Slack fill, nonfunctional, 47, 90, 92, 94, 95

Sodium content and descriptors, 52

Soup mixes, 93

South Carolina requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 192

South Dakota requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 131

common or usual names, 112

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 192

prominence of required information, 100 n.5, 101 n.6

Soybean cheese, 89, 111

Spaghetti sauce, 93

Specialty stores, 36, 49

Spices, 127, 134-135, 197, 198

Squalene, 129

Squibb, E.R., 39

Standards of identity, 3, 52, 104

citrus products, 118-119

defined, 107

maple syrup, 123

overlap with common or usual names, 7, 80, 89, 110

preemption date, 28, 29, 80

reforms, 53, 66

relationship to standards of quality, 105-106, 110

Standards of quality and fill, 29, 54

canned oysters, 75

Federal requirements, 103-105, 197

relationship to standards of identity, 105-106, 110

overlap with common or usual names, 110

State requirements, 16, 94, 105, 197

see also FDCA Section 403(d);

Deceptive packaging;

Misleading containers;

Slack fill

Statements of Policy and Interpretation, 67

States

authority under Pure Food and Drugs Act, 43

automatic adoption of Federal statutes and regulations, 8, 55, 7071

categorization of requirements, 6

cooperative relationship between FDA and, 23, 24, 142, 147-149

concerns of, 80

enforcement authority, 28, 29, 31, 38-39, 40, 54, 141, 144-147

funding for enforcement programs, 48, 55

joint initiatives with FDA, 56-57

laws and regulations, 32, 37

meat and poultry inspection programs, 54-55

monitoring of legislative and regulatory activities, 154-155

obsolete provisions, 58

overlap with Federal activities, 7, 58, 72

product negotiations between industry and, 155-156

reasons for regulation by, 7, 8, 55-56, 78-79

regulations as indicators of FDCA implementation, 78-80, 81

respondents to request for information, 31, 173, 175-181

review of requirements of, 5, 79-80, 81

role in regulation, 70, 72-73

sovereignty, 37-38

views on adequacy of FDA implementation of FDCA, 69-71

see also individual statues

Strawberries, 197

Substitute foods, 44, 52, 59

Federal requirements, 109-110, 121-122

prominence of label information, 99-100

seafood, 121-122

Sulfites, 128, 129, 132, 133, 196, 200, 201

Supercritical carbon dioxide, 48

Supermarkets, 36, 44, 49, 158

Surimi products, 10, 21, 112, 121-122, 123, 197, 207

T

Tennessee requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 132

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 192

Texas requirements

artificial colors flavors, and preservatives, 131, 132

bottled water, 116 n.8

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 192-193

prominence of required information, 100 n.4, 101 n.7

seafood, 122

Texturized vegetable protein, 45, 59, 135

Thompson, Merrill, 71-72, 146

Tomato sauce, 130

Trade correspondence, 7, 67, 76, 91, 128

Tuna fish, canned, 93

U

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3, 44, 53

authority to preempt State regulation, 48

Bureau of Chemistry, 39, 43

Food Safety and Quality Service, 52

grade standards, 119

meat and poultry inspection budget, 55

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 53

Utah requirements

common or usual names, 112

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200

materials provided to Committee, 193

prominence of required information, 100 n.2

V

Vanilla, 130

Vanillin, 128, 130

Vegetable oils, see Olive and vegetable oils

Vending machines, 44

Vermont requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

common or usual names, 112

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201

maple syrup, 123

materials provided to Committee, 193

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 nn.3, 5,

Vidalia onions, 11, 21, 125, 196

Vinegar, see Cider, cider vinegar, and other vinegar products

Virginia requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201

materials provided to Committee, 193

W

Warning Letters, 75, 146

Warning statements on labels, 22 134, 136

Washington requirements

artificial colors, 130

common or usual names, 121

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 193

misleading containers, 94

prominence of required information, 100 n.4, 101 n.7

Waxman, Henry A., 64

West Virginia requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 132

cider products, 118 n.9, 130

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 193

prominence of required information, 100 n.5

White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, 3, 51, 66, 109

Wholesome Meat Act, 48

Wholesome Poultry Products Act, 48

Wild rice, 11, 14, 21, 125-126, 197, 201, 208

Wiley, Harvey, 39, 41

Wilms, Heinz, 148

Wisconsin requirements

artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201

materials provided to Committee, 194

prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 101 n.7

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
×

wild rice, 125

Wyoming requirements

discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201

honey, 119 n.10

materials provided to Committee, 194

Y

Young, Frank E., 147

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1992. Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2001.
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Food Labeling: Toward National Uniformity Get This Book
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The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA) changed the existing regulatory framework for food labeling requirements that was shared among federal, state, and local levels of government. In addition to creating a system of mandatory nutrition labeling for foods, NLEA provided a schedule for the preemption of state and local labeling requirements that were not identical to federal provisions. Six provisions were not to be preempted until a study on the adequacy of the federal implementation of those provisions was completed.

Food Labeling is the result of that study. It presents recommendations concerning the Food and Drug Administration's implementation of the six provisions that were studied, suggestions for the future disposition of relevant state and local food labeling requirements, and views on the continuing importance of the working relationship among the various levels of government in assuring that consumers are protected from misleading label information.

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