NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
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NOTICE: The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievement of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
Funds for the National Academy of Engineering’s Symposium Series on Prospering in a Global Economy were provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Academy’s Technology Agenda Program. This publication has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and are not presented as the views of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation or the National Academy of Engineering.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Linking trade and technology policies: an international comparison of the policies of industrialized nations / Martha C. Harris and Gordon E. Moore, editors.
p. cm. — (Series on prospering in a global economy)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-04645-9
1. Commercial policy. 2. High technology industries—Government policy. 3. Technology and state. 4. Competition, International. I. Harris, Martha C. II. Moore, Gordon E., 1929– . III. Series.
HF1412.L56 1992
338.9—dc20 92-29614
CIP
Copyright 1992 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
S-487
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, September 1992
Second Printing, February 1995
STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS
GORDON E. MOORE, (Committee Chairman) Chairman,
Intel Corporation
JOHN R. GUNTER, Vice President,
Information Services and Market Plans, Bell South Corporation
HENRY A. LICHSTEIN, Vice President,
Citibank, N.A.
DAVID C. MOWERY, Associate Professor,
Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
JOHN S. ODELL, Director,
Center for International Studies, University of Southern California
LAURA D'ANDREA TYSON, Research Director,
Berkeley Roundtable of International Economics, University of California, Berkeley
Preface
On the eve of the twenty-first century, the increasing globalization of technology creates new challenges for American policymakers. The clear economic and technological lead that the United States enjoyed at the end of World War II has now been replaced by intense competition with Japan and other countries that have achieved new and highly effective ways of moving innovations to the marketplace. At the same time, the postwar era of U.S. relative economic and technological self-sufficiency has given way to a world in which U.S. economic prosperity and national security depend increasingly on access to foreign capital, products, services, markets, talent, and technology.
Competition and cooperation are both elements of this new global context. A variety of approaches have evolved in Japan, Europe, and the United States for achieving collaboration between the public and private sectors in research and development and, in some cases, in manufacturing and marketing. Paralleling these national experiments has been a rapid proliferation of transnational technical alliances among companies. At the same time, global competition has intensified in many industries, with competition in R&D-intensive or high-technology industries attracting increasing attention and involvement from governments seeking to capture these high value-added, high-growth industries within their national borders.
Except for the opening chapter, the papers in this volume were originally presented at a National Academy of Engineering symposium, "Linking Trade and Technology Policies: An International Comparison," on June 10
and 11, 1991. They address the changing nature of global competition in high-technology industries and the role of government policies of industrialized nations in influencing that competition. Exploring the evolving relationship between trade and technology policies from a comparative international perspective, the chapters of this volume underline difficult challenges facing U.S. policymakers and their foreign counterparts in an age of deep economic and technological interdependence.
A unifying question that runs through both the authored papers and the summaries of panel discussions is whether in this new global environment national governments can effectively link trade and technology policies to create competitive advantages for industries located within their national borders. Drawing upon the recent experiences of Japan, the major European countries, and the United States, the authors focus on the implications of global competition in high-technology industries for U.S. technology and trade policies and suggest the need for new, more integrated approaches (both at home and in international forums) in these two policy areas. Above all, this volume makes it clear that the United States must adapt its policies to deal with the new challenges of global competition across a broad range of technologies and industrial sectors.
On behalf of the Academy I would like to thank the chairman and members of the symposium steering committee (whose names appear on p. iii), and the authors of the papers in this volume for the valuable analyses, expositions, and insights they provided. The symposium discussions and the papers published here were greatly enriched by the contributions of panelists and other symposium participants from Europe and Japan as well as the United States. I would like to thank all of those who participated in the symposium for their contributions.
I would also like thank the staff members who worked on this project. Martha Caldwell Harris, who directs the National Research Council's Office of Japan Affairs, was primarily responsible. Proctor P. Reid, Senior Program Officer with the NAE Program Office, contributed to all phases of the project. Barbara L. Becker and Margery J. Harris of the NAE Program Office provided critical administrative and logistical support for the project. Bruce R. Guile, director of the NAE Program Office, and H. Dale Langford, the NAE's editor, also deserve thanks for their efforts, particularly for their assistance in preparing the publication.
Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for its generous support of this project and related elements of the National Academy of Engineering's multiyear program of symposia and committee studies titled Prospering in a Global Economy.
Robert M. White
President
National Academy Of Engineering
CONTENTS
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Linking Trade and Technology Policies: Themes and Issues |
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TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMPETITION-HISTORICAL TRENDS |
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Technology and International Competition: A Historical Perspective |
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Technological and Trade Competition: The Changing Positions of the United States, Japan, and Germany |
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Managing Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries |
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Technology Challenges to Trade Policy |
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