. "B CATALOG OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENTS." Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1992.
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Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
a killed, attenuated vaccine exists for cases in which the live vaccine is ineffective
control of infection in horses by vaccination
FACTORS FACILITATING EMERGENCE
introduction into new regions via infected mosquitoes and horses
Yellow Fever Virus
DISEASE(S) AND SYMPTOMS
Yellow fever
clinical features range from inapparent to fatal
typical attacks are characterized by abrupt onset, fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting
as disease progresses, jaundice, hemorrhagic complications, and renal failure may occur
pulse may be slow despite high fever
the case fatality rate among indigenous populations of endemic regions is less than 5 percent; this rate may exceed 50 percent among nonindigenous groups and in epidemics
recovery is slow but complete in survivors
DIAGNOSIS
isolation of virus from the blood
demonstration of viral antigen in the blood or liver tissue by ELISA
INFECTIOUS AGENT
Yellow fever virus
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
bite of an infective mosquito
not directly transmitted from person to person
DISTRIBUTION
disease is endemic in tropical South and Central America and in Africa
potential for outbreaks exists in other areas where vector mosquito is found (including the United States)
