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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. M mechanical vector a vector, not essential to the life cycle of the agent, that transmits an agent without itself becoming infected. microbial traffic the transfer of existing microbes to new host populations. monoclonal antibody immunoglobulins derived from a single clone of plasma cells. Moncolonal antibodies constitute a pure population because they are produced by a single clone in vitro and are chemically and structurally identical. mutation a transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, usually in a single gene. N neuraminidase sialidase; an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosidic linkages between a sialic acid residue and a hexose or hexosamine residue in glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Neuraminidase is a major antigen of myxoviruses. nonsense mutation a mutation in which one of the three terminator codons (used to signal the end of a polypeptide) in messenger RNA appears in the middle of a genetic message, causing premature termination of transcription, resulting in the production of generally nonfunctional polypeptides. nosocomial infection hospital-acquired infection; an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital. O opportunistic infection an infection caused by an organism that ordinarily does not cause disease but under circumstances such as impaired immunity, becomes pathogenic. organoleptic capable of receiving a sense impression. Organoleptic inspections are based on sensory perceptions (e.g., fish smells fresh or spoiled). P pandemic an epidemic that occurs worldwide. pathogen a microorganism that causes disease. pathogenic capable of causing disease. PCR see polymerase chain reaction. plasmid an extrachromosomal, self-replicating structure found in bacterial cells that carries genes for a variety of functions not essential for cell growth. Plasmids consist of cyclic double-stranded DNA molecules that replicate independently of the chromosomes and can be transmitted from one cell to another by conjugation or transduction. Episomes are genetic elements that can replicate in either of two alternative states—independently in the cytoplasm or as an integrated portion of the bacterial chromosome. point mutation a mutation resulting from a change in a single base pair in the DNA molecule, resulting from the substitution of one nucleotide for another.
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