|
Agent
|
Related Diseases/Symptoms
|
Mode of Transmission
|
Cause(s) of Emergence
|
|
Human immunodeficiency viruses
|
|
HIV-1
|
HIV disease, including AIDS: severe immune system dysfunction, opportunistic infections
|
Sexual contact with or exposure to blood or tissues of an infected person; vertical transmission
|
Urbanization; changes in lifestyles/mores; increased intravenous drug use; international travel; medical technology (transfusions/transplants)
|
|
HIV-2
|
Similar to above
|
Same as above
|
Same as above, esp. international travel
|
|
Human papillomavirus
|
Skin and mucous membrane lesions (often, warts); strongly linked to cancer of the cervix and penis
|
Direct contact (sexual contact/contact with contaminated surfaces)
|
Newly recognized; perhaps changes in sexual lifestyle
|
|
Human parvovirus B19
|
Erythema infectiosum: erythema on face, rash on trunk; aplastic anemia
|
Contact with respiratory secretions of an infected person; vertical transmission
|
Newly recognized
|
|
Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II)
|
Leukemias and lymphomas
|
Vertical transmission through blood/breast milk; exposure to contaminated blood products; sexual transmission
|
Increased intravenous drug abuse; medical technology (transfusion)
|
|
Influenza
|
|
Pandemic
|
Fever, headache, cough, pneumonia
|
Airborne (esp. in crowded, enclosed spaces)
|
Animal-human virus reassortment; antigenic shift
|
|
Drift
|
Same as above
|
Same as above
|
Antigenic drift
|
|
Japanese encephalitis
|
Encephalitis
|
Bite of an infective mosquito
|
Changing agricultural practices
|
|
La Crosse and California Group viruses
|
Encephalitis
|
Bite of an infective mosquito
|
Increasing interface between human activity and endemic areas; discarded tires as mosquito breeding sites
|
