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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

Index

A

Abortion, spontaneous, 17, 26, 29

Adolescents, 23, 60

Adverse outcomes of pregnancy

in low-income women, 93

obesity and, 19

preconceptional nutrition and, 6, 16, 18

prenatal nutrition and, 6, 20

in underweight women, 19

AIDS, 25, 27, 28, 50;

see also HIV infection

Alcohol use

documentation of, 42

fetal effects, 18, 19, 25, 27

interventions, 45

and prenatal nutrition, 28

and preterm delivery, 25

and zinc excretion, 17

Anemia

HIV infection and, 27

iron-deficiency, 21, 45

nutrient deficiency and, 21

postpartum, 33

in underweight women, 19

Anorexia nervosa, 20

see also Eating disorders

Anthropometric measurements, 44, 48, 63, 78-79

B

Basic nutrition services

assessment, 42, 44, 45, 48-49, 63, 102

breastfeeding support, 30, 58-60

characteristics of, 9

delivery of, 57-64

health maintenance, 44, 49, 63-64

importance of, 5-6

for infants, 61-64

interventions, 45, 49, 64

knowledge base of providers, 48, 62-63

management skills, 49

for neonates, 57-61

overview of, 2, 42

personnel, 9, 43, 62

postpartum, 30

recipients, 9

skills of providers, 48-49, 63

Bedrest, nutritional care during, 25, 44

Birth weight

size categories for, 78

WIC participation and, 5-6, 25, 30

see also Low-birth-weight infants;

Very-low-birth-weight infants

Body mass index, weight gain recommendations by, 23

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

Bottle feeding, 58, 73-74

formula composition, 73

introduction of, 75

premature or sick infants, 73-74

preparation, storage, and handling of formula, 74

Breastfeeding

barriers to, 59, 72

benefits of, 57

breast pump use, 60, 72, 74

cesarean section and, 59

contraindications, 72

education on, 58, 59

enteral, 58, 73-74

HIV infection and, 72

initiation of, 58, 75

manual expression of milk, 60, 72

mastitis, 59

national health goals, 57

nutrition services needs, 15, 30, 53

premature or sick infants, 72-74

prescription medication and, 59

rates, 58

recommendations, 3, 4, 105

support for mothers, 43, 45, 52, 58-60, 61, 62, 63-64

see also Human milk

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 68, 69, 76

Bulimia, 20;

see also Eating disorders

Bulimia nervosa, 20

see also Eating disorders

C

Calcium

lactation needs, 31

neonatal requirements, 69, 70

postpartum, 30

RDAs, 22

supplementation, 26

Celiac disease, 20

Cesarean delivery

and breastfeeding, 59

obesity and, 19

postpartum nutrition requirements, 33

Cholestasis, 70, 75

Cigarette smoking

cessation programs, 27

fetal effects of, 27

and prenatal nutrition, 27-28

and preterm delivery, 25

prevalence of, 27

Cocaine, 28, 68;

see also Drug abuse

Computer-based patient records and systems, 97

Congenital malformations, 17, 18, 68, 75

Continuity of nutritional care

approaches for improving, 93-94

challenges to, 93

computer-based patient records and systems, 97

coordinated services, 94-95

patient-carried health diaries, 95-97

recommendations, 2, 3, 10-11, 61, 105

referral to outside services, 102

Crohn's disease, 20, 50

Cystic fibrosis, and prenatal nutrition, 29-30, 50

D

Diabetes mellitus.

and blood glucose control, 23-24, 26, 33

and congenital malformations, 17

fetal effects, 26, 68

gestational, 19, 26, 33, 43, 45, 50

insulin dependent, 2

multiple gestation and, 25

preconceptional nutrition, 17

preexisting, 6, 17, 50

prenatal nutrition, 2, 25-26, 43, 45

Diet

data collection, 44

information about, 44

postpartum, 34

Dietitians, 2

communication between providers and, 42

definition, 7n.d

neonatal, 84-85, 86

preconceptional role of, 18

prenatal role of, 24, 26, 50

qualifications, 51, 62, 84, 85, 86

recommendations, 3, 105

referral to, 45

services provided by, 10, 43, 50

Drug abuse

fetal effects of, 25, 68

interventions, 45

and prenatal nutrition, 28, 50

and preterm delivery, 25

E

Eating disorders (maternal), 50

preconceptional nutrition and, 18

team care, 45, 53

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

Energy intake

diabetes mellitus and, 26

and gestational weight gain, 21

hypertensive disorders and, 26

lactation needs, 31

normal prenatal needs, 23

phenylketonuria and, 29

RDAs, 22

Enteral feeding of neonates

defined, 71

formulas, 73

human milk, 72-73

F

Families, involvement in care, 2, 10, 82, 103

Federal food and nutrition programs and benefits, 45, 46-47

Feeding methods, see Infant feeding methods

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 18, 19, 28

Fetal growth restriction

alcohol use and, 28

prenatal nutrition and, 21, 25, 50

Folate

deficiency, 21

lactation needs, 31

metabolism-altering drugs, 17

and neural tube defects, 18-19

postpartum, 30

RDAs, 22

supplements, 18-19

Food, benefits of federal programs, 46-47

Food intake

and gestational weight gain, 21

postpartum, 34

see also Diet

G

Gastric banding or stapling, 19, 50

Gastrointestinal disorders

HIV infection and, 27

and prenatal nutrition, 2, 27, 29, 45, 50

prepregnancy nutrition and, 2, 20

Gestational age, 78

Glucose

intolerance, 25, 30

maternal blood, 17, 23-24, 26, 33

self-monitoring of, 26

H

Health department, maternal and child health unit, 41

Health diaries, patient-carried, 95-97, 105

Health problems indicating a need for special nutrition services

neonatal, 67-68

postpartum, 33

preconceptional, 17-20

prenatal, 23-30, 50

Hemoglobin/hematocrit, 21, 31, 44

High-birth-weight babies, 19

HIV infection

and breastfeeding, 72

fetal effects of, 27

and prenatal nutrition, 27

Home visits, 6, 60-61, 62, 64, 71

Hospitals, support of breastfeeding by, 59

Human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV infection

Human milk

banks, 72-73

fortification of, 72

handling and storage of, 74

HIV in, 72, 73

pasteurization of, 73

preterm delivery and, 72

qualities of, 57, 72

tube feeding with, 73-74

Hyperglycemia, 70;

see also Diabetes mellitus;

Glucose

Hyperemesis gravidarum, and prenatal nutrition, 24, 50

Hypertensive disorders

obesity and, 19

postpartum weight loss, 32

and prenatal nutrition, 24, 26, 50

Hypoglycemia, 33, 83

I

Illegal drugs, see Drug abuse;

and individual substances

Inborn errors of metabolism, 61, 68, 73, 81, 102

Infant feeding methods

enteral, 72-75

fluid restriction, 76

formulas, 58, 73

human milk, 57, 72-73

information on, 61

parenteral, 70, 75-76

tube feeding, 70, 74-75

see also Bottle feeding;

Breastfeeding

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

Infants

delivery of basic nutrition services for, 61-64

morbidity, 19

PKU, 18

see also Neonates;

Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants

Infection, maternal, 25, 26

Insulin, 26, 33

Intensive care, neonatal, 81-82

Intrauterine growth retardation, see Fetal growth restriction

Iron

deficiency, 21;

see also Anemia

neonatal requirements, 69

postpartum, 31, 33

RDAs, 22

supplements, 21, 44

L

Lactation

diet and, 31

nutrient and energy needs, 31-32

RDAs, 22, 31

and weight, 32

Lactose intolerance, 43, 45, 73

Liver disorders, 20, 50

Low-birth-weight infants

causes, 68, 93

defined, 67, 78

maternal PKU and, 18

maternal weight-for-height and, 23

nutritional care and, 6, 95

preconception nutrition and, 16, 30

preterm birth and, 24

rates, 67-68

RDAs, 69

see also Birth weight;

Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants

Low-income women, 43, 59, 60, 62, 93

M

Macrosomia, 19, 26

Magnesium

lactation needs, 31

RDAs, 22

Malabsorption syndrome, 29, 50

Maternal and Child Health Program, 94-95, 105

Maternal morbidity, 19

Medicaid, 6, 7, 41, 95

Mental retardation, 18, 28, 29

Midwives

defined, 10n.e

nutrition-related qualifications, 10, 51, 62

Migrant workers, 7, 58, 93, 96

Minerals

lactation needs, 31

neonatal requirements, 69, 70

RDAs, 22

Monitoring

anthropometric changes, 78-79

food and fluid intake and output, 76-77

head circumference, 79

laboratory values, 80

length of infant, 79

neonates, 76-80

weight changes, 79

Multiple gestation, and prenatal nutrition, 24, 25, 44, 50

N

Necrotizing enterocolitis, 68, 70, 72, 75

Neonates

basic care for, 57-61

breastfeeding, 58-61

comprehensive nutritional care, 61-62, 82

feeding methods, 58-61, 71-76

home visits and other early follow-up, 60-61

hypocalcemia, 21

see also Infants;

Low-birth-weight infants;

Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants;

Very-low-birth-weight infants

Neonatologists, 84, 85

Neural tube defects, 18

Newborns, see Neonates

Nurses and nurse-practitioners, nutrition-related qualifications, 51, 62, 84-86

Nutrients

excessive intakes of, 21

normal prenatal needs, 21-23

postpartum replenishment of, 30-31

Nutrition education

documentation, 42

in federal programs, 46-47

infant feeding, 58, 59, 62, 63

materials, 43

role of dietitians in, 43

Nutrition services

changes in content of care, 7

development and testing of implementation strategies, 3, 53, 106

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

documentation of care, 3, 105

family involvement in care, 103

improvement in delivery of, 101-104

levels of care, 8-9

outreach activities, 43, 51

preconceptional goals, 15-16

referral to outside services, 102

see also Basic nutrition services;

Special nutrition services

Nutritional care plans, 2, 52, 71, 104

O

Obesity

and adverse outcomes of pregnancy, 19

nutritional counseling, 45

Orofacial anomalies, 68, 74

Overweight, and energy intake post partum, 32

P

Parenteral nutrition

defined, 71

maternal, 24, 29-30

neonatal, 70, 71, 75-76

training of parents, 75-76

Patients

computer-based records and systems, 97

education, 25, 27, 58, 59

health diaries, 95-97

individualized care, 10

Peer counselors, 51, 64

Pharmacists, nutrition-related qualifications, 51, 84, 85

Phenylketonuria, 2, 45

infant, 61, 68, 73

preconceptional nutrition, 17, 18

prenatal nutrition, 28-29

Physical activity/exercise, and energy intake by lactating women, 31

Physicians, nutrition-related qualifications, 10, 51, 62

PKU, see Phenylketonuria

Postpartum care

breastfeeding support, 60

nutrition considerations at, 33-34, 60-61

providers, 42

Postpartum nutrition

conditions warranting special services, 33

lactation and, 31-32

replenishing nutrient stores, 30-31

special considerations at postpartum visit, 33-34

and weight loss, 32-33

WIC, 6

Practitioners

education and training, 53, 59, 82, 85-86, 104

recommendations, 3, 52, 104

Preconception care

components of, 16

importance of, 15-16

providers, 42

Preconceptional/interconceptional nutrition

adverse outcomes of previous pregnancy and, 16, 18-19, 30

chronic conditions or diseases and, 20

diabetes mellitus and, 17

eating disorders (maternal), and, 20

goals of services, 15-16

health conditions warranting special services, 17-20

interventions, 20, 52

phenylketonuria and, 18

weight-for-height (maternal) extremes and, 19

Preeclampsia, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33

Pregnancy

outcomes, see Adverse outcomes of pregnancy

Recommended Dietary Allowances, 21, 22

Prenatal care

access, 41

documentation, 42

home visits, 42

model for, 95

providers, 42

strategies to increase utilization, 43

Prenatal nutrition

alcohol use and, 28

cigarette smoking and, 27-28

in complicated pregnancies, 23-30, 52

cystic fibrosis and, 29-30

diabetes mellitus and, 25-26

drug abuse and, 28

energy demands, 23

fetal growth restriction and, 25

gastrointestinal disorders and, 29

HIV infection and, 27

hyperemesis gravidarum and, 24

hypertensive disorders and, 26

importance of services, 5-6

multiple pregnancy and, 25

in normal pregnancies, 21-23

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

nutrient demands, 21-23

phenylketonuria and, 28-29

preterm birth risk and, 24-25

renal disorders and, 27

systemic health problems and, 25-27

Prenatal visits, 24-25

Preterm delivery, 7, 50

causes, 68

interventions, 24-25

preconception nutrition and, 16

predictors, 24, 93

prenatal nutrition and risk of, 24-25

by underweight women, 19

Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants

adapting to changing needs of, 69-70

anthropometric changes, 78-79

breastfeeding, 73-74

comprehensive nutritional care, 67-68, 71, 82

defined, 67-68

delivery of services for, 80-88

education and training of providers, 82, 85-86

evaluation of program for, 83

family involvement in care, 82, 103

feeding methods, 58-61, 71-76

follow-up care in the community, 83-84

food and fluid intake and output, 76-77

growth patterns, 77, 78

head circumference, 68, 78, 79

infection prevention and detection, 77

intensive care, 80, 81-82, 102

intermediate care, 80, 83, 84, 86

knowledge base and clinical skills of team members, 86-88

laboratory values, 80

length, 78, 79

medical therapies and nutrition, 70

metabolic variables, 77

monitoring, 76-80

nutrient intake, 77

nutrient requirements, 69

nutritional goals, 68

nutrition-related problems, 81

personnel qualifications, 84-85

physical and physiologic limitations in, 70

RDAs, 69

team care, 82, 84-88

weight changes, 79

see also Low-birth-weight infants;

Very-low-birth-weight infants

Protein, dietary intake

neonatal requirements, 69, 70

phenylketonuria and, 29

RDAs, 22

Providers of nutrition services

qualifications, 51, 84-86

see also Dietitians

R

RDAs, see Recommended Dietary Allowances

Recommendations

breastfeeding promotion and support, 3, 4, 105

continuity of nutritional care, 2, 3, 10-11, 61, 105

development and testing of implementation strategies, 3, 53, 106

dietitian services, 3, 105

documentation of nutritional care, 3, 105

education and training of practitioners, 3, 52, 104, 105

family involvement in care, 2, 10, 103

nutritional care plans, 2, 52, 104

patient-centered, individualized care, 2, 3, 10, 69, 102, 104

payment for special nutrition services, 4, 105-106

preconceptional care, 3, 105

previously published, 2, 9-11

team care, 2, 10, 52, 103

Recommended Dietary Allowances, 21, 22, 69

Records

computer-based, 97

patient-carried, 95-96

Renal disorders

neonatal, 76

and prenatal nutrition, 27, 45, 50

Respiratory distress syndrome, 26, 68, 74, 83

Retinol, excessive amounts of, 17

Riboflavin, RDAs, 22

S

Shoulder dystocia, 19

Small for gestational age, 78, 79

Sodium restriction, hypertensive disorders and, 26

Special nutrition services

activities, 52-53

adapting to changing needs, 69-70

assessment, 27, 50, 52, 54, 69, 82, 87

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

components of, 9, 81-84

comprehensive nutritional care, 52, 82

conditions requiring, 67-68

coordination of, 93

delivery of, 50-55, 80-88

education and training of providers, 85-86

evaluation of, 83

family involvement, 82

feeding methods, 71-76

follow-up care in the community, 83-84

individualized nutritional care plan, 71

intensive care, 81-82

intermediate care, 83

intervention, 45, 54, 87-88

knowledge base for providers, 53, 86-87

management skills, 54-55, 88

maternal health conditions warranting, 17-20, 24-30

medical therapies and, 70

monitoring, 76-80

for neonates, 67-88

overview, 2, 50

payment for, 4, 105-106

personnel, 9, 51, 84-85

physical and physiologic limitations and, 70

postpartum, 33

prepregnancy, 17-20

recipients, 9

training and consultation, 82

Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, see WIC

Study

approach and scope, 8-9

background information, 6-7

focus, 1-2

organization of report, 3, 11

purpose, 1, 5

Supplements, see Vitamin/mineral supplements

Support groups for mothers, 59-61

T

Team care

composition of team, 103

maternal, 45, 51, 62

neonatal, 70, 75, 84-85

recommendations, 2, 10, 52, 103

Tobacco

smokeless products, 27

see also Cigarette smoking

Tube feeding

gastrostomy, 74-75

maternal, 29

nasogastric, 74

neonatal, 70, 73-75

transpyloric, 75

Twins/triplets, 33, 60, 61;

see also Multiple gestation, and prenatal nutrition

U

Underweight women, adverse pregnancy outcomes, 19

V

Very-low-birth-weight infants, 6

defined, 67, 78

energy metabolism, 69-70

handicap rates for, 83-84

head circumference, 79

intermediate care for, 83

laboratory values for, 80

nutritional requirements, 72

rates, 67-68

Vitamins

deficiency, 21

excessive amounts of, 17

lactation needs, 31

neonatal requirements, 69

postpartum, 30

RDAs, 22

Vitamin/mineral supplements, 45

appropriateness of, 22-23

calcium, 26, 32

cystic fibrosis and, 29

folate, 18-19

HIV infection and, 27

iron, 21

lactation and, 32

multiple pregnancy and, 25

postpartum, 30, 32

preterm birth risk and, 25

W

Weight, measurement, 44;

see also Anthropometric measurements

Weight-for-height (maternal)

and birth weight, 23

categories, recommended weight gain by, 23

extremes, 19

fetal effects, 25

low, 25, 44

preconceptional nutrition and, 18

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×

Weight gain, gestational

documentation, 42

and fetal growth, 21, 25

low, 25, 29, 45

measurement, 44

recommended ranges, 23

Weight loss

HIV infection and, 27

hypertension treatment with, 20

interventions, 27

medications, 33

postpartum nutrition and, 30, 32-33

WIC, 28

benefits, 46

birth weight and participation in, 5-6, 25, 30

coordination with Maternal and Child Health Program, 94-95, 105

eligibility, 46

federal and state funding for, 20-21

growth of program, 7

lactation supplements, 32

postpartum participation, 6

referral to, 102

role in provision of nutrition services, 41-42, 62

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
×
Page 108
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2022.
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Page 114
Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition Get This Book
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This book focuses on nutrition services beginning in the preconceptional period and extending well beyond birth. It provides the rationale for the recommended nutritional services; briefly describes the necessary elements of these services; and indicates the personnel, knowledge, skills, and specialized education or training that may be needed to deliver them.

It will be useful to policymakers, hospital administrators, directors of health centers, physicians in private or group practices, and others responsible for setting such standards and for overseeing health care services for expectant and new mothers and their infants.

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