Index
A
Abortion, spontaneous, 17, 26, 29
Adverse outcomes of pregnancy
in low-income women, 93
obesity and, 19
preconceptional nutrition and, 6, 16, 18
in underweight women, 19
see also HIV infection
Alcohol use
documentation of, 42
interventions, 45
and prenatal nutrition, 28
and preterm delivery, 25
and zinc excretion, 17
Anemia
HIV infection and, 27
nutrient deficiency and, 21
postpartum, 33
in underweight women, 19
Anorexia nervosa, 20
see also Eating disorders
Anthropometric measurements, 44, 48, 63, 78-79
B
Basic nutrition services
assessment, 42, 44, 45, 48-49, 63, 102
breastfeeding support, 30, 58-60
characteristics of, 9
delivery of, 57-64
health maintenance, 44, 49, 63-64
importance of, 5-6
for infants, 61-64
knowledge base of providers, 48, 62-63
management skills, 49
for neonates, 57-61
postpartum, 30
recipients, 9
skills of providers, 48-49, 63
Bedrest, nutritional care during, 25, 44
Birth weight
size categories for, 78
WIC participation and, 5-6, 25, 30
see also Low-birth-weight infants;
Very-low-birth-weight infants
Body mass index, weight gain recommendations by, 23
formula composition, 73
introduction of, 75
premature or sick infants, 73-74
preparation, storage, and handling of formula, 74
Breastfeeding
benefits of, 57
cesarean section and, 59
contraindications, 72
HIV infection and, 72
manual expression of milk, 60, 72
mastitis, 59
national health goals, 57
nutrition services needs, 15, 30, 53
premature or sick infants, 72-74
prescription medication and, 59
rates, 58
support for mothers, 43, 45, 52, 58-60, 61, 62, 63-64
see also Human milk
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 68, 69, 76
Bulimia, 20;
see also Eating disorders
Bulimia nervosa, 20
see also Eating disorders
C
Calcium
lactation needs, 31
postpartum, 30
RDAs, 22
supplementation, 26
Celiac disease, 20
Cesarean delivery
and breastfeeding, 59
obesity and, 19
postpartum nutrition requirements, 33
Cigarette smoking
cessation programs, 27
fetal effects of, 27
and prenatal nutrition, 27-28
and preterm delivery, 25
prevalence of, 27
see also Drug abuse
Computer-based patient records and systems, 97
Congenital malformations, 17, 18, 68, 75
Continuity of nutritional care
approaches for improving, 93-94
challenges to, 93
computer-based patient records and systems, 97
coordinated services, 94-95
patient-carried health diaries, 95-97
recommendations, 2, 3, 10-11, 61, 105
referral to outside services, 102
Cystic fibrosis, and prenatal nutrition, 29-30, 50
D
Diabetes mellitus.
and blood glucose control, 23-24, 26, 33
and congenital malformations, 17
gestational, 19, 26, 33, 43, 45, 50
insulin dependent, 2
multiple gestation and, 25
preconceptional nutrition, 17
prenatal nutrition, 2, 25-26, 43, 45
Diet
data collection, 44
information about, 44
postpartum, 34
Dietitians, 2
communication between providers and, 42
definition, 7n.d
preconceptional role of, 18
qualifications, 51, 62, 84, 85, 86
referral to, 45
services provided by, 10, 43, 50
Drug abuse
interventions, 45
and prenatal nutrition, 28, 50
and preterm delivery, 25
E
Eating disorders (maternal), 50
preconceptional nutrition and, 18
Energy intake
diabetes mellitus and, 26
and gestational weight gain, 21
hypertensive disorders and, 26
lactation needs, 31
normal prenatal needs, 23
phenylketonuria and, 29
RDAs, 22
Enteral feeding of neonates
defined, 71
formulas, 73
human milk, 72-73
F
Families, involvement in care, 2, 10, 82, 103
Federal food and nutrition programs and benefits, 45, 46-47
Feeding methods, see Infant feeding methods
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 18, 19, 28
Fetal growth restriction
alcohol use and, 28
prenatal nutrition and, 21, 25, 50
Folate
deficiency, 21
lactation needs, 31
metabolism-altering drugs, 17
and neural tube defects, 18-19
postpartum, 30
RDAs, 22
supplements, 18-19
Food, benefits of federal programs, 46-47
Food intake
and gestational weight gain, 21
postpartum, 34
see also Diet
G
Gastric banding or stapling, 19, 50
Gastrointestinal disorders
HIV infection and, 27
and prenatal nutrition, 2, 27, 29, 45, 50
prepregnancy nutrition and, 2, 20
Gestational age, 78
Glucose
maternal blood, 17, 23-24, 26, 33
self-monitoring of, 26
H
Health department, maternal and child health unit, 41
Health diaries, patient-carried, 95-97, 105
Health problems indicating a need for special nutrition services
neonatal, 67-68
postpartum, 33
preconceptional, 17-20
Hemoglobin/hematocrit, 21, 31, 44
High-birth-weight babies, 19
HIV infection
and breastfeeding, 72
fetal effects of, 27
and prenatal nutrition, 27
Home visits, 6, 60-61, 62, 64, 71
Hospitals, support of breastfeeding by, 59
Human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV infection
Human milk
banks, 72-73
fortification of, 72
handling and storage of, 74
pasteurization of, 73
preterm delivery and, 72
tube feeding with, 73-74
Hyperglycemia, 70;
see also Diabetes mellitus;
Glucose
Hyperemesis gravidarum, and prenatal nutrition, 24, 50
Hypertensive disorders
obesity and, 19
postpartum weight loss, 32
and prenatal nutrition, 24, 26, 50
I
Illegal drugs, see Drug abuse;
and individual substances
Inborn errors of metabolism, 61, 68, 73, 81, 102
Infant feeding methods
enteral, 72-75
fluid restriction, 76
information on, 61
see also Bottle feeding;
Breastfeeding
Infants
delivery of basic nutrition services for, 61-64
morbidity, 19
PKU, 18
see also Neonates;
Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants
Intensive care, neonatal, 81-82
Intrauterine growth retardation, see Fetal growth restriction
Iron
deficiency, 21;
see also Anemia
neonatal requirements, 69
RDAs, 22
L
Lactation
diet and, 31
nutrient and energy needs, 31-32
and weight, 32
Lactose intolerance, 43, 45, 73
Low-birth-weight infants
maternal PKU and, 18
maternal weight-for-height and, 23
preconception nutrition and, 16, 30
preterm birth and, 24
rates, 67-68
RDAs, 69
see also Birth weight;
Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants
Low-income women, 43, 59, 60, 62, 93
M
Magnesium
lactation needs, 31
RDAs, 22
Malabsorption syndrome, 29, 50
Maternal and Child Health Program, 94-95, 105
Maternal morbidity, 19
Mental retardation, 18, 28, 29
Midwives
defined, 10n.e
nutrition-related qualifications, 10, 51, 62
Migrant workers, 7, 58, 93, 96
Minerals
lactation needs, 31
RDAs, 22
Monitoring
anthropometric changes, 78-79
food and fluid intake and output, 76-77
head circumference, 79
laboratory values, 80
length of infant, 79
neonates, 76-80
weight changes, 79
Multiple gestation, and prenatal nutrition, 24, 25, 44, 50
N
Necrotizing enterocolitis, 68, 70, 72, 75
Neonates
basic care for, 57-61
breastfeeding, 58-61
comprehensive nutritional care, 61-62, 82
home visits and other early follow-up, 60-61
hypocalcemia, 21
see also Infants;
Low-birth-weight infants;
Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants;
Very-low-birth-weight infants
Neural tube defects, 18
Newborns, see Neonates
Nurses and nurse-practitioners, nutrition-related qualifications, 51, 62, 84-86
Nutrients
excessive intakes of, 21
normal prenatal needs, 21-23
postpartum replenishment of, 30-31
Nutrition education
documentation, 42
in federal programs, 46-47
infant feeding, 58, 59, 62, 63
materials, 43
role of dietitians in, 43
Nutrition services
changes in content of care, 7
development and testing of implementation strategies, 3, 53, 106
family involvement in care, 103
improvement in delivery of, 101-104
levels of care, 8-9
preconceptional goals, 15-16
referral to outside services, 102
see also Basic nutrition services;
Special nutrition services
Nutritional care plans, 2, 52, 71, 104
O
Obesity
and adverse outcomes of pregnancy, 19
nutritional counseling, 45
Overweight, and energy intake post partum, 32
P
Parenteral nutrition
defined, 71
training of parents, 75-76
Patients
computer-based records and systems, 97
health diaries, 95-97
individualized care, 10
Pharmacists, nutrition-related qualifications, 51, 84, 85
preconceptional nutrition, 17, 18
prenatal nutrition, 28-29
Physical activity/exercise, and energy intake by lactating women, 31
Physicians, nutrition-related qualifications, 10, 51, 62
PKU, see Phenylketonuria
Postpartum care
breastfeeding support, 60
nutrition considerations at, 33-34, 60-61
providers, 42
Postpartum nutrition
conditions warranting special services, 33
lactation and, 31-32
replenishing nutrient stores, 30-31
special considerations at postpartum visit, 33-34
and weight loss, 32-33
WIC, 6
Practitioners
education and training, 53, 59, 82, 85-86, 104
Preconception care
components of, 16
importance of, 15-16
providers, 42
Preconceptional/interconceptional nutrition
adverse outcomes of previous pregnancy and, 16, 18-19, 30
chronic conditions or diseases and, 20
diabetes mellitus and, 17
eating disorders (maternal), and, 20
goals of services, 15-16
health conditions warranting special services, 17-20
phenylketonuria and, 18
weight-for-height (maternal) extremes and, 19
Preeclampsia, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33
Pregnancy
outcomes, see Adverse outcomes of pregnancy
Recommended Dietary Allowances, 21, 22
Prenatal care
access, 41
documentation, 42
home visits, 42
model for, 95
providers, 42
strategies to increase utilization, 43
Prenatal nutrition
alcohol use and, 28
cigarette smoking and, 27-28
in complicated pregnancies, 23-30, 52
cystic fibrosis and, 29-30
diabetes mellitus and, 25-26
drug abuse and, 28
energy demands, 23
fetal growth restriction and, 25
gastrointestinal disorders and, 29
HIV infection and, 27
hyperemesis gravidarum and, 24
hypertensive disorders and, 26
importance of services, 5-6
multiple pregnancy and, 25
in normal pregnancies, 21-23
nutrient demands, 21-23
phenylketonuria and, 28-29
preterm birth risk and, 24-25
renal disorders and, 27
systemic health problems and, 25-27
Prenatal visits, 24-25
causes, 68
interventions, 24-25
preconception nutrition and, 16
prenatal nutrition and risk of, 24-25
by underweight women, 19
Preterm, handicapped, and sick infants
adapting to changing needs of, 69-70
anthropometric changes, 78-79
breastfeeding, 73-74
comprehensive nutritional care, 67-68, 71, 82
defined, 67-68
delivery of services for, 80-88
education and training of providers, 82, 85-86
evaluation of program for, 83
family involvement in care, 82, 103
follow-up care in the community, 83-84
food and fluid intake and output, 76-77
head circumference, 68, 78, 79
infection prevention and detection, 77
intensive care, 80, 81-82, 102
intermediate care, 80, 83, 84, 86
knowledge base and clinical skills of team members, 86-88
laboratory values, 80
medical therapies and nutrition, 70
metabolic variables, 77
monitoring, 76-80
nutrient intake, 77
nutrient requirements, 69
nutritional goals, 68
nutrition-related problems, 81
personnel qualifications, 84-85
physical and physiologic limitations in, 70
RDAs, 69
weight changes, 79
see also Low-birth-weight infants;
Very-low-birth-weight infants
Protein, dietary intake
phenylketonuria and, 29
RDAs, 22
Providers of nutrition services
see also Dietitians
R
RDAs, see Recommended Dietary Allowances
Recommendations
breastfeeding promotion and support, 3, 4, 105
continuity of nutritional care, 2, 3, 10-11, 61, 105
development and testing of implementation strategies, 3, 53, 106
documentation of nutritional care, 3, 105
education and training of practitioners, 3, 52, 104, 105
family involvement in care, 2, 10, 103
nutritional care plans, 2, 52, 104
patient-centered, individualized care, 2, 3, 10, 69, 102, 104
payment for special nutrition services, 4, 105-106
Recommended Dietary Allowances, 21, 22, 69
Records
computer-based, 97
patient-carried, 95-96
Renal disorders
neonatal, 76
and prenatal nutrition, 27, 45, 50
Respiratory distress syndrome, 26, 68, 74, 83
Retinol, excessive amounts of, 17
Riboflavin, RDAs, 22
S
Shoulder dystocia, 19
Small for gestational age, 78, 79
Sodium restriction, hypertensive disorders and, 26
Special nutrition services
activities, 52-53
adapting to changing needs, 69-70
comprehensive nutritional care, 52, 82
conditions requiring, 67-68
coordination of, 93
education and training of providers, 85-86
evaluation of, 83
family involvement, 82
feeding methods, 71-76
follow-up care in the community, 83-84
individualized nutritional care plan, 71
intensive care, 81-82
intermediate care, 83
knowledge base for providers, 53, 86-87
maternal health conditions warranting, 17-20, 24-30
medical therapies and, 70
monitoring, 76-80
for neonates, 67-88
physical and physiologic limitations and, 70
postpartum, 33
prepregnancy, 17-20
recipients, 9
training and consultation, 82
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, see WIC
Study
approach and scope, 8-9
background information, 6-7
focus, 1-2
Supplements, see Vitamin/mineral supplements
Support groups for mothers, 59-61
T
Team care
composition of team, 103
recommendations, 2, 10, 52, 103
Tobacco
smokeless products, 27
see also Cigarette smoking
Tube feeding
gastrostomy, 74-75
maternal, 29
nasogastric, 74
transpyloric, 75
see also Multiple gestation, and prenatal nutrition
U
Underweight women, adverse pregnancy outcomes, 19
V
Very-low-birth-weight infants, 6
energy metabolism, 69-70
handicap rates for, 83-84
head circumference, 79
intermediate care for, 83
laboratory values for, 80
nutritional requirements, 72
rates, 67-68
Vitamins
deficiency, 21
excessive amounts of, 17
lactation needs, 31
neonatal requirements, 69
postpartum, 30
RDAs, 22
Vitamin/mineral supplements, 45
appropriateness of, 22-23
cystic fibrosis and, 29
folate, 18-19
HIV infection and, 27
iron, 21
lactation and, 32
multiple pregnancy and, 25
preterm birth risk and, 25
W
Weight, measurement, 44;
see also Anthropometric measurements
Weight-for-height (maternal)
and birth weight, 23
categories, recommended weight gain by, 23
extremes, 19
fetal effects, 25
preconceptional nutrition and, 18
Weight gain, gestational
documentation, 42
measurement, 44
recommended ranges, 23
Weight loss
HIV infection and, 27
hypertension treatment with, 20
interventions, 27
medications, 33
postpartum nutrition and, 30, 32-33
WIC, 28
benefits, 46
birth weight and participation in, 5-6, 25, 30
coordination with Maternal and Child Health Program, 94-95, 105
eligibility, 46
federal and state funding for, 20-21
growth of program, 7
lactation supplements, 32
postpartum participation, 6
referral to, 102