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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
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This study was supported by project no. MCJ 117018 from the Maternal and Child Health Program (Title V, Social Security Act), Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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First Printing,
July 1992Second Printing,
January 1993COMMITTEE ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
ROY M. PITKIN (Chair),*
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
BARBARA ABRAMS,
Program in Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
LINDSAY H. ALLEN,
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
MARGIT HAMOSH,
Division of Developmental Biology and Nutrition, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
JANET C. KING,
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California
CHARLES MAHAN,
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, State Health Office, Tallahassee, Florida
JAMES MARTIN,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
CHRISTINE OLSON,
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
LINDA A. RANDOLPH,
Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, on assignment to Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York, New York
KATHLEEN M. RASMUSSEN,
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
JOHN W. SPARKS,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
Staff
CAROL WEST SUITOR, Study Director
YVONNE L. BRONNER, Research Associate (until July 1991)
SHEILA MYLET, Research Associate
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD
M.R.C. GREENWOOD (Chair),
University of California, Davis, California
DONALD B. McCORMICK (Vice Chair),
Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
PERRY L. ADKISSON,
Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
LINDSAY H. ALLEN,
Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
DENNIS M. BIER,
Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
EDWIN L BIERMAN,
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
MICHAEL P. DOYLE,
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
JOHN W. ERDMAN, Jr.,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
NANCY FOGG-JOHNSON,
Consumer Healthcare Division, Miles Incorporated, Elkhart, Indiana
CUTBERTO GARZA,
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
K. MICHAEL HAMBIDGE,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
JANET C. KING,
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California
JOHN E. KINSELLA,
University of California, Davis, California
LAURENCE N. KOLONEL,
Cancer Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
SANFORD MILLER,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
MALDEN C. NESHEIM,
Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ROY M. PITKIN (Ex Officio),
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
STEVE L. TAYLOR (Ex Officio),
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Acknowledgments
The committee wishes to express its appreciation to the many people who made important contributions to this report by providing source materials or special written reports, sharing their views during workshops, commenting on drafts, or otherwise serving as resource persons. In particular, the committee wishes to thank David H. Adamkin, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.; Diane M. Anderson, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C.; Cheryl Bowen, Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.; Mary Sue Brady, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.; Helen Varney Burst, Nurse Midwifery Program, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Jennifer Burton, Nurses Association of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, D.C.; Ronald Chez, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.; Julie A. Clapp, Delaware Health and Social Services, Dover, Del.; Harriet H. Cloud, Nutrition Division, Sparks Center for Developmental and Learning Disorders, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala.; Garris Keels Conner, National Association of Neonatal Nurses, Birmingham, Ala.; Susan Conner, County of Riverside Department of Health, Riverside, Calif.; Carlyle Crenshaw, Jr., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, Md.; Katherine Davis, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss.; Diane Dimperio, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Judith A. Ernst, Department of
Nutrition and Dietetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.; S. Ann Evans, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, Aliso Viejo, Calif.; Walter Faubion, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Ann M. Ferris, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.; Kyle Grazier, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.; Robert Graham, American Academy of Family Physicians, Kansas City, Mo.; Erica Gunderson, Children's Hospital of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.; Ronald Gutberlet, Department of Pediatrics, Mercy Medical Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.; Gordon L. Klein, University of Texas Medical Branch, Child Health Center, Galveston, Tex.; Ronald E. Kleinman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.; Becky Klingbail, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.; Winston Koo, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tenn.; Ann Koontz, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Hyattsville, Md.; Michele Lawler, Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); James A. Lemons, Riley Newborn Follow-up Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.; Brenda Lisi, Food and Nutrition Service, USDA, Alexandria, Va.; Gerald B. Merenstein, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo.; Renee McCleery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex.; Laurie J. Moyer-Mileur, Nutrition Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Sue Murvich, Lutheran Hospital, La Crosse, Wis.; Betty Jo Nelsen, Food and Nutrition Service, USDA, Alexandria, Va.; Stephanie Phelps, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tenn.; Karyl Rickard, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.; Sandra Robbins, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; Helen Schauffler, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.; Shirley Shelton, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, D.C.; Melody Thompson, Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Jacqueline Jones Wessel, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Catherine W. Wiggins, National Association of Neonatal Nurses, Washington, D.C.; and Debra Wilson, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich.
In particular, the committee wishes to acknowledge the essential role of the project director, Carol Suitor, in the development of this report. Without her assistance throughout the span from conception to printing, it could not have been done. Thanks also to many other staff members of the Food and Nutrition Board, the Institute of Medicine, and the Academy Complex, especially Catherine E. Woteki, Geraldine Kennedo, Yvonne Bronner, Sheila Mylet, Susan Wyatt, Sally Stanfield, and Leah Mazade.
List of Tables and Charts
Tables
2-1 |
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Nonpregnant Pregnant, and Lactating Women |
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2-2 |
Recommended Total Weight Gain Ranges for Pregnant Women |
Charts
1-1 |
Characteristics of Basic and Special Nutrition Services |
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3-1 |
Basic Nutritional Care Activities for Expectant and New Mothers |
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3-2 |
Eligibility for Federal Food and Nutrition Programs and Program Benefits |
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3-3 |
Special Nutritional Care Activities for Expectant and New Mothers with Complex Needs |
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5-1 |
Examples of Conditions That Require Special Nutrition Management of the Neonate |
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5-2 |
Nutrition-Related Variables That May Need to Be Monitored for Newborns Who Require Special Care |
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5-3 |
Examples of Nutrition-Related Problems of Preterm, Infants That Can Be Detected by Laboratory Tests |