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Headline News Science Views II
HEADLINE NEWS SCIENCE VIEWS II
Edited by David Jarmul National Research Council
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1993
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Headline News Science Views II
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Headline news, science views II / edited by David Jarmul; National Academy of Sciences . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-309-04834-6
1. Science news—United States. 2. Science—Social aspects— United States. 3. Technology —Social aspects—United States. 4. Health—United States. 5. Medical policy—United States. I. Jarmul, David. II. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) III. Title: Headline news, science views 2.
Q225.H45 1993
303.48'3—dc20 93-16471
CIP
Copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
B-099
Printed in the United States of America
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Headline News Science Views II
CONTENTS
Editor's Note
xi
1
SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
Science and Pseudo-Science
Carl Sagan
3
Confronting Creeping Complexity
Robert W. Lucky
5
The Reality Beyond Science
Victor F. Weisskopf
8
Columbus Day and the Frontier of Exploration
Edward C. Stone Jr.
10
2
EDUCATION
Children and Calculators
Kenneth M. Hoffman
17
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Headline News Science Views II
One Year Down, Nine to Go
Timothy H. Goldsmith
19
Minority Students and Mathematics
Asa G. Hilliard III
22
A Failing Grade for School Tests
Jeremy Kilpatrick
24
Getting Scientists Involved in Science Education
Ramon E. Lopez
27
Barbie, Math and Science
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
30
The Contrast Between Computers and Classrooms
Kenneth G. Wilson
32
Fooling Ourselves About Improving Ourselves
Robert A. Bjork and Daniel Druckman
35
The Overselling of the University
Lester C. Krogh
37
3
THE ENVIRONMENT
The Threat of Climate Change
Daniel J. Evans
43
Designing a Cure for Greenhouse Warming
Thomas H. Lee
45
Aquatic Ecosystems on the Critical List
John J. Berger
48
Science and the National Parks
Paul G. Risser
51
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Headline News Science Views II
Assessing the Threat of Toxic Waste Sites
Anthony B. Miller
53
Protecting Our Nervous Systems from Toxic Chemicals
Philip J. Landrigan
56
Indoor Radon: Hype Versus Help
Anthony V. Nero
58
Deciding Who Gets Western Water
A. Dan Tarlock
61
4
HEALTH CARE
A Health Agenda for Children
Frederick C. Robbins
67
Childhood Vaccines: The Parent's Responsibility
Harvey V. Fineberg
69
The Neglected Mental Health Problems of Adolescents
John J. Conger
72
People's Health, Public Health
Steven A. Schroeder
75
The States and Health Care Innovation
Molly Joel Coye
77
Our Disabled View of Disability
Alvin R. Tarlov
80
The Deadly Threat of Emerging Infections
Joshua Lederberg and Robert E. Shope
82
Taking Women's Health Problems Seriously
Mary Lake Polan
85
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Headline News Science Views II
Pregnant Women, Newborns and AIDS
Mary C. McCormick
87
5
DIET AND NUTRITION
Weight Control: What Really Works
Judith S. Stern
93
Serving Up Nutrition Instead of Guilt
Edward N. Brandt Jr. and Paul R. Thomas
95
The Foods in Our Future
Sanford A. Miller
98
Improving the Safety of Seafood
John Liston
101
Fighting Trim, Fighting Smart
Robert O. Nesheim
103
6
TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION
Getting Serious About Computer Security
David D. Clark
109
Preventing Oil Spills Here at Home
Henry S. Marcus
111
Looking Beyond Potholes
Damian J. Kulash
114
Getting Smart About 'Intelligent' Vehicles and Highways
Daniel Roos
117
A High-Tech Cure for Traffic Jams?
Lawrence D. Dahms
119
Crossing the Bridge to More Beautiful Journeys
Frederick Gottemoeller
122
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Headline News Science Views II
Launching Into a New Era in Space
Joseph G. Gavin Jr.
125
7
THE ECONOMY
Mobilizing for a U.S. Technology Strategy
Erich Bloch
131
The Globalization of Technology
Gerald P. Dinneen
134
How to Keep Factory Jobs from Moving Overseas
Laurence C. Seifert
136
Designing for Prosperity
Charles W. Hoover Jr.
139
Short-Term Thinking in a Long-Term World
Donald N. Frey
142
A New Partnership in American Science and Technology
Richard F. Celeste
144
Work and Family
Lotte Bailyn
147
8
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Beyond the Brazil Summit: Conserving Biodiversity
Peter H. Raven
153
Faltering Science in the Rain Forest
Thurman L. Grove
156
The Perilous State of Science in the Former Soviet Union
Frank Press
158
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Headline News Science Views II
Guatemala: Attacks on Scientists and Research
Eliot Stellar and Carol Corillon
161
The Next Refugee Crisis and the U.S. Response
Carl E. Taylor
163
The Science of Middle East Peace
Zehev Tadmor
166
The Unwelcome Return of Malaria
Charles C.J. Carpenter
168
Creating a Better Atmosphere After the Earth Summit
Robert M. White and Deanna J. Richards
171
Ravages of Nature, Disasters of Mankind
Lawrence K. Grossman
174
9
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
Individuality and the Brain
Gerald M. Edelman
179
Mapping the Human Brain
Joseph B. Martin
181
Gene Therapy: No Longer Just a Concept
Richard B. Johnston
184
Driving to a Safer Future
A. Ray Chamberlain
187
New Priorities in the Heavens
John A. Dutton
190
Reaching for the Answers in the Stars
John N. Bahcall
193
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Headline News Science Views II
Abolishing Long-Range Nuclear Missiles
Sidney D. Drell
195
Angling for a New Food Source
Robert B. Fridley
198
10
THE SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE
Scientific Openness vs. Litigation Secrecy
Frederick R. Anderson
203
DNA Typing and the Courts
Victor A. McKusick
206
The Legal Barrier to Life-Saving Drugs
Louis Lasagna
208
Science, Medicine and Animals
Kurt Isselbacher
211
Preventing Fraud in Science
Howard E. Morgan
214
Some of the Toughest Jobs in the World
Norman R. Augustine
216
The Dilemma Behind the Dinosaur Exhibits
Robert M. West
219
Too Noisy to Hear the Universe
R. Marcus Price
221
The Blocked Road to Tomorrow's Cures
Katherine Wilson
224
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Headline News Science Views II
AFTERWORD
Writing for Newspaper Op-Ed Pages: A Guide to Getting Your Views Published
David Jarmul
229
INDEX
238
All of the articles and author affiliations in this book appear as originally published.
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Headline News Science Views II
Editor's Note
The Information Revolution. The AIDS epidemic. Space travel. In countless ways, changes involving science and technology are reshaping our lives. Computers are transforming our economy. New technology brings us everything from Scud missiles to MTV videos. Medical breakthroughs help us live longer even as global warming and atmospheric ozone depletion threaten our future.
It is nearly impossible to read through a newspaper without finding several stories involving science, technology and health care. But for many Americans, especially those without a technical background, these topics often are confusing, even intimidating. People read conflicting claims about an issue and wonder where the truth lies. They sense their lives being changed by everyone from the farmer in the Amazon to the computer hacker next door. But real understanding remains elusive, hidden in a shroud of jargon and details.
This book will help everyone — expert and non-expert alike — to make sense of some of today's most important issues involving science, technology and health care. The authors include dozens of the world's most prominent experts, writing in a readable and engaging journalistic style. The articles are similar in format to those in the first edition of Headline News, Science Views, published in 1991.
As with the first volume, the articles in this edition ap-
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Headline News Science Views II
peared originally on the editorial and opinion pages of daily newspapers. They were distributed by the National Academy Op-Ed Service. Begun in 1983 under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, the Service provides more than 300 newspapers with timely articles by scientific and technical experts. The papers receive the weekly articles free with exclusive rights within their cities. Among those that have published stories from the service are The Atlanta Constitution, The Baltimore Sun, The Boston Globe, The Chicago Tribune, The Cleveland Plain Dealer, The Detroit News, The Houston Chronicle, The Miami Herald, Newsday, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The San Francisco Chronicle and The St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
The wonderful cartoons and drawings in this volume were used by editors at subscribing newspapers. The artists and editors granted us permission to reprint the illustrations here.
The Op-Ed Service would not exist without the continued support and encouragement of the newspaper editors who have helped us bring these complex scientific and technical issues into the arena of public debate. We also are indebted to hundreds of study committee members, staff officers and others within the Academy who have shared their expertise and offered advice on story ideas. The entire staff of the Academy news office supports the Service in many ways. In particular, Stephen Push, director of the office, and Patricia Worns, the copy editor, played an invaluable role in producing the articles presented here.
Our greatest thanks is reserved for the authors, who took time out from busy schedules to prepare these articles without pay and under tight deadlines. Making the transition from scientific text to newspaper prose was not always easy, but it was made much smoother by authors whose prominence was matched by their patience, eloquence and genuine desire to reach out beyond the scientific community to the American public.
David Jarmul
