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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

Index

A

Adenovirus, 99, 205

Aesthetic impacts

Boston Harbor, 43

defined, 108

and economic impacts, 108

quantification of, 108

water quality and, 121

Agricultural runoff, 2, 8, 55

Agriculture

best management practices, 28

pesticide application rates and timing, 28

Air pollution, 140

Alabama, 211

Albermarle-Pamlico Sound, 71

Algae, 115

aesthetic impacts, 108

bladderwrack, 180

filamentous, 180

opportunistic, 180

overgrowth of coral, 191

reef, 210

zooxanthallae, 181

see also Phytoplankton

Algal blooms, nuisance, 23, 24

and anoxia and hypoxia, 181

causes, 157, 182, 193-194

controls on, 182-194

diatom, 102, 181, 193

dinoflagelates, 181, 193, 210

estuaries experiencing, 33

and fish mortality, 181

frequency, 181-182, 193, 195

gambiodiscus toxins, 210

gold-brown dinoflagellate, 181, 193

gymnodinium, 210

health risks, 98

management of, 195

nutrients and, 8, 54, 95, 96, 102, 122, 177, 183, 193, 210

and pathogen survival, 217

and seagrass dieback, 180

silicon and, 102

threats to marine wildlife, 46, 54

toxins, 54, 181, 193, 209-210

trace metal availability and, 102-103, 194, 195

zooplankton grazing pressures and, 183

see also Brown tides;

Green tides;

Red tides

Ammonia, 135

Ammonium, 179, 186

Amphipods, 103

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

Anoxia, 177

causes, 96, 102, 179, 181, 194

in continental shelf waters, 102

defined, 178

nitrogen loadings and, 192

Apalachicola Bay, 183, 184, 188-190

Arsenic, 6, 25, 99

Ascaris sp., 204

Astrovirus, 205

Atmospheric deposition, 2, 116

modeling and control, 138-139

of nutrients, 8, 55

of PCBs, 138

and urban runoff, 369

Aureococcus anophagefferens, 182

Australia, 180, 187

B

Bacteria, 26

and closure of shellfish beds and beaches, 33

in coastal waters, 210, 211

enterococcus levels, 117, 118, 121, 127

examples, 99

indicator, see Coliform bacteria

survival patterns, 67, 135

transport, 135

wastewater-associated, 207-208

waterborne diseases, 207-208

Baltic Sea, 178

algal bed dieback, 180

algal blooms in, 193, 194

anoxic bottom waters, 179

cyanobacteria blooms, 182, 187

nutrient limitation, 183, 188, 189

Barataria Bay, 71, 184, 190

Bay ecosystems, 53, 54, 56, 115

Beaches

aesthetic concerns, 108

closed, 4-5, 33, 43

pathogens detected at, 211

plastics and floatables on, 108

safety concerns, 92

Santa Monica Bay, 115-116

trash/marine debris on, 5, 6, 27

Benthic

accumulation of organic matter, 123

algae, 191

algal mats, 187

communities, 109

ecosystems, 36, 179

invertebrates, 178

release of contaminants, 124

Bioaccumulation

of metals, 5, 123

of pesticides, 139

of toxic compounds, 25, 104, 138

Biochemical oxygen demand, 34, 58

concerns associated with, 10, 23, 56

deep-ocean discharge and, 60

definition and impacts, 24, 179

inputs to estuaries and coastal seas, 179

monitoring, 150

nutrients and, 6, 8, 10, 26, 54, 59

outfall design and, 6

priority assigned to, 5, 27

removal capabilities of treatment systems, 46-47, 57, 58, 59, 61

secondary treatment, 9-10, 46-47, 58, 59

standards, 32, 43

Biogeochemical cycles, 184-185

Biological treatment processes

activated sludge treatment, 58

advances in, 311-312

biological aerated filters, 311

chemically enhanced primary plus, 57, 60, 61, 321-322

conventional primary plus, 57, 60, 61, 321, 329-331

high-biomass, 312

nitrogen discharges from, 59

plus nutrient removal, 57

secondary, 46-47, 49, 57, 158

sequencing batch reactors, 311-312

Biosolids (see Sludge)

Boating traffic, 2, 22, 29, 108

Boston Harbor

cleanup, 20, 42-47

coliform bacteria, 65

CSO discharges into, 43, 44, 65, 158

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

effluent discharges, 42-43

federal appropriations for, 44

flows (annual) in, 46

health risks from pathogens, 218

secondary treatment needs, 158

sludge discharges into, 43

Brown pelican, 25, 36

Brown tides, 8, 181, 182, 193, 194

Buzzards Bay, 71

Byfjord, 188, 189

C

Cadmium, 5, 25, 99

Calcivirus, 205

California

benthic animal communities, 179

Los Angeles, 115, 116, 140

Los Angeles County, 116, 179, 180

Ocean Plan, 47, 49, 117, 126, 127-128, 170

offshore swimmable boundary, 117

Orange County Sanitation Districts, 3, 116, 131-132, 234, 298-299

pathogens in shellfish-growing waters, 211

population growth, 70

rainfall patterns, 62

Santa Monica Bay, 114-119

State Water Resources Control Board, 47

wastewater flows, 70

Water Resources Control Board, 127, 128

water shortages, 49

Camden County wastewater treatment plant, 39

Campylobacter, 24, 99, 100, 207, 208, 209

Cancer, 99, 101, 112, 118

Cape Cod, 46

Capitellid worms, 103

Carcinogens, 99

Casco Bay, 71

Case histories

Boston Harbor, 20, 42-47

San Diego, 47-51

Santa Monica Bay, 114-119

Cattle, 209, 211

Center for Marine Conservation,

Coastal Cleanup program, 108

Charles River, 42

Chemical oxygen demand, 179, 150

Chesapeake Bay, 144-145, 166

Agreement, 96, 97

anoxia, 179, 192

Commission, 96

cyanobacteria blooms, 182

eutrophication, 41, 183

hydrodynamic water quality model, 96

monitoring program, 168

nitrate in, 138

nitrogen inputs, 184, 192

oyster population, 181, 183

nutrient control in, 34, 75, 95, 96-97

nutrient limitation on phytoplankton production, 183, 188-190

pathogens in, 211

seagrass dieback, 180

Chester River, 211

Chlordane, 118

Chlorine/chlorination, 5, 27, 58-59, 141, 346

Chlorophyll a, 39, 187-190

Cholera, 66, 203, 207

Chromium, 25

Ciguatera poisoning, 100, 210

Cladophora sp., 180

Clean Water Act (CWA), 2, 140

Area Wide Planning Studies, 16, 63

enforcement of discharge standards, 32, 399-400

EPA responsibilities under, 29, 167

litigation for violations of, 44-45

nonpoint-source pollution control, 31, 232

objectives of, 31

permits, 399

point sources under, 232

POTWs in compliance with, 33

reauthorization, 51

regional wastewater plans, 161

regulatory approach, 144, 146, 399 401

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

secondary treatment requirements, 43

Section 320 modification, 18, 170

standards, 43, 399

waivers from secondary treatment requirements, 3, 31, 34, 43-44, 50-51, 157, 171

water quality description, 126

Coast Guard, 29-30

Coastal environment

human expectations for, 29, 89-90

population pressures on, 13, 21, 74

resources, 89

stresses on, 2, 13, 21-22, 74

Coastal management

federal role in, 2-3, 29-30

funding availability for, 13

integration of environmental decision making, 396-398

local and regional government roles in, 30

objectives, 21

public role in, 30

region, definition of, 160-161

state role in, 29

sustainable, 74-76;

see also Integrated coastal management

Coastal waters

differential response to wastewater and stormwater inputs, 54

dilution capacity, 7, 35, 138

exchange of marine waters, 53-54

Exclusive Economic Zone, 35, 36

nutrients in, 54-55

Coastal zone

divisions, 35;

see also Estuaries;

Continental shelf waters;

Ocean waters

regional differences in characteristics, 35-36, 53-54

Coliform bacteria, 5

accuracy as health risk indicator, 11-12, 66-67

in Delaware Estuary, 40

detection, 62

enumeration methods, 67

fecal, 38, 40, 62, 66, 127, 208, 209, 218

in New York Harbor, 38

standards, 66, 121

survival in marine waters, 214, 215, 217

temporal and spatial considerations, 135

total, 38, 66, 127, 208, 209, 218

Coliphage, 67

Combined sewer overflow controls, 134

catch-basin cleaning, 353, 136-137

costs of treatment facilities, 11, 63

dynamic in-line storage and real-time control, 355-356

flow system optimization, 354-356

high-rate satellite treatment, 357-360

history and problems, 350-352

information requirements for, 135

integration of techniques, 65, 362-363

legislation of requirements, 63, 65

off-line storage, 360-362

performance comparisons of technologies, 11, 63, 363-366

for plastics and floatables, 125

recommendations, 10-11

research on, 62, 63

screening facilities, 358-359

secondary treatment, 45

sewer flushing, 353-354

sewer separation, 356-357

source controls, 137, 352-356

static control regulators, 355

storage capacity improvements and, 28, 46, 47, 137

storm drain warnings, 9

street sweeping, 9, 353

technologies, 352-366

vortex solids separators, 359-360

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs), 2, 41

aesthetic impacts, 108

bacterial contamination from, 46, 62, 99

defined, 27, 232

discharges into coastal waters, 43, 44

impacts, 10, 11, 61-62

modeling, 136-137

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

outlets, 136-137

pollutant loadings, 11, 62

toxic organic chemicals in, 5

and urban runoff, 372-373

Combined sewer systems, 43

Composting, of sludge, 340, 341

Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan, 17, 167-168

Coney Island, 36

Conjunctivitis, 205

Conservation Law Foundation, 44-45

Continental shelf waters

anoxia in, 102

characteristics, 35-36

Copper, 25

Coral reefs

die-off, 8, 20, 24, 55, 102, 177, 181, 190, 194

sensitivity to toxic substances, 105

Corpus Christi Bay, 71

Cost-effectiveness

considerations in risk management, 141-142

of CSO and urban runoff treatment facilities, 11, 63

of integrated coastal management, 159

of pathogen detection methods, 68

of pollution prevention, 300, 303-307

of pretreatment, 303-307

and public support of environmental protection, 69

of wastewater reuse, 316-317

of wastewater treatment systems, 57, 59-61, 141-142

Coxsackie viruses, 99, 204, 205, 221

Cryptosporidium, 99, 100, 206, 207, 208-209

C. parvum, 209

Cyanobacteria, 182, 186-187, 194

D

DDT, 5, 24, 33, 34, 36, 99, 116, 118

Dechlorination, 59, 346-347

Deicing chemicals, 372

Delaware Bay, 41, 71, 184, 190

Delaware Estuary

fecal coliforms, 40

fish populations, 39

status of, 39-41

toxics, 39, 41

Delaware Inland Bays, 71

Delaware River

dissolved oxygen concentrations, 39

effluent discharges into, 39

pollution control in, 33

water quality, 39

Denitrification, 58, 60, 186

Detention areas, 28

Developmental effects, 99

Diabetes, 12, 99

Diarrhea, 12, 65, 205, 206, 207

Diffuse sources

defined, 136, 232, 240

modeling and control of, 136-139, 240

natural streams and rivers, 137-138

of nutrients, 8

see also Atmospheric deposition;

Combined sewer overflows;

Nonpoint sources;

Stormwater runoff;

other individual sources

Dioxins, 5

Disinfection methods

chlorination, 58-59, 346

dechlorination, 59, 346-347

efficacy in pathogen inactivation, 50, 65-66, 206, 348-350

electron beam, 348

ozone disinfection, 347

solids interference with, 60

toxicity, 122, 127

tradeoffs in use of, 60

ultraviolet irradiation, 59, 347-348

Dissolved oxygen concentrations, 92

causes of depletion, 9

in Delaware River, 39

in New York Harbor, 36, 39

and pathogen survival, 217

remedial actions, 124

temporal and spatial considerations, 135

water quality standard, 128

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

see also Anoxia;

Biochemical oxygen demand;

Hypoxia

District of Columbia, 96, 137

Dolphins, mass deaths, 20

Domoic acid poisoning, 100

Dose-response relationships

defined, 95

for microorganisms, 219, 219-222

nitrogen and eutrophication, 95, 97, 187-192

risk assessment and, 94

Dredging and filling, 2, 22, 29

Dubos, Rene, 98

Dumping, illegal, 63

Dumpsite 106, 139, 274-275

Dutch Wadden Sea, 180

Dysentery, 207

E

Ear infections, 65

East River, 36, 180, 211

Echovirus, 99, 204, 205, 220, 222, 223, 224

Economic instruments for regulation, 82, 404-405, 412-413

administrative charges, 406

advantages over command-andcontrol regulation, 146-147

applicability, 172, 410

critique of, 408-412

deposit-refund systems, 407-408

development of, 77

effectiveness, 77, 408-409

efficiency, 409

effluent charges, 406

fairness, 409-410

feasibility, 410

incentives for technology improvement, 411

liability assignment, 408

liability insurance, 407

marketable permits, 407

monitoring and reporting requirements, 411

noncompliance fees, 408

performance bonds, 408

pollution prevention versus abatement, 412

product charges, 406

redistribution of income, 410

risk, 410-411

subsidies, 407

tax differentiation, 407

types of incentives, 405-408

user charges, 406

Economists, perspectives of, 91

Ecosystems

health indicators, 103, 121

pelagic, 115

priority setting for, 119

sensitivity of, 104-105

stresses and stressors, 103-105, 111, 113

Education strategies, 82, 125

components, 146, 147, 418-420

evaluation as a tool, 422-423

examples, 420-421

and source control, 9, 56, 63

strategies and issues, 421-422

Effluent discharges

from barges and ships, 238-239

into Boston Harbor, 42-43

into Delaware River, 39

limitations, charges, and prohibitions, 128, 131

mechanisms of input, 233-240

modeling, 12

monitoring requirements, 3

national permit system, 3, 4, 32

into New York Harbor, 34, 36

pathogens in, 99-100, 212

problems and remedial actions, 120, 122-125

regulation of, 29, 31, 127-128, 401-402;

see also specific statutes

into Santa Monica Bay, 116

screening, 125

standards, 401-402

technology-based standards, 31-32

temporal and spatial considerations in, 135

of toxic pollutants, 31

untreated, 39

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

wastewater reclamation and reuse as alternative to, 314-317

see also Outfalls

Electric power production, 116

Endangered species, 25, 36, 46, 119

Endangered Species Act, 29

Energy conservation and recovery, 298

Enforcement mechanisms, 42, 50

Entamoeba sp., 99, 216

E. histolytica, 206-207

Enteric microorganisms

die-off rates, 67

fish and shellfish contamination, 65

illnesses from bathing, 217-218

number in sewage, 203

occurrence in coastal waters, 211-214

survival in marine waters, 65, 214-217

in treated wastewater, 65

in urban storm runoff, 65

viruses, 5, 24, 27, 12, 211-214

Enteromorpha sp., 180

Environment, see Coastal environment

Environmental degradation, measures of, 109

Environmental inequity, 90

Environmental professionals, 30

Environmental Protection Agency

California Ocean Plan approval, 127

Chesapeake Bay Program, 96

consent decrees, 49-50

denial of secondary treatment waiver requests, 43-44

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 149-150

health risk assessment, 117

lawsuits against, 45

National Esturary Program, 114, 167

permitting structure, 65

Quotient Method of risk assessment, 106-108

regulatory responsibilities, 29, 156

Science Advisory Board, 75

secondary treatment standards, 9

sediment quality assessment methods, 107, 108-109

target for environmental protection efforts, 75

water quality criteria, 66, 106

Environmentalists, perspectives of, 91

Erosion, 195, 372

Escherichia coli, 66, 67, 207, 208, 214, 215, 218

Estuaries

algal blooms, 102

anoxia in, 102

characteristics, 35, 53-54

circulation patterns, 53-54

closed for shellfish harvesting, 33

ecological importance of, 35

eutrophication, 4, 54

impairment of designated uses of, 33

National Estuary Program participants, 71

nitrogen inputs to, 184

nutrient input rates, 102

protection strategies, 70, 71, 114, 144-145, 167-168, 396

sedimentation in, 7, 56

tropical lagoons, 183

Estuarine mixing zones, 26

Eutrophication, 4, 24, 27

and algal bed dieback, 180, 194

and anoxia and hypoxia, 92, 102, 177, 178-180, 194

biological secondary treatment and, 59

controls on, 138, 182-194

and coral reef die-off, 194

defined, 54

and dissolved oxygen, 9

dose-response relationships in, 187-192

estuaries with problems, 33

and food-web shifts, 54-55, 178

management, 188, 191-192

model, 41

nutrients and, 8, 33, 95, 177, 178-180, 182, 191-192

phosphate detergent bans and, 33

phytoplankton decomposition and, 179

and seagrass dieback, 180, 194

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

and silicon abundance, 193-194

zooplankton grazing pressures and, 183

Exclusive Economic Zone, 35, 36

Expenditures for treatment upgrades, 2, 20

F

Federal Water Pollution Control, 156

1972 amendments, 2-3, 4, 31, 77

see also Clean Water Act

Financing mechanisms, 146, 164

and cost burden of wastewater management system, 147

cost incidence and, 429

debt, 147, 427-428

dedicated taxes, 147, 426

economic impacts and, 428-430

general tax revenue, 147, 425-426

incentives for efficient management and, 429

intergovernmental transfers, 147, 427

revenue adequacy and stability and, 428

user charges, 147, 426-427

willingness to pay for services and, 430

Fish and shellfish

algal blooms and, 181, 193

bacterial contamination of, 4-5, 12, 24, 26, 65, 203

bacteriological standards, 66

bay scallops, 181

habitat losses, 178

hypoxia and, 92, 178

kills, 98, 181

metal concentrations in, 5, 25, 118

methyl mercury in, 100

nutrient effects on, 8, 55, 92, 102

oysters, 181, 183, 211, 222

population increases, 39

protection of, 31

risk assessment, 100, 224-226

sardine, 115

toxic contaminants in, 33, 118

toxins in, 181, 193, 209-210

unacceptable for human consumption, 41

viral contamination, 222

see also Seafood;

Shellfish beds

Fish and Wildlife Service, 30

Fisheries, 81, 82, 105, 119

bait burse seine, 116

Fishing

commercial interests, 30, 116

line, 25

Fishstock management, 29

Floatables, see Plastics and floatables

Flocculation, 7

Flood channels, 232

Florida

pathogens in shellfish-growing waters, 211

red tides, 193, 194

seafood safety concerns, 66

Florida Keys, coral die-off in, 20

Food and Drug Administration, 29, 66

Food webs

bioaccumulation of toxics in, 139

nutrient enrichment and, 54-55, 102, 178

Freshwater

flows, 22

impoundment and diversion, 2

nutrients in, 8, 26, 54, 102, 183, 185

phytoplankton production in, 183, 185

Fucus sp., 180

G

Galveston Bay, 71

Garbage, 108

Gastroenteritis

bacterial, 211

exposure routes, 217-218

infantile, 205

outbreaks, 204

seafood-associated, 207, 222

from swimming, 217-218

viruses, 205

Gastrointestinal illness, 24, 26, 99, 117

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

Gene probes, 68

Giardia sp., 12, 99, 100, 204, 208-209, 215, 216

G. lamblia, 206, 207

Grants for small business, 305, 307

Graveline Bayou, 212

Great Lakes, 138

International Joint Commission, 110

Water Quality Agreement, 75, 166

Great South Bay, 193

Green tides, 181, 193

Ground water

contaminated, infiltration of, 22

discharge, nutrients in, 8, 55

flow, 2

Growth management, 144, 145

applications, 146, 147

evaluation of planning tool, 416-417

implementation of, 172

land-use planning and, 413-414

planning for bays, sounds, and estuaries, 414-415

water resource planning and management, 415-416

H

Habitat destruction

ecosystem priorities and, 119

hypoxia and, 178

spawning fish, 22

Habitats

critical, 35

priority setting for, 119

Harvey-Peel estuary, 187

Hawaii, 33

Hazardous materials, 23, 29

examples, 5

household, collection programs, 63

priority assigned to, 5, 27

spills, 29-30

Health (human) effects

acute effects, 98-99

Boston Harbor, 43

chronic, 99

definition of health, 98

development of clinical illness, 220-221

economic consequences as, 98

high-risk behaviors, 100

illnesses from bathing, 217-218

lost recreational opportunities as, 98

risk assessment, 68, 94, 98-101, 118-119, 218-224

stressors considered as, 98-99

and water quality, 121

see also Coliform bacteria;

Enteric microorganisms;

Pathogens

Heavy metals, 23

concerns about, 5-6, 10, 56

at CSO outfalls, 62

dissolved, 5

examples and impacts, 25, 26

monitoring of, 150

priority assigned to, 5-6

removal during primary treatment, 58, 10, 60-61

risk assessment, 99

seafood contamination, 118

in sediments, 135

source control, 5, 46, 55, 141

temporal and spatial scales, 135

toxicity determinants, 99

in urban runoff, 62, 374

see also Trace metals;

and individual metals

Helminths, 204

Hepatitis A, 12, 24, 26, 66, 99, 204, 205, 221, 222, 224

Hepatitis non-A, non-B, 205

Herpangina, 205

Hong Kong harbor, 193

Hookworms, 204

Hudson River, 182, 183, 211

Humboldt-Arcata Bay, 211

Humpback whale, 46

Hurricanes, 23

Hypoxia

causes, 96, 102, 157, 177, 179, 181, 194

ecological damage from, 178-179

and fish and shellfish stocks, 92

temporal and spatial scales, 135

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

I

Incineration of sludge, 59, 139, 342-343

Indian River Lagoon, 71

Industrial discharges

pretreatment, 9, 28, 46, 55, 123

reduction of, 28

source control and, 55

of spent cooling water, 2, 21

of treated wastewater, 2, 21

Information management, 84-85, 150-151

Integrated coastal management

administrative authorities, 81, 93-94, 161-162

applicability, 85-86

barriers and solutions, 16, 75, 83, 160-165

benefits, 16, 75, 158-160

conservative analyses and, 92

contingency planning, 165

cost-effectiveness considerations, 159

cross-media considerations, 140-141

defined, 14, 77, 88

definition of coastal management region, 160-161

development of plans, 70, 145

ecologically based strategy, 77-78

economic interests and, 92

enforcement of commitments, 165

examples, 96

federal legislation for, 170-171

fiscal considerations, 92

flexibility in, 16, 78, 84, 128, 159

implementation of, 14, 17-19, 42, 84, 136, 145-147, 164, 165-172

institutional arrangements, 83-84, 144-145, 169-170

international agenda, 76

local support and commitment, 159-160

methodology, 75

monitoring progress, 14, 42, 84, 93, 128, 149-150, 164-165

objectives, 13, 14, 16, 41-42, 75, 76, 77, 79, 92

personalized expectations and, 92

political objectives and, 84, 86, 91

pollution prevention and, 172

preservation interests, 92

principles, 14, 76-79

professional perspectives and, 91

public expectations and, 16, 76, 77, 78, 84, 86, 89-91, 92

public involvement in, 16-17, 42, 90-91, 168

recommendations, 14, 17

regulation of, 171-172

research program, 14, 42, 85, 93, 151

resource considerations in, 93

scientific demands and, 92

social science dimensions of, 172

sources of contaminants and, 93

technical progress and, 76

transdisciplinary perspective, 78

World Bank guidelines, 76

see also individual programs

Integrated coastal management process assessment of human expectations, 89-91

consensus building in, 163

defining issues, 91-92, 116-117

domain definition, 16, 80-81, 93-94, 95, 96-97, 160-161

dynamic planning, 14-15, 42, 78, 83, 88-143, 149, 151, 158-159

environmental processes, defining, 79

feasibility considerations, 94, 142

feedback in, 83, 84, 86, 136, 149

goal setting, 79-80, 88-92, 93, 95, 96-97, 158, 162-164

health stressors considered in, 98

human expectations, defining, 80, 98

information management, 78, 84-85, 150-151, 169

inventory of resources and conditions, 89, 165

priority setting, 79, 81, 95, 110, 119

public's role in, 82

review of existing scientific knowledge, 89

risk assessment, 42, 78, 81-82, 85, 88, 94-95, 98-110, 117-119, 163

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

risk comparison, 78, 81-82, 85, 88, 110-114

risk management alternatives, development of, 81, 84, 82-83, 120-143, 163

for Santa Monica Bay, 114-119

selection of options, 14, 15, 78, 84, 147-149

International Joint Commission, 110

Interstitial water toxicity, 109

Intertidal ecosystems, 36, 180

Introduced species, 2, 23

Iron, 24, 102-103, 187, 194, 195

Isospora, 206

K

Kaneohe Bay, 184, 188-191

Kattegat, 179, 193

Kelp beds

bacteriological standards for, 47, 49, 50

dieback, 180-181

forests, 115

solids discharges into, 180-181

water quality requirements, 117, 141

Kill van Kull, 36

King Harbor, 115

Kungsbacka Fjord, 188, 189

L

Lake Pontchartrain, 218

Land disposal of sludge, 47, 59, 139, 340, 341

Land use

in coastal watersheds, 2, 21

growth management and, 396-397, 413-414

implementation of management objectives, 84

planning for bays, sounds, and estuaries, 82, 145, 164, 414-415

and urban pollutant loading, 373

Lawn chemicals, 372

Lead, 5, 6, 25, 27, 33, 139

Listeria monocytogenes, 211

Litigation

and Boston Harbor cleanup, 108, 110

for CWA violations, 44-45, 49

of damage recovery, federal role in, 29

for raw sewage spills, 49

United States and State of California v. San Diego, 50

Litter, 116, 369

Liver disease, 99

Loch Etive, 188

Long Island, virus counts, 67

Long Island Sound, 33, 71, 136

brown tides, 181

contaminated shellfish beds, 92

eutrophication, 92, 190

fish and shellfish stocks, 92, 181

green tides, 181

hypoxia in, 157, 179, 180, 190

integrated nitrogen management plan, 157

nitrogen inputs from sewage, 157, 184, 188, 190

phosphorus loadings, 189

phytoplankton production, 188, 189, 190

Study, 157

Los Angeles County coast, 33-34

Louisiana, 211

M

Macrocystis pyrifera, 180

Maine, red tides, 194

Management approaches, see Wastewater management approaches

Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory, 185

Marine resource restoration projects, 29

Marine sanctuaries, 83

Marine wildlife

chlorine toxicity, 59

hazards of plastics and floatables to, 25, 108

monitoring populations of, 29

protection of, 31

refuges, 30

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

Maryland, 96

Mass Bays, 71

Massachusetts

Metropolitan District Commission, 43-44, 46

Springfield pollution prevention program, 299

Water Resources Authority, 43, 45, 47

see also Boston Harbor

Massachusetts Bay, 43, 45-46, 47

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston Harbor studies, 46-47

Measurement, of pollutant transport, 247-248

Medical wastes, 20

Meningitis, 12, 205

Mercury, 5, 25, 118

Mesotrophic lakes, 190

Metals, see Heavy metals;

Trace metals

Methane, 59, 140

Methyl mercury, 100

Mice and rats, 209

Michigan, 213

Midland Beach, 36

Migratory waterfowl hunting bag limits, 105

Mission Bay, 47

Mississippi, 212, 222, 223

Mobile Bay, 184

Models/modeling

advances in, 41

barge and ship discharges, 238-239

Chesapeake Bay, 96

diffusion at outfalls, 134

dispersion, 242-244

ecosystem stressors, 111

eutrophication, 41

far-field transport and dispersion of contaminants, 240-242

health risk assessment, 218-224

and integrated coastal management, 76, 121

oil spill trajectory, 6

outfall mixing/dilution, 235-238

pathogen contamination, 118

phytoplankton production, 194

pollutant transport and fate, 130, 134-139, 232-233, 240-248

predictive simulation, 6, 42, 69, 136

prototype verification of, 12, 69

sediment quality, 107, 270-272, 280-282

sewage effluent behavior, 12, 69

sludge discharge to ocean, 139-140

uncertainties in, 136, 233

virus risk model applied to shellfish consumption risks, 222-224

water quality, 96

Molybdenum, 187

Monitoring

defined, 149

ecosystem effects, 150

effluent discharges, 3

EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 149-150

health effects, 150

implementation of integrated coastal management, 84, 164-165

importance, 149

long-term, 70

marine animal populations, 29

national and regional programs, 33, 149-150

pathogens, 11-12, 65-68, 121, 127, 150, 211;

see also Coliform bacteria

pollution trends on coastlines, 29, 93

of POTWs with waivers, 34

public role in, 168

wastewater management strategies, 28, 70

water and sediment quality, 69, 84, 208

Mudflats, 35

Multiport diffusers, 28, 45, 131-134

Municipal wastewater treatment plants

combined sewer overflows, 21

Deer Island, 43, 45, 46, 47

effluent discharges, 2, 21, 27, 39

emphasis on, 77

energy use, 140, 344

environmental costs of construction and operation, 140

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

expenditures for construction or expansion, 2, 32-33, 155

federal grants for, 2, 43, 44, 400

funding and management authority, 30, 155

Hyperion, 116

nitrogen inputs to estuaries from, 184

Nut Island, 43

operating costs, 2, 27

performance standards, 155

Point Loma, 47, 50, 141

preventive maintenance, 55, 125

types of, 131

upgrades, 39, 43, 44

Whites Point, 116

see also Publicly owned treatment works

Municipal wastewater treatment systems

advances in, 309-319

biological aerated filters, 311

carbon adsorption, 58

chemical coagulants (natural), 318

costs, 59, 141-142, 324-332

energy costs of, 59

engineering components, 130

environmental-quality-driven design of, 120, 126, 129-130

fats, oil, and grease capabilities, 335, 338

gravity filtration, 60, 61, 206, 322-323

high-biomass, 312

high-rate settlers, 310

institutional barriers to innovation, 318-319

magnetite process, 318

metals capabilities, 332-337

natural, 312-313, 318

nutrient removal, 58, 60, 61, 322-323

optimization of primary stage(s), 309-311

performance, 56-58, 324-332

primary effluent filtration, 310

qualitative comparisons, 56-58, 328-332

recommendations, 10

representative, descriptions of, 319-324

reverse osmosis, 57, 58, 60, 61, 318

screening and settling operations, 56, 58

screening materials, 310-311

sedimentation tanks, 125

sequencing batch reactors, 311-312

sludge, 338-343

solar aquatic, 313-314

source control, 131

technical tradeoffs in, 59-60

tertiary/advanced, 58

toxic organic chemical capabilities, 332-337

wastewater reclamation and reuse, 314-317

water conservation, 317

see also Biological treatment processes;

Disinfection;

Nutrient removal systems;

Outfalls;

Primary treatment;

Secondary treatment

N

Narragansett Bay, 71, 181, 184, 188-190

National Coastal Quality Program (proposed), 18, 170

National Coastal Zone Management Act, 18, 29, 166

National Estuary Program, 17, 18, 70, 71, 114, 166, 167-168, 170

National Marine Fisheries Service, 29

National Marine Sanctuaries, 29

National Ocean Service, 29

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

coastal management responsibilities, 29

litigation of damage recovery actions, 29

marine monitoring program, 150

National Status and Trends Program, 150

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 29

research responsibilities, 29

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, 3, 4, 32, 170

National Research Council, charge to, 1

Nephritis, 205

Neponset River, 42

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 100, 209, 210

Neurotoxicity, 99

New Hampshire, 212

New Jersey

beach trash, 108

viral isolations from shellfish beds, 213

New Jersey Harbor, 71

New Port River Estuary System, 213

New York Bay, 184, 190

New York Bight, 33

anoxic bottom waters, 102, 179

Dumpsite 106, 139

nutrient transport into, 183

viral isolations from shellfish beds, 213, 222, 223

New York City

health risks from pathogens, 218

treatment plant upgrades, 33, 34, 37, 180

New York Harbor

beach conditions, 36

coliform bacteria, 36, 38

dissolved oxygen concentrations, 36, 39

effluent discharges into, 34

National Estuary Program participation, 71

nutrient transport into, 183

Salmonella, 211

water quality, 33

Night soil, 204

Nitrate, 138

Nitrification, 58, 124

Nitrogen, 4, 24, 26, 27, 177

and algal blooms, 8, 46, 157, 193, 194

and anoxia, 192

biogeochemical cycles and, 184, 185

from biological secondary treatment, 59

in Cape Cod Bay, 46

dissolved inorganic, 184, 190

dose-response relationship in eutrophication, 187-192

estuaries affected by, 33

and eutrophication, 8, 33, 102, 188, 194

fixation, 102, 185-187

in freshwater versus saltwater, 8, 34, 102, 185

inputs to estuaries, 184, 188, 192

integrated management plan for, 157

levels in Delaware River, 39

and phytoplankton production, 54, 182-187, 190

removal, 47, 58, 59-60, 157

in sediments, 59, 185

from sewage treatment plants, 183-184

standards, 126

transport, 179

watershed controls on, 141

Nongovernmental organizations, 30

Nonpoint sources, 41, 366-367

characterization problems, 367-368

defined, 232

importance, 13

management, 31, 298, 367-368

of nutrients, 55

regulation of, 171, 232, 400-401

see also Diffuse sources;

Urban runoff;

and individual sources

North Carolina

fish kills in estuaries, 181

virus isolations from shellfish beds, 213, 223

Winston-Salem pollution prevention program, 300

North Sea, 179, 193

Norwalk virus, 204, 205

Nutrient removal systems, 46

disadvantages, 122

and granular activated carbon, 60, 61, 323-324

with gravity filtration, 322-323

with high lime, 60, 61, 323, 323-324

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

with reverse osmosis, 60, 61, 324

from wastewater, 322

Nutrients, 23

and algal blooms, 8, 23, 24, 54, 95, 96, 102, 122, 178-180, 210

anoxia and hypoxia problems, 96, 102, 178-180, 194

and bacterial numbers, 217

benefits, 54, 102, 139, 177

and biochemical oxygen demand, 6, 8, 10, 26, 54, 59

in Chesapeake Bay, 96-97

control strategies, 34, 75, 96-97, 138, 182-187

and coral die-off, 102, 194

cycling, and biostimulation, 261-263

and eutrophication, 8, 34, 54, 102, 178-180, 182, 194

examples, 5

and fish and shellfish populations, 102

and food-web shifts, 54-55, 102

goals, 95

impacts, 4, 8, 23, 24, 26, 54-55, 95, 96, 177-178, 194

inputs to estuaries, 177

management, 122, 137

ocean potential for dilution of, 36

and phytoplankton production, 102, 177, 182-190

priority assigned to, 4, 5, 27

recommendations, 8

removal capabilities of treatment systems, 57, 58

risk assessment, 101-102

and seagrass dieback, 8, 55, 95, 96, 102, 177, 180, 187, 194

sediment releases of, 185

sources, 4, 8, 55, 96, 102, 139, 177

transport in marine waters, 54, 135, 183

in urban runoff, 62

from wastewater treatment, 194, 177, 179-180

see also Nitrogen;

Nutrient removal systems;

Phosphorus

O

Ocean currents, and pollutant transport, 246

Ocean disposal

effluent discharges from barges and ships, 238-239

of sludge, 32, 139-140

Ocean Dumping Act, 29

Ocean floor, sediments, 36

Ocean waters, characteristics, 36

Ohio, Cincinnati pollution prevention program, 300

Oil and gas production, 2, 22, 116

Oil spills and leaks, 5, 25, 116

aesthetic impacts, 108

Coast Guard responsibilities during, 29-30

concerns about, 5, 6, 22-23, 27

disposal of automotive oil, 2, 6

in effluent discharges, 128

impacts, 6

major, probability of, 6

removal during wastewater treatment, 123

small, 6

source control, 9, 55, 123

temporal and spatial considerations, 135

trajectory models, 6

Oligotrophic lakes, 190

Organometallic compounds, 6, 258-259

Outfalls

and beach safety, 92

and biochemical oxygen demand, 6

in Boston Harbor, 44, 235

construction materials, 235

defined, 131, 232, 233

diffusers, 56, 122, 123, 124, 131

high-dilution, 6, 43, 47, 49

kelp dieoffs at, 180

large-discharge diffusers, 237

length of, 122

to Massachusetts Bay, 43, 45-46

mixing/dilution at, 134, 235-238

modeling, 134

with multiport diffusers, 28, 45, 131-134, 136, 233-236

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

nitrogen releases from sediments at, 59

particle fate at, 6, 252-253

and pathogen contamination, 50, 122, 127-128, 212

regulation of, 232

to San Diego Bay, 47, 116

and secondary treatment requirements, 130

sludge, 140

toxic metal and organic pollutants at, 62

Overfishing, 2, 22

Oyster River system, 212

P

Palos Verdes Peninsula, 180

Pamlico Estuary, 184, 190

Pamlico River, 188, 189

Paralysis, 205

Paralytic or diarrheal shellfish poisoning, 100, 181, 209, 210

Parasites, 99, 204, 206-207

Particulate matter, 24

far-field transport, 253

in marine environments, 249-250

at outfalls, 252-253

removal in treatment, 9, 123

sediment-water interface, 253-254

toxic pollutants associated with, 9, 180-181

transport and fate of, 251-253

in wastewater and sludge, 250-255

see also Sediments;

Solids

Pass Christian reef, 212

Pathogens, 23

animal and wildlife sources, 207, 208-209, 211

coliphage as an indicator of, 67

concerns about, 4-5, 56, 99

detection of, 11-12, 65-68;

see also Coliform bacteria

dose-response assessment, 219-222

enterococcus standards, 66, 117, 208, 209, 218

examples and impacts, 5, 24, 26

exposure assessment, 99, 222

exposure pathways, 203

individual measurement approaches, 68

kelp bed protection, 47

management in effluent discharges, 127-128

nonpoint sources, 66

occurrence in coastal waters, 210-214

and outfall discharge location, 127-128

priority assigned to, 4-5, 27, 68

removal in treatment processes, 10

risk assessment approach for, 68, 100, 108, 218-224

risk management, 100, 121, 122

routes of exposure, 99, 217-218

in sediments, 211, 217, 218

sources, 5, 98, 99-100, 108

standards, 47, 49, 50, 121

streptococcal standard, 208, 209

survival time, 65, 67

toxins in fish and shellfish, 209-210

in urban runoff, 12, 374

wastewater-associated, 12, 203-210

zoonotic, 100, 209

see also Disinfection methods;

Enteric microorganisms

Patuxent Estuary, 184, 190

Patuxent River, 188

Peconick Bay, 71

Pelagic ecosystems, 36, 81

Pelicans, 25, 36, 181

Pennsylvania, 96

Pericarditis, 205

Permitting

for CSO discharges, 65

extension to ICM activities, 170

mandatory, 42

multi-media, 307

NPDES, 3, 4, 32, 170

for point sources, 136

for stormwater discharges, 65, 231-232

see also National Pollutant Discharge Permit System

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

Pesticides, 137

application rates and timing, 28

bioaccumulation of, 139

chlorinated, 25, 26

risk assessment, 105-106

in sediments, 116

Phenanthrene, 107

Phosphate

detergent bans, 28, 33, 55

levels in Delaware River, 39

Phosphorus, 24, 26, 28, 177

and algal blooms, 193, 194

biogeochemical cycles, 185

and eutrophication, 194

in freshwater versus saltwater, 34, 54, 102, 184, 186

limitation, 183-187

loadings to estuaries, 189

and phytoplankton production, 54, 182, 183, 186, 187-188

removal, 58, 60

in sediments, 185, 186

Photosynthesis, 179

Phytoplankton, 54

decomposition of excess production, 179

light availability, 182, 187

marine versus freshwater ecosystems, 185, 186

measure of biomass, 187, 191

net primary production, 182-184

nitrogen-fixing, 186-187

nutrient inputs and production of, 102, 177, 182-190

sedimentation of, 179, 193-194

self-shading, 183

shading of seagrasses, 180

toxic blooms, 182

zooplankton grazing pressures on, 183, 185

Pigs, 209

Pillayella litoralis, 108

Plant debris, 372

Plastics and floatables, 23

aesthetic considerations, 6, 108

examples and impacts, 5, 6, 25, 26

hazards to wildlife, 6

identification of sources of, 6

pathogens in, 108

priority assigned to, 5, 27

range and volume of, 108

remedial actions, 125, 137

Pleurodynia, 205

Poliovirus, 99, 204, 205, 220, 221

Pollutants, 22

assessment of, 403-404

nonpoint sources, 3-4, 29;

see also Diffuse sources

point sources, 3, 5, 8, 55

ultimate sinks for, 273-276

see also Effluent discharges;

Transport of pollutants

Pollution control

field observations and computer modeling and, 121

nonpoint source, 31, 298

research requirements, 29

solids, 6

technology goals, 31

Pollution prevention

Cincinnati, Ohio, program, 300

cost-benefit ratios, 303-307

economic advantages, 300

energy conservation and recovery and, 298

environmental benefits, 303

grants for small businesses, 305, 307

implementation of programs, 298

importance of, 55, 296

multimedia permitting, 307

in municipal wastewater management, 297-298

nonpoint source control and, 298

Orange County, California, program, 298-299

pretreatment contrasted with, 301-307

quality certification of technology, 307

Springfield, Massachusetts, program, 299

trace contaminants in sediments, 123

Winston-Salem, North Carolina, program, 300

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

see also Source control

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 5, 25, 27

Polychlorinated biphenyls, 5, 26, 33, 34,99, 118, 138, 139

Polymerase chain reaction, 68

Population growth, coastal, 2, 21, 22, 33

Potomac Estuary, 184

Poultry, 209

Pretreatment, 296

cost-benefit ratios, 303-307

environmental benefits, 301-302

grants for small businesses, 305, 307

industrial, 9, 46

multimedia permitting, 307

pollution prevention contrasted with, 301-307

quality certification of technology, 307

Primary treatment

advanced, 123

and BOD loading to secondary treatment, 46-47

chemically enhanced, 9, 10, 46-47, 49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 61, 123, 131, 158, 320-322, 329-332

conventional, 57

description of, 58, 320-321

filtration advances, 310

nitrogen discharges from, 59

oil and grease removal in, 123

plants, 43

plus activated carbon, 60, 61

plus biological treatment, 57, 60, 61, 321, 329-331

plus gravity filtration, 60, 61

plus high lime, 60, 61

plus nutrient removal, 60, 61

plus reverse osmosis, 60, 61

sedimentation in, 131

Private entrepreneurs, perspectives of, 91

Protozoa, 12, 26, 100

animal reservoirs of, 208-209

in coastal waters, 210

detection, 67

levels in sewage, 206

removal from wastewater, 206

survival time, 135, 206, 214-216

transport, 135

in wastewater, 204, 206-207

and waterborne diseases, 206

Public expectations

assessment techniques, 90

changes over time, 90, 92

communication of, 90

and cost-benefit considerations, 142-143

diversity of, 90-91

environmental inequity, 90

high-risk behavior and, 100

identification of, 90-91, 93

stressors considered as part of, 98

Public health professionals, perspectives of, 91

Public interest groups, 30, 44-45

Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs)

in compliance with Clean Water Act, 33

federal funding for, 31

major, defined, 33 n.4

monitoring, 34

waiver of secondary-treatment requirements, 3, 32, 34, 157, 171

see also Municipal wastewater treatment plants

Puget Sound, 33, 71, 275

Q

Quincy, Massachusetts, litigation, 45-46, 108-109

Quincy Bay, 108-109

R

Raritan Bay, 184

Recommendations

CSO abatement requirements, 10-11

environmental quality-based treatment approaches, 10

flexibility in wastewater management systems, 12

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

implementation of integrated coastal management, 17

integrated coastal management, 14, 17

nutrient control, 8

pathogen monitoring, 12

regionally tailored management strategies, 7-8

source control, 9

urban runoff abatement requirements, 10-11

Recreational water

aesthetic impacts, 108

bacteriological standards, 66

contaminated, 26

''fishable and swimmable" goals, 31, 156

health risks, 98

microbiological risks, 65, 224-226

pathogens and diseases associated with, 203, 204, 212, 222

Recycling and reuse

economic advantages, 300-301, 316-317

source reduction through, 296-297

wastewater, 49, 314-317

Red tides, 8, 181-182, 193, 194, 210

Refuse, 125

Regulation/regulatory system

alternative modes of, 171-172

command and control, 146, 171, 398-404

complexity of urban systems and, 403

effluent discharges, 127-128

enforcement, 77

environmental-quality-driven, 158-159

and federalism, 400

flexibility in, 68, 84, 146

of industrial pre-treatment, 401

institutional setting for, 144

new issues, 403

of nonpoint sources, 127-128, 400-401

of outfalls, 232

overcontrol and undercontrol, 11, 63, 65, 140

of runoff, 11, 63, 65

standards-based, 82

waivers and variances, 402-403

see also Clean Water Act;

Economic instruments for regulation

Reovirus, 205

Reproductive toxicity, 99

Research

on CSO treatment, 11, 62

funding, 62

integrated coastal management, 85, 93, 151

on Massachusetts Bay environmental processes, 47

needs, 11, 63

on pollution control, 29

regulatory requirements for, 29

on stormwater runoff controls, 11, 62-63

on wastewater management approaches, 28

Resource valuation, 74-75, 89

Respiratory infections, 65, 205

Rhode Island, 211

Risk assessment

aesthetic impacts, 108, 110

comparison of risks, 81-82, 110-114, 119

dose-response relationships, 94, 95, 97, 98, 219-222

ecological, 94, 95, 101-108, 109-110

economic considerations in, 108

EPA Quotient Method, 106-108

epidemiology and, 101

exposure assessment, 94, 95, 98, 222

extrapolation from animal studies, 101

hazard identification, 93, 94, 95

human health, 68, 94, 98-101, 111, 118, 218-224

information management and, 85

limit of detection, 100-101

for microorganisms, 100, 218-224

of nutrients, 97, 101-102

pathogens in seawater and shellfish, 100, 121

populations considered in, 100, 112

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

prioritization of issues, 95

process, 94-110

response levels of marine organisms to chemcial contaminants, 103-104

risk characterization, 94-95, 105

and risk communication, 112, 114

spatial and temporal considerations, 105, 135

of toxic substances, 101, 104-105

uncertainty in, 100, 126, 151

uses, 94

Risk management

alternatives, 82-83

ambient water-quality objectives and, 121, 126

benefit-cost assessment, 82, 142-143

cost and feasibility considerations, 141-142

cross-media considerations, 140-141

diffuse sources, 136-139

economic incentives, 82

environmental-quality approach, 126, 130

information management and, 85

lessons from existing situations, 121

modeling pollutant transport and fate, 134-139

ocean sludge disposal, 138-140

problem-focused, 120-121, 122-125

process, 120, 143-144

public expectations and, 142-143

regulatory system and, 82

system components, 131-134

water-quality driven approach, 278-280

see also Integrated coastal management

Risk screening, 92

Rotavirus, 204, 205, 220, 221, 224

Roundworms, 204

Runoff

agricultural, 2

best management practices and, 28

pathogens in, 4

structural controls, 28

see also Urban runoff

S

St. Lawrence River, 188, 189

St. Margarets Bay, 188, 189

Salmonella, 24, 99, 100, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215

S. typhi, 208

Salt marshes, 35

San Diego, 20, 47-51

benthic animal communities, 179

Clean Water Program, 49

consent decree with EPA, 49-50

enforcement actions against, 50

lawsuits against, 49-50

locations of wastewater and sludge management facilities, 48

Metropolitan Sewerage System, 47

primary treatment systems, 47, 49, 50, 158

Regional Water Quality Control Board, 49

secondary treatment systems, 49, 50-51, 158

sewage generated by, 47

sewage spills, 49, 50

sludge composting and disposal, 47

stormwater discharges, 158

water conservation, 49, 50, 158

water shortages, 49

San Diego Bay, water quality, 47

San Francisco Bay, 34, 71, 184, 188-190

San Juan Harbor, 71

San Pedro Bay, 115

Sanitary sewers, 27

Santa Monica Bay

contaminant sources, 116

drainage into, 114, 115

ecological health, 119

ecosystem, 115

environmental quality issues, 92, 116-117

fish consumption survey, 151

health risks, 117-118

industrial and municipal disposal uses, 116

major uses, 115-116

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

National Estuary Program participation, 71

Restoration Project, 112, 114-117, 119

risk assessment, 110-111, 113

seafood contamination, 110-111, 118-119

stressors, 113

swimming and water contact issues, 92, 110-111, 117-118

wetlands, 115, 119

Saltwater, nutrients in, 26

Scientists, perspectives of, 91

Scromboid poisoning, 100, 209, 210

Seafood

contamination, 99, 118-119, 207, 222

paralytic or diarrheal shellfish poisoning, 100, 181, 209, 210

risk assessment, 118

safety, 29;

see also Pathogens

site-specific advisories, 118-119

survey of consumption patterns, 151

see also Fish and shellfish

Seagrasses, 24

dieback of, 8, 55, 95, 96, 102, 177, 180-181, 194

improper handling of, 210

nutrients and, 8, 55, 95, 96, 102, 177, 180, 187

phytoplankton shading and, 180

symbionts of, 187

Seawater

nutrient effects in, 8, 34, 102, 185

pathogen survival in, 214

risk assessment, 100

Seaweed, 115

Secondary treatment

activated sludge treatment, 58

benefits of, 34

biological, 46-47, 49, 57, 58, 158

and BOD, 9-10, 46-47, 124

construction of new facilities, 45, 46

costs, 338, 340

CWA requirements, 43

energy requirements for, 140

nitrogen discharges from, 59

nutrient removal, 4, 122

oil and grease removal in, 123

outfalls and, 130

source control and, 131

standards, 9

upgrades of plants for, 39, 43

waivers for POTWs, 3, 32, 43-44, 47, 50-51, 131, 157, 171

Sediment quality

apparent effects threshold, 110

assessment methods, 107, 109-110

bulk sediment toxicity, 109

definition and criteria, 107, 267-270

engineering systems design based on, 126, 129-130

equilibrium partitioning, 109

International Joint Commission assessment, 110

interstitial water toxicity, 109

modeling, 107, 270-272, 280-282

monitoring, 69

objectives, 7-8, 126

problems, 9

sludge dumping and, 139

spiked-sediment toxicity, 109

standards setting, 121, 126

tissue residue tests, 109

values, 107

Sediment-water interface, 253-254

Sedimentation, 24

benefits of, 138

and coral dieoff. 181

of decomposing phytoplankton, 181, 193-194

in estuaries, 7, 56

flocculation and, 7

outfall diffusers and, 56

processes, 263-267

Sediments

accumulation of pollutants in, 7, 54, 62, 116, 123

anaerobic, 6

biogeochemical process within, 186

calcium carbonate, 187

contaminant reactions, 265-266

contaminated, 2, 5, 6, 22, 25, 33, 107, 126, 266

DDT in, 116

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

deposition, resuspension, and transport, 102, 264-265

fine, 138

freshwater versus saltwater, 186

mixing, 265-266

monitoring contaminants in, 150

negative effects of secondary treatment on, 33-34

N:P ratios, 185-186

nutrient releases from, 8, 59, 185

ocean floor, 6, 36

pathogens in, 211, 217, 218

protection from particle-associated pollutants, 6-7

release to water column, 265-266

risk assessment, 107

river discharges of, 138

toxic organics in, 62, 99, 138, 150, 257-258

in urban runoff, 374-375

U.S. experience, 266

see also Particulate matter;

Solids

Septic systems, 98, 99, 212, 372

Sewage

amounts generated, 47

nitrogen inputs from, 183-184

pathogens in, 4, 204, 206

source reduction, 28

spills, 49

untreated, 204

see also Effluent discharges;

Wastewater

Sewer separation

and CSO abatement, 137

conventional full, 356-357

flow slipping, 357

partial, 356-357

practicality of, 137

Sheep, 209

Shellfish beds

closed, 4-5, 33, 43, 213

open, 213

reopening of, 92

virus isolations from, 213

Shigella, 24, 204, 207-208

Ships/shipping, 2, 22, 30, 108

effluent discharges from, 238-239

Silica/silicon, 8, 24, 102, 182, 193

Silver, 25

Skagerrak, 193

Skin infections, 65

Sludge

biological treatment, 58

composting, 47, 59, 340, 341

conversion to fertilizer pellets, 46

costs of treatment, 10, 59, 338, 340

cross-media consequences of disposal methods, 139, 140

defined, 58

dewatering, 59, 140

digestion/digested, 59, 139, 140

direct land application, 343

discharges into coastal waters, 43

dumpsite 106, 139-140, 274-275

incineration of, 59, 139, 140, 342-343

land application of, 59

land-based processing facility, 45

land disposal of, 47, 59, 139, 340, 341

metals and toxics in, 58

methane from, 59

modeling of discharges, 139-140

and nutrients, 139-140

ocean disposal of, 139-140

outfall, 140

particles from, 248-255

source control and quality of, 8, 55, 130, 131, 139

treatment, 32

untreated, 204

volume produced, 10, 58, 338, 339

Small business, grants for source control, 305, 307

Snow Mt. agent, 205

Solar light, and pathogen survival, 217

Solids, 23

coagulants, 131

controls, 6

digestion of, 59

and disinfection, 60

effluent limitations, 128

examples and impacts, 6, 24, 26, 56, 180-181

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

fine, 10

mechanical screening, 137

monitoring, 150

pollutants associated with, 9, 56, 180-181

priority assigned to, 5, 6-7, 27

removal efficiency of treatment processes, 9, 10, 49, 50, 57, 59, 60, 137

secondary treatment, 9, 58

separators, vortex, 137, 359-360

settleable, 6, 58, 128

sources, 6-7

standards for, 9, 32, 43

suspended, 6, 9, 26, 49, 56, 57, 121, 128, 131, 137, 374-375

swirl concentrators, 137

total suspended, 32, 43, 57, 59, 60, 150

toxicity of, 10

see also Sediments;

Sludge

Solvents, 5, 6, 26

Sounds, 8

Source control/reduction, 2, 3

approaches, 28, 131

of combined sewer overflows, 9, 63, 352-356

cost-benefit ratios, 303-307

defined, 131

effectiveness, 8, 9, 55, 70, 131

environmental monitoring data and, 70

of metals, 5, 8, 9, 46, 55, 141

modeling, 70

of oil and grease, 9, 55, 123

of pollution in urban runoff, 63, 376-378

recommendation, 9

and sludge quality, 55, 130, 131, 139

of toxic organic chemicals, 8, 9, 46, 55, 70, 130, 131, 141

and urban runoff pollutants, 55-56

see also Pollution prevention;

Pretreatment;

Recycling and reuse

South Beach, 36

South Carolina, 211

South Wales, 212

Southern California Association of Governments, 117

Southern California Bight, 33, 114, 275

Spain, 211

Speciation, trace elements and, 258-261

Spent cooling water, 21, 116

Spills

response and containment programs, 63

see also Hazardous materials;

Oil spills and leaks

Sponges, 181

Staten Island, 36

Storm drains, 231-232

Storm sewers

cross-connections and illicit discharges into, 372

designs, 9, 56, 63

outlets for, 116, 136

removal of floor drain connections to, 63

storage capacity, 28

warning signs, 9, 55-56

Stormwater runoff, 116

assessment of aquatic and human health impacts, 62

costs of quality controls, 384-385

fecal coliforms in, 62

impact of, 61-65

modeling and control, 136-137

nutrients in, 98

outlets, 136-137

pathogens in, 62, 98

quality enhancement with artificial wetlands, 383

regulation of discharges, 65

sources, 23

see also Urban runoff

Stream modification methods, 137-138

Structural controls for runoff, 378-379

artificial wetlands, 383

defined, 378

detention devices, 382-383

filter strips, 379, 381

infiltration devices, 381-382

minimization of directly connected impervious areas, 379

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

pollutant removal efficiencies compared, 384

porous pavement and parking blocks, 56, 381

research initiatives, 62-63

retrofitting controls to existing developments, 383-384

storm sewer design, 9, 56

swales, 379, 381

Subtidal benthos, 119

Sulfate, 186

Sulfur, 182

Surfactants, 25

Swedish coastal waters, 179

Swimming and water contact issues, 99, 117-118

Syringes, 108

T

Tampa Bay, 71

Tapeworms, 204

Technology

mandatory controls on, 42

quality certification of, 307

Terrebonne Bay, 71

Texas, 211, 212, 213, 223

Tidal fluxes, 54, 212

Tide gates, 137

Tijuana, Mexico, 47

Tillamook Bay, 71

Tin, 5, 25, 118

Toxic chemicals used in treatment

bioaccumulation of, 25

concerns about, 6

examples and impacts, 25, 26

priority assigned to, 27

Toxic organic chemicals, 23

bans, 137

bioaccumulation, 104

chemical and biological conversions of, 256-261

concerns about, 5, 39, 41, 56

at CSO outfalls, 62

in Delaware Estuary, 39, 41

ecological effects, 103

effluent limitations, 127

in fish and shellfish, 5

levels of ecosystem response to, 103-104

monitoring of, 150

ocean potential for dilution of, 36

priority assigned to, 5, 27

removal in primary treatment, 10, 58, 60

response levels of marine organisms to chemical contaminants, 103-104

risk assessment, 101, 103-104

in sediments, 9, 60, 138, 257-258

source reduction, 8, 9, 46, 55, 130, 141

sources, 5, 99

transformation processes, 256-257

in urban runoff, 62, 374

water quality standards, 127

see also individual chemicals

Toxins in fish and shellfish, 209-210

Trace metals

and algal blooms, 194

bioavailability, 260-261

and cyanobacteria production, 187

diffusion, 123

examples, 5

organic ligand complexation, 259-260

priority assigned to, 5, 27

in sediments, 123

source control, 8, 9, 123

and speciation, 258-261

Traffic, and urban runoff, 368-369

Transport of pollutants

buoyance-driven flows, 244-245

dispersion, 242-244

far-field, 240-248, 253

modeling and measurement, 247-248, 280-282

net advective processes, 244-246

nutrients, 261-263

oceanic currents impinging on coasts, 246

at outfalls, 252-253

particles from wastewater and sludge, 251-255

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

sediments, 264-265

toxic organic chemicals, 256-258

wind-driven motions, 245-246

Trash and debris, 6, 25, 27

Tributyltin, 118

Turbidity, 24, 122, 128, 138, 182-183, 187

Typhoid, 66, 203, 207

U

Ultraviolet irradiation, 59, 347-348

United Kingdom, 209

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 76

Urban issues

complexity of urban systems, 403

waivers and variances, 402-403

Urban runoff, 5, 22

aesthetic impacts, 108

composition, 368-373

contaminants (most significant) in, 373-375

impacts, 10, 61-62

land use and, 373

metals in, 99, 139, 374

nutrients in, 8, 55

pathogens in, 374

pollutant loadings, 11, 62

regional hydrology and, 63

suspended solids as pollutant transporters, 374-375

toxic organic pollutants, 99, 374

Urban runoff management

capture efficiency of detention basins, 63-64

costs of treatment facilities, 11, 63

erosion controls, 9

integration of CSOs and sanitary system overflows in, 65

rating treatment practices, 11, 384

recommendations, 10-11

research, 11, 62-63

source reduction of pollution in, 63, 376-378

street sweeping and, 55, 63, 125, 137

types of controls and control philosophy, 376

see also Structural controls for runoff

V

Vibrio sp., 24, 99, 207, 208

V. cholera, 208

V. parahaemolyticus, 211

Virginia, 96, 211

Viruses, 26, 204

in coastal waters, 210, 211-214

detection, 67, 211-212

disease incidence and mortality rates, 204-205

enteric, 12, 204

examples, 99

monitoring, 211

recreational exposures, 203, 222

risk model applied to shellfish consumption, 222-224

seafood contamination, 203, 204, 212

in sediments, 217

in stormwater, 117

survival time, 135, 204, 212, 214-217

transport, 135

in wastewater, 204

see also Enteric viruses

W

Washington, 211

Wastewater

collection, 27

location and mechanism of discharges, 28

metals in, 99

nutrient concentrations in, 177

open-ocean discharges, 28

particles from, 248-255

pathogens associated with, 203-210

reclamation and reuse, 61, 314-317

toxic organic chemicals in, 99

Wastewater and stormwater management approaches

activities involved in, 1-2

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

adequacy of, 42, 148

Boston Harbor, 20, 41-47

case histories, 20, 41-51

challenges in, 41-32, 172-173

and coastal management objectives, 21

comprehensiveness test, 148

concepts, 13

cost-effectiveness considerations, 69

current policies, 2-7, 31-32

development of alternatives, 31, 68-69, 145

economic incentives, 404-413

education for behavior change, 2, 28, 56

environmental quality-based, 10, 16, 127-128, 158-159

environmental studies of, 2

evaluation and feedback, 12-13, 42, 69-70, 145

flexibility in, 12-13, 16, 68-70, 145

funding of, 4, 164

government role in, 144

information sharing on, 30

integration test, 148

issues, 1, 21

legislation, 2-3

monitoring and research program, 28

non-inferiority test, 148

objectives, 158

plan components, 145-146

pollution prevention and, 55, 297-298

progress in, 3-4

public role in, 30

purpose of, 1-2

regional tailoring of, 7-8, 10-11, 54, 55

in San Diego, 47-51

source control, 2, 55-56

treatment technologies, 4, 27-28

see also Municipal wastewater treatment plants;

Municipal wastewater treatment systems

Wastewater constituents

examples and impacts, 23-26

high-priority, 4-5, 26-27

low-priority, 6-7

medium priority, 5-6

sources, 23

Wastewater disposal system

choice of components, 282-285

computer integration of field and laboratory, 287

design steps, 277-278

modeling water and sediment quality, 280-282

for nutrients, 286-287

for particles, 286

for toxicants, 286

water-quality-driven approach, 278-280, 285-287

Wastewater treatment

energy requirement, 28

improved processes, 33

institutional setting, 394-395

land-area requirements, 28

levels of, 9-10, 27-28, 56-61

nutrients from, 8, 55, 179-180

plants, 131;

see also Municipal wastewater treatment plants

sludge from, 28

standards for, 3

undercontrol and overcontrol, 156-158

and water quality, 28

see also Disinfection methods;

Municipal wastewater treatment systems;

Secondary treatment;

Toxic chemicals used in treatment

Water conservation and reclamation, 2, 28, 55-56, 158, 318

benefits, 8-9, 56

and pollutant concentration, 8

San Diego Clean Water Program, 49

uses of reclaimed water, 61

see also Recycling and reuse

Water pollution control

in New York Harbor, 34, 36-39

successes, 34-41

Water quality

assessment methods, 107

criteria, 106, 107

defining, 121

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

engineering systems design based on, 126, 129-130

in kelp beds, 117

median effective concentration, 107

median lethal concentration, 107

model, 96

monitoring, 69, 84, 208

no observed effect level, 107

nonnumerical description of, 126

objectives, regional variation in, 7-8

predicting, 280-282

problems, 9, 56

progress in improving, 1, 3-4, 20, 32-41

in San Diego Bay, 47

standards, 31, 107, 117, 121-126

wastewater treatment technology and, 28

Water quality management

command-and-control, 398-404

economic instruments, 404-413

education and, 417-424

growth management and, 413-417

problems and remedial actions, 122-125

regional planning failures under CWA, 161

Water quality policies

adequacy, 1, 20, 31

education strategies, 418-421

fragmentation of issues, 394-395

jurisdictional complexity and, 395-396

public expectations and support, 42

Water resource management

importance of, 61

regional planning, 145, 396, 415-416

see also Water conservation

Water shortages, 49

Weirs, 28

Wetlands, 115, 119

artificial, 383

Whipworms, 204

Wisconsin, Milwaukee plan for CSOs and sanitary sewer overflows, 65

World Bank, 76

World Health Organization, 98

Y

Yersinia sp., 208, 209, 215

Z

Zooplankton, 183, 185

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2049.
×

Other Recent Reports of the Water Science and Technology Board

Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty (1993)

Sustaining Our Water Resourc

es: Proceedings, WSTB Symposium (1993)

Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992)

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy (1992)

Toward Sustainability: Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries (1991)

Preparing for the Twenty-First Century: A Report to the USGS Water Resources Division (1991)

Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991)

A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990)

Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990)

Managing Coastal Erosion (1990)

Ground Water Models: Science and Regulatory Applications (1990)

Irrigation Induced Water Quality Problems: What Can Be Learned from the San Joaquin Valley Experience? (1989)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press (800) 624-6242

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Close to one-half of all Americans live in coastal counties. The resulting flood of wastewater, stormwater, and pollutants discharged into coastal waters is a major concern. This book offers a well-delineated approach to integrated coastal management beginning with wastewater and stormwater control.

The committee presents an overview of current management practices and problems. The core of the volume is a detailed model for integrated coastal management, offering basic principles and methods, a direction for moving from general concerns to day-to-day activities, specific steps from goal setting through monitoring performance, and a base of scientific and technical information. Success stories from the Chesapeake and Santa Monica bays are included.

The volume discusses potential barriers to integrated coastal management and how they may be overcome and suggests steps for introducing this concept into current programs and legislation.

This practical volume will be important to anyone concerned about management of coastal waters: policymakers, resource and municipal managers, environmental professionals, concerned community groups, and researchers, as well as faculty and students in environmental studies.

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