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464 REFERENCES Anderson, W. C. 1992. Specialty Certification in the Environmental Arena. Presentation to the Met- ropolitan Washington Environmental Professionals, Washington, D.C. November 19, 1992. Andreasen, C. 1992. How much is enough? Pp. 4-10 in Proceedings of the U.S. Hydrographic Conference '92. Rockville, Maryland: Hydrographic Society of America. APA. 1993. APA Promotes BRM Training for Pilots. Press release dated October 5, 1993. Washing- ton, D.C.: American Pilot's Association. Appell, G. F.. T. N. Mero, and J. J. Sprenke. 1991. Design of a current, water level and meteorolog- ical information system for Tampa Bay. Pp. 859-863 in Oceans Procee~lings 91. Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Appleyard, S. F., R. S. Linford, and P. J. Yarwood. 1988. Marine Electronics Navigation. New York City, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Aranow, P. I. 1984. A Comparison of Collision Avoidance Performance Using Various Shipboard Electronic Aids. Report No. CAORF 13-7903-01. Kings Point, New York: National Maritime Research Center. Armstrong, M. C. 1980. Practical Ship-Handling. Glasgow, Scotland: Brown, Son and Ferguson. Ashe, B. W. 1984. Disciplining maritime pilots: A review of state and federal pilotage regulation. Tulane Law Review 58 (Part 2):1460-1498. Associated Press. 1994. Tanker runs aground in Puerto Rico. Washington Post 117(180):A20. Atkinson, J. A. 1991. Unfilled Needs Relating to Ship Control and Suggestions for How to Fill Them Through the Use of Modern Technology. Unpublished paper prepared for the Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting, Marine Board, National Research Council, Washington, D. C., September 17, 1991. Attwell, P. 1992. Technology diffusion and organizational learning: The case of business computing. Organization Science 3:1-19. AWO. 1992a. Florida compensation schedule takes effect July 1. AWO Letter 49(13):7. AWO. 1992b. Report to the Marine Board Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting on Pilotage in the Coastal Towing Industry. Unpublished paper prepared for Committee on Ad- vances in Navigation and Piloting, Marine Board, National Research Council. Alexandria, Virginia: The American Waterways Operators. Balson, W. E., J. L. Welsh, and D. S. Wilson. 1992. Using decision analysis and risk analysis to manage utility environmental risk. Interfaces 22(6):12~139. Bangsberg, P. T. 1992. Ship safety agency cracks down on governments. Journal of Commerce 394(27,852):6B. Barber, C. H., and A. F. Bass. 1992. Automated computer chart updating at the United States Naval Academy. Pp. 153-159 in Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial National Ocean Service Interna- tional Hydrographic Conference, U.S. Hydrographic Conference '92. Rockville, Maryland: Hydrographic Society of America. Barber, P., and R. M. Dunning. 1989. VTS Legal implications and future training. Seaways (July):9-10. Barber, P., and T. Hughes. 1992. Training and Qualifications for VTS Operators. In the Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Vessel Traffic Services. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. Barr, R. A. 1990. Assessment of Pilot Needs for Shipboard Data and Informational Documents. Report No. CG-D-03-90. Prepared for U.S. Coast Guard by NKF Engineering. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Coast Guard. Barstow, D. 1993. One towering inferno that reached up to the heavens. St. Petersburg Times. August 11, 1993. P. 1A. Bea, R. G., and W. H. Moore. 1993. Operational reliability and marine systems. Pp. 231-247 in K. H. Roberts, ea., New Challenges to Organizational Research. New York City, New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.

REFERENCES 465 Beetham, E. H. 1989. Untitled address. Pp. 5-15 in Proceedings of seminar on the minimum bridge and flight deck crew requirement for the safe operation of ships and aircraft. December 6, 1989. Beetham, E. H. 1990. Substandard ships and the shipmaster. Seaways (February 1990):3-9. Bell, H. H., R. A. Janecek, B. M. Salerno, J. E. DeCarteret, and J. P. DeLeonardis. 1989. Report of the Tanker Study Group. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Coast Guard. Bell, P. 1992. IALA VTS committee to revise IMO 1985 guidelines. Seaways (March):14, 21. Bennett, R. F. 1989. Apprentice Training Course: For Apprentices Taken by the Wilmington-Cape Fear Pilots Association. Charleston, South Carolina: R. F. Bennett. Bethem, T. D., and H. R. Frey. 1991. Operational physical oceanographic real-time dissemination. Pp. 864-867 in Oceans Proceedings 91. Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Beyer, J. 1981. Ideologies, values, and decision making in organizations. Pp. 166-202 in P. C. Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck, eds., Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol. 2. London, En- gland: Oxford University Press. Blank, J. S., 3rd. 1989. Modern Towing. Centerville, Maryland: Cornell Maritime Press. Bodily, S. E. 1992. The practice of decision and risk analysis. Interfaces 22(6): 1~. Booz, Allen and Hamilton. 1991. A Comparative Safety Assessment of State and Federal Pilots. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Merchant Shipping. Bowditch, N. 1981. American Practical Navigator (2 volumes). Hydrographic Office. Publication No. 9. Washington, D.C.: Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center. Bowers, J. A., E. Salas, and J. D. Grossman. 1991. Improving tactical decision making under stress: Research directions and applied implications. Paper presented at the International Applied Military Psychology Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden. Boyd, J. 1992a. Coast Guard changes Great Lakes pilots group. Journal of Commerce 391 (27,687):8B. Boyd, J. 1992b. Coast Guard pledges pilot service on Great Lakes as dispute continues. Journal of Commerce 391(27,884):8B. Boyd, J. 1992c. Lakes pilot group's reform plan could bring down costs of shipping New pool to be formed. Journal of Commerce 391(27,671):8B. Boyd, J. 1992d. New Great Lakes pilot group gears up for April ship surge. Journal of Commerce 391 (27,890): 1B. Brady, E. M. 1967. Tugs, Towboats and Towing. Centerville, Maryland: Cornell Maritime Press. Braff, R.. C. A. Shively, and M. J. Zeltser. 1983. Radionavigation Integrity and Reliability. Proceed- ings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 71(10): 121~1223. Braff, R., W. Young, P. L. Ives, Jr., F. Seitz, and W. Parker. 1993. Applying National Airspace Features in the Marine Operating Environment. Unpublished working paper prepared for the Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting, Marine Board, National Research Coun- cil. Washington, D.C.: Marine Board. Brodje, L. 1992. GMDSS: New issues, new opportunities. Fairplay 316(5,668) GMDSS Supple- ment:2, 4, 6, 8. Bryant, D. 1991. The Human Element in Shipping Casualties. Tavistock, England: The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, Marine Directorate, U.K. Department of Transport. Bryant, D. T., A. F. M. De Bievre and M. B. A. Dyer-Smith. 1987. Investigation of Human Factors in Marine Casualties. Document 2T-572. Tavistok, England: Tavistock Institute. Buede, D. M., and T. A. Bresnick. 1992. Applications of decision analysis to the military systems acquisition process. Interfaces 22(6):110-125. Burgess, J. F., and S. Frodge. 1992. Performance Testing of On-The-Fly GPS Technology. Pp. 1071-1077 in the Proceedings of Institute of Navigation (ION) GPS-92. Alexandria, Virginia: ION.

466 REFERENCES Burnett, J. S. 1988. The Human Interface in Vessel Traffic Service Information Flow. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Vessel Traffic Services, Gothenbur ,, Sweden, May 17-19, 1988. Buxton, J. L., and C. P. W. Hornsby. 1992. Shipboard software-based systems and their classifica- tion. Transactions of International Marine Engineers 103:341-346. Cahill, R. A. 1983. Collisions and Their Causes. London, England: Fairplay Publications. Cahill, R. A. 1985. Strandings and Their Causes. London, England: Fairplay Publications. Cannon, E., and G. Lachapelle. 1992. Analysis <~f a High Performance C/A Code GPS Receiver in Kinematic Mode. Paper presented at the National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Naviga- tion, San Diego, January 1992. Cantwell, A. 1992. NY Senate to get bill requiring state-approved pilots on vessels. The Journal of Commerce 392(27,756):1B. CAORF Research Staff. 1978. Collision Avoidance Performance with Visual Sighting, Radar and Collision Avoidance System. Report No. CAORF 13-7701-01. Kings Point, New York: Na- tional Maritime Research Center. Card, S. K., T. P. Moran, and A. Newell. 1983. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CBO. 1992. Paying for Highways, Airways, and Waterways: How Can Users be Charged? Washing- ton, D.C.: Congressional Budget Office. CCG. 1978. Vessel Traffic Management Study Phase 1. Document TP2944E. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. CCG. 1984. Vessel Traffic Services-Final Report. National Vessel Traffic Services Study. Docu- ment TP 5965-1 E. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. CCG. 1988. VTS Benefit/Cost Update Study. Document TP 9005 E. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. ~ CCG. 1990. Vancouver VTS Centre MTR Qualification Training Program. CCG Marine Navigation services, Vessel Traffic Services, Western Region. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. CCG. 199 la. National Marine Traffic Regulator Trainings Program Curriculum. Document TP 10722 E, Vol. 1. CCG Marine Navigation Services, Vessel Traffic Services, Training Advisory Group. Cornwall, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard, Maritime Training Centre. CCG. l991b. Vessel Traffic Services Levels of Service. Document TP 10919. CCG Marine Naviga- tion Services, Vessel Traffic Services. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. CCG. l 991 c. 1991 Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) Update Study. Document TP 11267E. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. CCG. 1992. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Vessel Traffic Services: VTS'92. Vancouver, British Columbia, June 8-12, 1992. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Coast Guard. CHA. 1990. Summary and Conclusions. Pp. 107-117 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Maritime Law and the Electronic Chart, Ottawa, Canada, November 13-15, 1990. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Hydrographic Association. Chadwin, M. L., and W. K. Talley. 1992. Vessel and Port Technologies at the Turn of the Century. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board, 71st Annual Meeting, January 12-16, 1992, Washington, D.C. Preprint No. 920059. Chevron Shipping Company. 1988. Chevron Marine Companies: Masters' and Deck Officers' Oper- ating Regulations. San Francisco, California: Chevron Shipping Company. Chorssen, J. J., and V. T. Covello. 1989. Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Economic Risks. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. Cooke, R. M. 1991. Experts in Uncertainty: Expert Opinion and Subjective Probability in Science. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press.

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Minding the Helm: Marine Navigation and Piloting Get This Book
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Large ships transporting hazardous cargoes, notorious marine accidents, and damage to marine ecosystems from tanker spills have heightened public concern for the safe navigation of ships.

This new volume offers a complete, highly readable assessment of marine navigation and piloting. It addresses the application of new technology to reduce the probability of accidents, controversies over the effectiveness of waterways management and marine pilotage, and navigational decisionmaking. The book also explores the way pilots of ships and tugs are trained, licensed, and held accountable.

Minding the Helm approaches navigational safety from the perspectives of risk assessment and the integration of human, technological, and organizational systems. Air and marine traffic regulation methods are compared, including the use of vessel traffic services.

With a store of current information and examples, this document will be indispensable to federal and state pilotage and licensing authorities and marine traffic regulators, the Coast Guard, pilot associations, and the shipping and towing industries. It will also interest individuals involved in waterway design, marine education, and the marine environment.

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