Index
A
Accidental exposure, 42, 139-140
Acute effects, dermatological, 157-167
genital injury, 39, 160, 175, 219,221
of nitrogen mustard, 77-78
ocular, 133-139
respiratory tract, 115-118, 125-126, 127, 399-412
of sulfur mustard, 22, 25, 34, 75-78, 82
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL), 102-103, 393-395
Alexander, Stewart, 44
Animal studies, 222-224
blood disorders, 187-188
carcinogenicity, 88-97, 171-172, 391-396
dermatological effects, 162-164, 167, 171-172
gastrointestinal disorders, 187
immunity disorders, 181-183
ocular effects, 139
reproductive toxicity, 189-190, 192-194
Anxiety disorders, 200, 207, 211
Arm chamber tests, 40
Arsenals, 3-4, 40-43, 55, 120,
see also Edgewood Arsenal;
Occupational exposure
Arsenic and arsenic compounds, 86-87, 172-173, 192-193
see also Lewisite
B
Bainbridge, MD, Navy Training Center, 372-373
Bari harbor, Italy, disaster, 4, 10, 43-44, 184-185
Basic training, see Training exercises
Battlefield use, 9-10, 47-48, 142, 173
exposure levels, 33
Iran-Iraq war casualties, 48, 117, 122, 170, 185, 191
WWI casualties, 9, 47, 48, 101-102, 121-122, 135, 137, 140-142, 183 -184, 203, 335-337
Birth defects, 189-195
Blindness, 140-141
Blood disorders, 187-188, 220,
see also Bone marrow injury;
Leukemia
Bone marrow injury, 77-78, 167-168, 183-186, 187, 220
Bowen's disease, 169, 171, 172-173
British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), 79, 85, 139
Bronchitis, 119-120, 121-122, 124, 127, 408-409
Bronchopneumonia, 117, 184, 335
Bureau of Mines, 26
C
Camp Sibert, Alabama, 67
respiratory tract, 216, 396-397
skin, 168, 169-170, 171-173, 175, 216-218, 219, 396
see also Carcinogenicity;
Chemotherapy;
Leukemia
Carcinogenicity, 81-82, 88-97, 171-172, 391-396
battlefield exposure, 101-102
of Lewisite, 171-173, 174-175, 216
occupational exposure, 97-101, 103-104, 105, 169-170, 172-173, 397
of sulfur mustard, 47, 78, 82-85, 102, 104, 105, 168-170, 216, 390 -392, 395-397
Cardiovascular diseases, 64
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), recommended
exposure levels, 33
Chamber tests, 3, 10, 31-33, 35-40, 52-55, 120-121, 379
psychological effects, 211, 221
treatment of subjects, 65-69
Chemical Stockpile Disposal
Program, 49-50
Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), 3-4, 27-29, 31
chamber tests, 39-40
see also Edgewood Arsenal
Chemotherapy, mustard agents use in, 44-45, 77, 102-103, 122
Civilian workers, 7, 42-43, 225
Claims, see Disability claims
Claustrophobia, 206
Cleft lip and palate, 191
Clothing, see Protective clothing
Coercion of test subjects, 65-66, 67-68
Combat fatigue, 203
Committee on Medical Research (CMR), 17, 30, 339
Committee on the Treatment of Gas Casualties (CTGC), NRC, 30-31, 42, 339
Contact lenses, 144
passim, 218-219
CWS, see Chemical Warfare Service
Cytotoxicity, of Lewisite, 86
D
Department of Defense (DoD), 7, 225-226
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 1-2, 6, 51, 204, 224-226
Depression, 207
Dermatological effects, see Skin disorders and injury
Disability claims, 1-2, 10-11, 28, 66
in VA determination guidelines, 2
Disposal of chemical weapons, 33, 48-50
DNA damage, from arsenite, 86-87
from sulfur mustard, 75-77, 83-84, 163-164, 216
Documentation, classification of, 7-8, 51-52, 226
foreign sources, 18-19
long-term effects, 2, 5-6, 214-215
personnel records, 7, 11, 66-67, 225, 370-377
Drods, 35
Drop tests, see Patch tests
E
Edgewood Arsenal, 28, 39-40, 42, 46, 140, 376-377
Emphysema, 119-120, 121, 127, 336, 408-409
Erythema, 159
as chamber test end point, 36, 39, 40
Exposure levels, 3, 33, 34, 215
patch tests, 35
Eye disease and injury, 4-5, 131-132, 142-145, 218-219
acute effects, 133-139
battlefield exposure, 135, 137, 140-142
from Lewisite, 137, 138, 144-145, 219
occupational exposure, 139-140
from sulfur mustard, 133-144, 218-219
treatment, 143-144
F
Field tests, 3, 31, 32, 40-41, 66
Follow-up of test subjects, 34, 6-8, 50-52, 224-225
roster development, 370-377
France, WWI gas casualties, 140
G
Gas chamber tests, see Chamber tests
Gas masks, 3, 36n, 43, 52-55, 215
Gas neurosis, 203
Gastrointestinal disorders, 64, 187, 220
Genetic damage, from Lewisite, 86-87, 104, 192-195
from sulfur mustard, 46-47, 75-77, 83-85, 104, 189-192, 216
Genital injury, 39, 160, 175, 219, 221
Germany, mustard gas use, 9-10
weapons production workers, 169
Glutathione depletion, 77
H
Heat stress, 205n
Hematopoietic depression, see Bone marrow injury
Hodgkin's disease, 45
Hypervigilance, 210
I
Immunity disorders, 179-186, 220
battlefield exposure, 183-186
from sulfur mustard, 181-186
Incineration of chemical
stockpiles, 49-50
Iran-Iraq War, 48, 117, 122, 170, 185, 191
J
Japan, weapons factory workers, 97-99, 119-120, 169-170, 172, 190-191
Japanese Americans, 36
Johns Hopkins University
Medical School, 42
K
Keratitis, 137, 139, 140, 141-142, 144, 219
L
Leukemia, 102-103, 216, 218, 393-395
Leukopenia, 184-185
Levinstein process, 71-72
Lewis, W. Lee, 25-26
Lewisite, blood effects, 187-188
carcinogenicity, 171-173, 174-175, 216
chemistry and properties, 24, 25-26, 78-79, 84
cytotoxicity, 86
dermatological effects, 153, 164-167, 171-175
gastrointestinal effects, 187
genetic damage, 86-87, 104, 192-195
neurological effects, 188
occupational exposure, 172-173
ocular effects, 137, 138, 144-145, 219
odor threshold, 53
reproductive toxicity, 192-195
respiratory effects, 117-118
stockpiles, 48
Limbal vascular damage, 142-143
Lymphosarcoma, 45
M
Medical exposure, 122-123, 142, 170-171, 173, 393-395
chemotherapy, 77, 102-103, 122
Military personnel, CWS units, 4, 7, 41, 225
Mood disorders, 200
Mutagenicity, of sulfur mustard, 46-47, 84-85, 190-191
N
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 17, 30, 339
National Personnel Record Center (NPRC), 371-372
National Research Council (NRC), 26, 338-339
Committee on the Treatment of Gas Casualties (CTGC), 30-31, 42, 339
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), chamber tests, passim, 36-40, 67 -68, 371-373
records, 371-373, 374-375, 376-377
Neurasthenic conditions, 28
Neurological disorders, 65, 188, 220
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion, 77
Nitrogen mustard, acute effects, 77-78
carcinogenicity, 77-78, 102-103, 104-105, 216-218, 392-393, 395-396
chemistry, 24
as chemotherapy agent, 44-45, 77, 102-103, 122
dermatological effects, 156, 170
respiratory effects, 122
wartime production, 41
Nuremberg Codes of 1947, 379-381
O
Occupational exposure, 3-4, 7, 42-43, 55, 120, 140, 215, 221-222, 225
carcinogenicity, 97-101, 103-104, 105, 169-170, 172-173, 397
chlorine gas, 401
dermatological effects, 168-170, 172-173
to Lewisite, 172-173
ocular effects, 139-140
reproductive toxicity, 190-191, 194
respiratory effects, 119-120
to sulfur mustard, 97-101, 119-120, 139-140, 168-170
Ocular effects, see Eye disease and injury
Ocular epithelial damage, 144
Odor thresholds, 53
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 17, 29-30, 339
Online databases, 14-15, 16, 17
Operation TOP HAT, 379-380
P
Patch tests, 10, 31, 33, 35, 66, 171
Physical examinations, 68
Pigmentation disorders, 156-157, 168, 169, 175
Pneumonia, 119
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 200-204, 207-208, 211
Post-WWI period (1919-1940), chemical weapons use, 9-10
research programs, 28-29
Post-WWII period, chemical weapons use, 47-48
research programs, 45-47
Production, see Arsenals;
Occupational exposure
Protective clothing, 10, 36-40, 52, 205n
Psoriasin, 170-171
Psychoactive drug testing, 46, 378-380
Psychological disorders, 5, 65, 199-211, 221
see also Post-traumatic stress disorder
Pulmonary fibrosis, 122-123
R
Racial factors, dermatological effects, 158-159
Rapid screening of hazard (RASH) method, 395-396
Raritan Arsenal, 49
Reproductive toxicity, 189-195, 220-221
of Lewisite, 192-195
occupational exposure, 190-191, 194
of sulfur mustard, 189-192, 220-221
Respiratory tract effects, 4-5, 112-115, 117, 118, 123-127, 218, 399-412
acute, 115-118, 125-126, 127, 399-412
battlefield exposure, 117, 120-122, 335-337
Lewisite, 117-118
of nitrogen mustard, 122
occupational exposure, 119-120
sulfur mustard, 115-123, 127, 218
Reverse assembly, 49
S
Secrecy oath, 1, 7-8, 65-66, 226
Septicemia, 117
Service records, 7, 11, 66-67, 225, 371-377
Sexual dysfunction, 5, 65, 175, 219, 221
Shell shock, 203
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) elevation, 84, 86
Skin disorders and injury, 4, 64, 148-157, 162-164, 167-168, 171-172, 174-175, 219-220
acute effects, 157-167
battlefield exposure, 170, 173
cancer, 168, 169-170, 171-173, 175, 216-218, 219, 396
from Lewisite, 153, 164-167, 171-175
from nitrogen mustard, 156, 170
occupational exposure, 168-170, 172-173
sulfur mustard, 151, 153, 154, 156-164, 167-171, 174, 175
see also Erythema
S.S. John Harvey, 43
Sulfhydryl peptide depletion, 77
Sulfur mustard, acute effects, 22, 25, 34, 75-78, 82
carcinogenicity, 47, 78, 82-85, 102, 104, 105, 168-170, 216, 390-392, 395-397
chemistry and properties, 22, 24, 71-78
dermatological effects, 151, 153, 154, 156-164, 167-171, 174, 175
genetic damage, 46-47, 75-77, 83-85, 104, 189-192, 216
immunity effects, 181-186
mutagenicity, 46-47, 84-85, 190-191
occupational exposure, 97-101, 119-120, 139-140, 168-170
ocular effects, 133-144, 218-219
odor threshold, 53
production, 41
stockpiles, 48-49
WWI casualties, 9, 47, 48, 101-102, 121-122, 135, 137, 140-142, 183 -184, 335-337
WWI casualty studies, 335-337
WWI use, 9
T
Testing, see Animal studies;
Chamber tests;
Field tests;
Patch tests
Three-Mile Island accident, stress effects, 209-210
Treatment of test subjects, 65-69, 211
Tuberculosis, 336-337
U
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 204-205
Unitary munitions stockpiles, 49
United Kingdom, weapons factory workers, 99-101, 119, 139-140, 170
WWI veterans, 101, 121-122, 140
U.S.S. Bistera, 43-44
V
VA, see Department of Veterans Affairs
Vapor cup tests, 35
Vedder, E.B., 28
Vietnam War, post-traumatic stress syndrome, 204, 207
W
War Department, see Chemical Warfare Service (CWS)
Wear tests, 40
Women in CWS supply units, 41-43
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, 41-42
World War I (WWI), combat
stress reactions, 203
gas casualties, 9, 47, 48, 101-102, 121-122, 135, 137, 140-142, 183 -184, 335-337
research programs, 26-28