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NOTICE: The biotechnology Program was established in 1986 as a collaborative project
between He National Academy of Sciences and Be Chinese Academy of Sciences to
promote the exchange of information and ex~e related to biotec}mology research and
techniques. The program was approved by Be Gowning Board of die National Research
Council, whose members are drawn from die councils of Be National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineenng, and die Institute of Medicine. It was
sword mar Master Agreement number 8~18643 between Be National Science
Fo~mdation and Be National Academy of Seduces and Contract Number INT 85~6451
between Be National Science Foundation ~K1 Be Committee on Scholarly Communication
win die People's Republic of China (CSCPRC). P=gram activities m China were
supported by Be Chimse Ac~ny of Sciences.
Founds m 1966, CSCPRC represents American scholars m die natural and engineenng
sciences as well as scholars in the social sciences an~lh~ities. ~ addition to a~ninistenng
exchange ~ogrmns, it advises individuals and institutions on means of G~mication
with drew Chinese colleagues on China's intematianal activities, and on the state of
China's scientific and scholarly pursuits. CSCPRC meanders are scholars Tom a broad
range of fields, including China studies. Administrative of flees of the CSCPRC are located
in the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89~3312
International Standard Book Number ~309-04132-5
Additional copies of dais report are available hoary:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washings, DC 20418
S038
Printed in the United States of Amenca
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Preface
During a regular bi-academy meeting in 1986 in Beijing, Lu Jiaxi, then
president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and Pears Press, president
of die National Academy of Sciences (NAS), amend Upon Me need and impedance
of a collaborative prog~n on biotechnology. Program activities for this Joint
initiative were developed and finalized by members of the Committee on Scholarly
Communication with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC) Subcommittee
on Biotechnology in a meeting win representatives of CAS. They agreed to a 3-
year program that would include biotechnology minicourses to be held in China
under the ins~uchon of teams of American scientists, a major joint symposium in
Shanghai on gene expression and gene regulation, and an assessment of Chinese
biotechnology.
Four minicourses wee designed to cover important current research areas:
nematode molecular genetics, gene expression and amplification in yeast,
immunotoxins and tumor markers, and plant molecular biology. Alexander Rich,
chairman of He CSCPRC subcommittee, proposed a format which combined
l~oramry training win complementary, broader teased lectures. Chinese students
came Tom all parts of Be counoy to learn Be latest msearch methodologies and
techniques, and Be results were overwhelmingly successful
The symposium was scheduled to take place at the end of May 1989. It was
postponed because of the growing instability resulting from prodemocracy
demonstrations taking place in China at that tune.
Attendant win Be substantial increase in Sino-American collaboration in the
past 10 years is a need to extend American understanding of Chinese science
goals, funding policies, and research infrastructure. For this reason, it was
·.—
Flu
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IV
PREFACE
decided He biotechnology program should include an assessment of Chinese
biotechnology. CSCPRC subcommittee member Dean H. Harner, an innovative
researcher and leader of one of He minicourse delegations, and Shain-dow Kung,
a professor of botany and biotechnology researcher who is known and valued for
his inside track among He Chinese hierarchies, lock up this challenge. They
reviewed post-~course reports made by each American minicourse instructor,
conduced a survey of published biotechnology research' bode in Chinese and
English, arid drew on Heir ohm personal commmucabons and previous experiences
in China F~ennore, in He fall of 1988, Hey Raveled to China in order to make
a firsthand evaluation of current blotechnologr research activities and funding.
They met m~ high-level officials in charge of science and technology policies,
and Hey visited beseech instates and biotechnology bases. Biotechnology in
China is the result of all of these efforts: a comprehensive, evaluative, and at
dines, provocative documentary of Chinese biotechnology research.
k should be noted Hat Homer and Kung completed Heir report prior to the
pr~emocracy demonstrations in He smog of 1989. The massacre in Tiananmen
Square on June 3 4 and He govemment's subsequent repressive actions have
inevitably altered the environment for scholarly communication with China.
Regretfully, the pace of development and change In biotechnology in Chum and,
at least in the short term, He extent and type of American participation have been
scantly affected. Nonetheless, I feel strongly Hat He authors' findings and
recommendations remain timely and noteworthy.
The CSCPRC would like to express its appreciation to He authors for making
this assessment available to the American scientific community. Also, CSCPRC
is especially appreciative of Alexander Rich's leadership of He subcommittee and
Eric Davidson perceptive accounts of Chinese biotechnology research. In this
vein, CSCPRC would like to acknowledge all members of the CSCPRC
Subcommittee on Biotechnology:
Alexander Rich (Chairman), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Michael Bjorn, NeoRx Co~po¢adon
Eric Davidson, California Institute of Technology
Dean Homer, National Institutes of Health
Robert Horvitz, Mdssachuseus Institute of Technology
Ernest Jaworski, Monsanto Company
Sidney Persia, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Paul Williams, University of Wisconsin
CSCPRC would also like ~ acknowledge die capable leaders of the minicourse
delegations: Michael Ejorn, Dean Homer, Robert Honritz, and Thomas busboy,
University of Wisconsin, for them valuable contribudons ~ this collaboradve
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PREFACE
program. Finally, I personally would like to shard: Terry Price for his indispensable
ass stance in managing these activities and Beryl Leach for her excellent editorial
work on this room
Jane Liu Jemow
Director, Science and Technology Programs
CSCPRC
y
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Committee on Scholarly
Communication with the People's Republic of China and the National Science
Foundation. We especially thank Jane Jernow and Terry Price, whose
encouragement and efforts helped make on evaluation trip and report possible,
and Beryl Leach, who was responsible for the editing and production of this
publication. We also thank the many scientists who donated their tune and effort
to participate In the Chinese biotechnology literature survey: Alex Rich, James
Leung, Jim Shi, Esther Cheng, Cao Xu, Lin Seyo, Bruce Paterson, and Eric
Davidson (who also kindly provided Appendix D). Many of the articles reviewed
in the survey were given to us by Chinese colleagues during our trip. We Rank
them for mung ~eserepnnts available. Our evaluation of Chinese biotechnology
funding would not have been possible without the valuable information provided
by Cal Dalie (State Planning Commission), Xu Chengman (China National Center
for Biotechnology Development), Hu Zhaosen (National Natural Science
Foundation of China), and Li Zhensheng (Chinese Academy of Sciences). We
thank the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Beijing Office of CSCPRC for
malting arrangements in China and the many Chinese scientists who took the time
to meet with us. For these many valuable contributions, we are appreciative, but
we retain full responsibility for the contents of and views expressed in the
following pages.
·—
vu
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Note on Spelling of Chinese Names
At various times and places, several different systems have been used to
romanize Chinese names. In He text, we use China's official Pinyin system,
which includes retaining the Chinese order of last name first For example, Moo
Zedong's last name is Mao. We have made exceptions in He few cases where
scientists are well known in He United Smes by the initials of their first names
followed by their last names. In the references, names are rendered as Hey
al in He research publications.
Fix
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Contents
1. In~oduchon.
2. China's Long History of Biotechnology
3. Research Priorities and Funding Mechanisms
3
High Technology Program and He China Nadona1
Center for Biotechnology Development, 8
Sevens 5-Year Plan (198~1990), 9
National Natural Science Foundation of China, 9
Evolution and Consequences of the New Funding Mechanisms, 12
4. New Res~chCen~rs 15
Biotechnology Bases, 15
Key Laboratories, 16
5. Infirastruct~e...............................................
~stnunentation, 18
Procurement System and Supplies, 19
Intellectual Properly Rights, 20
6. Biotechnology Literature Survey
Sources, 22
Geographical Distribution, 24
Techniques, 24
x
.. 18
;
22
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me
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CONES
Experimental Organisms, 26
Research Topics and Goals, 26
Evaluation of Research, 29
7. Research Highlights ~ e e e e e e e e ~ ~ e e ~ e ~ e e e e ~ e e e e e e e e e ~ 32
X-Ray Crystallography, 32
Control of Plant Viruses, 33
Toward a Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine, 35
Plane Cell and Tissue Culture, 38
Se Current Research at Selected Institutes
Beijing, 40
Beijing Agricultural University, 40
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 41
Institute of Biophysics (CAS), 42
Institute of Developmental Biology (CAS), 43
Institute of Genetics (CAS), 47
Institute of Microbiology (CAS), 48
Institute of Virology (CAPM), 49
Institute of Zoology (CAS), 51
Peking UIiiversity, 51
Shanghai, 53
Fudan University, 53
Institute of Biochemistry (CAS), 57
Institute of Cell Biology (CAS), 60
Institute of M6teria Medica (CAS), 60
Institute of Plant Physiology (CAS), 61
Guangzhou' 63
Guangdong Agricultural Academy of Sciences, 63
South China Agricultural University, 64
South China Astute of Bomny (CAS), 64
Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University, 65
Tianjin, 66
Nankai University, 66
40
9. Cooperation with He United States 68
Govenunent-SupponedF~og~ns,68
P6vam Foundations and AcadenucInsdmbons,70
Students Abner How Many Win Re~un?,71
Com mercies Enjoin ~,74
10. Conclusions and Recom mendadons
75
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CONS
APPE~nDI)]ES
. . .
razz
A Abbreviadons ~ ~ ~ ~.83
B Con~c~-Sciendfic AdnninisU~1ion ~ ~ &4
C Con~cU;-4Re~uchIns6m ms end Unities 86
D ~ Au~dysisofNiu M~nchang's Reseachon Transfonnadon byRU4A
Erm H. Davidson ~ ~ ~ 92
E Sud~nentbylk.Niu e ~ · · e · · 93
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